Deck 2: The Person and the Situation

Question 1

Fabiana knows she has to work early in the morning,but her best friend wants her to come to a dance club that stays open until 4 a.m.Fabiana manages to tell her friend she can't go dancing.Fabiana has demonstrated

A) high self-monitoring.
B) poor attention.
C) automaticity.
D) willpower.

Answer 1

willpower.

Question 2

Kendra wants to get a good grade in her social psychology course.She joins a study group that has several successful students in it.According to your textbook,Kendra's use of this study group to increase her chances to achieve social and economic status is known as a(n)

A) goal.
B) subgoal.
C) motive.
D) exemplar.

Answer 2

subgoal.

Question 3

According to your text,desires to gain status and protect family members from harm are

A) goals.
B) subgoals.
C) subordinate goals.
D) motives.

Answer 3

motives.

Question 4

A mental representation capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes,events,or individuals is known as a(n)

A) sensory memory.
B) exemplar.
C) belief.
D) schema.

Question 5

Suppose that Jorge is on a diet and tries to suppress thoughts of chocolate.What is the most likely result of Jorge's attempt to control his thoughts this way?

A) Jorge will constantly be in a negative mood.
B) Jorge will strengthen his immune system as a result of attempted thought suppression.
C) Jorge will strengthen his willpower and successfully avoid eating chocolate.
D) Jorge will think about chocolate even more than he would have otherwise.

Question 6

In their test of the hypothesis that willpower is limited,Baumeister et al.(1998)showed that,compared to participants who were allowed to eat cookies and candy,participants who had to use willpower to resist eating cookies and candy

A) were able to solve more puzzle tasks.
B) spent more time trying to solve puzzle tasks.
C) spent less time trying to solve puzzle tasks.
D) gave more incorrect answers on the puzzle tasks.

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding what happens when you try NOT to think about pink elephants?

A) It is more difficult to think of pink elephants when asked to do so later.
B) Your thoughts are frequently interrupted by images of pink elephants.
C) You will think more about white elephants.
D) You will think more about pink objects other than elephants.

Question 8

You are having dinner with a close female friend,and you know that her boyfriend is going to propose to her later that evening.You barely manage to keep yourself from telling her the secret.As you say goodbye and begin walking home,you pass your favorite ice cream shop.According to the research on willpower,how likely are you to keep to your diet and resist buying a cone?

A) You will be less likely to resist than normal.
B) You will be more likely to resist than normal.
C) You will be neither more nor less likely to resist.
D) There is no way to determine how likely you are to resist.

Question 9

Research on willpower has demonstrated that

A) the stronger one's willpower, the less glucose is needed to sustain it.
B) when willpower is used to achieve a goal, one will have less willpower immediately available to achieve a later goal.
C) willpower is an unlimited resource that can be used to accomplish any task.
D) if one exerts willpower regularly, it's important to reduce one's glucose levels.

Question 10

When Phat smells a particular perfume,images of his ex-girlfriend,who used to wear the perfume,quickly rush into his mind.This example illustrates

A) personal memory.
B) thought suppression.
C) schematic memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 11

Knowledge of a specific episode,event,or individual that constitutes an example of a category is a/an

A) script.
B) stereotype.
C) exemplar.
D) schema.

Question 12

The self-control strength used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve difficult goals is known as

A) self-monitoring.
B) attention.
C) automaticity.
D) willpower.

Question 13

A fundamental principle of modern social psychology is that

A) personality determines most social behavior.
B) the situation determines most social behavior.
C) unconscious forces determine most social behavior.
D) features of both the person and the situation determine most social behavior.

Question 14

Adolf Hitler,Saddam Hussein,and Timothy McVeigh might be considered ________ of the category "evil people."

A) stereotypes
B) exemplars
C) schemas
D) poor examples

Question 15

Takashi is standing in line at the grocery checkout.A stranger with a similar number of items approaches Takashi and asks to get in front of him in line because he has to pay for his groceries.Takashi allows him to get ahead in line.This is an example of

A) low self-monitoring.
B) mindlessness.
C) attitude flexibility.
D) weak willpower.

Question 16

Mitsuko drives to work without giving much attention or thought to the process of driving her car.She starts the car,shifts gears,and changes lanes without consciously having to plan these actions.This is an example of

A) low self-monitoring.
B) mindfulness.
C) automaticity.
D) willpower.

Question 17

In the Langer et al.(1978)copy machine study,participants allowed someone to go ahead of them even when they gave an excuse that didn't make sense.This study was a demonstration of

A) the social facilitation effect.
B) social cognition.
C) the automaticity of social behavior.
D) the strategy of ingratiation.

Question 18

The driving force that moves people toward their desired outcomes is known as

A) motivation.
B) personality.
C) situational influence.
D) activation.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding motivation?

A) Motivation is not necessary for survival.
B) Motivation is the energy that drives social behavior.
C) Motivation is unrelated to social behavior.
D) Motivation usually refers to short-term goals.

Question 20

The ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it is put into motion is known as

A) attention.
B) automaticity.
C) motivation.
D) mindlessness.

Question 21

Feelings that are less focused and longer lasting than emotions,and which color all our experiences,are known as

A) attitudes.
B) beliefs.
C) moods.
D) physiological responses.

Question 22

How do social psychologists differentiate emotions from attitudes?

A) Emotions do not have an evaluative component.
B) Emotions possess a physiological arousal component.
C) Emotions are not as complex as attitudes.
D) Emotions are not as intense as attitudes.

Question 23

The textbook describes the classic pen-holding experiment by Strack,Martin,and Stepper (1988).What did the results of that study suggest?

A) The movement of facial muscles can influence your emotions.
B) Emotions determine how well we can write with our mouths.
C) Writing with a pen in your mouth can make you angry.
D) Cultures teach their members how and when to experience, express, and understand feelings.

Question 24

Fredrickson and colleagues (2003)investigated how Americans coped with the shock of September 11,2001.They found that the more resilient Americans

A) experienced fewer negative emotions like fear and anger than less resilient Americans.
B) denied or suppressed experiencing negative emotions.
C) experienced as many negative emotions as less resilient Americans, but also experienced positive emotions like hope and pride.
D) were less emotional overall than less resilient Americans.

Question 25

_____________________ is the state of being easily activated,or primed,for use.

A) Exemplar mapping
B) Negative stereotyping
C) Sensory memory
D) Chronic accessibility

Question 26

The process of activating knowledge or goals,of making them ready for use,is known as

A) priming.
B) stereotyping.
C) self-regulation.
D) schematizing.

Question 27

Watching people's facial expressions and looking at people's behavior are both

A) methods of self-perception.
B) indirect measures of emotion.
C) ways of measuring self-esteem.
D) ineffective ways of measuring mood.

Question 28

The fact that people from many different cultures agree on which facial expressions reflect particular emotions is evidence that

A) facial expressions are heavily influenced by culture.
B) facial expressions of emotion are probably learned from those around us.
C) there are gender differences in the expression of facial emotion.
D) there probably is a genetic component to the facial expression of emotion.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Members of all cultures experience similar emotions, revealing that culture has a large influence on feelings.
B) Members of all cultures interpret emotional facial expressions similarly, revealing that culture has a major influence on feelings.
C) Members of cultures from all over the world vary on which facial expressions reflect happiness, sadness, and fear.
D) People are more likely to express similar feelings in a strong situation.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of emotions?

A) They are generally irrational responses to situations.
B) They alert us when something isn't normal.
C) They can prevent us from acting quickly to avoid a dangerous situation.
D) Different emotions typically accompany the same situation at different times.

Question 31

Sitting in her social psychology class,Ingrid thinks a lot about how she can make herself more attractive to other people.At the dinner table,Ingrid thinks a lot about how she needs to get a better paying job.The different thoughts that came to mind in the in class and at home are the result of

A) situational priming.
B) chronic accessibility.
C) attitude adjustment.
D) implanted expectations.

Question 32

Maria believes that most politicians are dishonest.This belief is part of Maria's ________ politicians.

A) schema for
B) sensory memory about
C) intuition for
D) affordance against

Question 33

In the tryouts for the football team,Gary finishes 31?? out of 150 people who tried out.The top 30 finishers made the team,so Gary feels that he just missed the cut.He's extremely disappointed,even more disappointed than his friend who finished 125??.Most likely,Gary feels worse than his friend because of

A) counterfactual thinking.
B) rationalization.
C) downward social comparison.
D) self-perception processes.

Question 34

Kelley (1950)found that students who expected a warm substitute teacher formed a favorable impression of him,whereas students who expected a cold substitute teacher formed a negative impression of him,even though the lecture was the same for both groups.What was the reason given for this result?

A) Students in the "cold" condition didn't know what condition they were in.
B) Chronic accessibility was different for different students.
C) Students were primed with different expectations, which led to different interpretations of the teacher's actions.
D) Different self-knowledge led to different interpretations of the teacher's actions.

Question 35

Rashad misses a meeting with his professor and feels very guilty.He misses a meeting he had with a car salesman and doesn't give it a second thought.Why did Rashad feel differently about two equivalent actions?

A) He has been classically conditioned to not like salesmen.
B) It was someone else's fault that he missed the meeting with the salesman.
C) The salesman probably didn't care about the missed meeting.
D) His appraisal of the action was different in the two situations.

Question 36

Social psychologists use all of the following methods to measure emotions EXCEPT

A) self-reports.
B) electrodes to measure facial muscle activity.
C) physiological measures.
D) Rorschach ink blot tests.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of an attitude?

A) Roni believes that it will rain tomorrow.
B) Jacob behaves poorly at his birthday party.
C) Paula asks her boyfriend to make dinner.
D) Leon prefers Fords to Chevys.

Question 38

Our views and beliefs about ourselves make up our

A) reflected appraisal.
B) self-concept.
C) exemplary self.
D) self-esteem.

Question 39

Because they have contact with law-breakers on a daily basis,many policemen have a representation of law-breakers constantly activated in their minds.This is an example of

A) exemplar mapping.
B) negative stereotyping.
C) sensory memory.
D) chronic accessibility.

Question 40

Which of the following examples best illustrates the influence of culture on feelings?

A) Utku Eskimos rarely express anger, whereas members of a Bedouin tribe of western Egypt frequently express anger.
B) Japanese and Americans both express sadness at a funeral.
C) Members of cultures from all over the world agree on which facial expressions reflect happiness, sadness, and fear.
D) People are more likely to express similar feelings in a strong situation.

Question 41

You cross the finish line of a race and the first thing you do is to look ahead to see how many people finished in front of you,and look behind to see how many people you beat.You are gathering information for your ________ via the use of ________.

A) self-schema; self-perception
B) self-perception; reflected appraisal
C) self-concept; social comparison
D) self-esteem; competition

Question 42

Where does our self-concept (our "self-schema")come from?

A) self-perception
B) reflected appraisal
C) social comparison
D) all of the above

Question 43

You decide to spend your spring break among the huge crowds of Mardi Gras.Your roommate decides to rent a cabin with three close friends.According to social psychological research,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) Your roommate will feel more stressed after spring break than you.
B) You will experience more stress during spring break than your roommate.
C) You will have more fun during spring break than your roommate.
D) Your roommate will have more fun than you.

Question 44

The term "multiple selves" refers to

A) the mental disorder sometimes called multiple personalities.
B) the idea that a person's self changes over time.
C) the idea that people have ought, actual, and collective selves.
D) the idea that people have both self-esteem and self-concept.

Question 45

You walk down the dorm hallway on a Saturday night and discover from the empty rooms that nearly everyone has gone out instead of studying.Your dorm mates have created a/an ________ that may affect your behavior.

A) descriptive norm
B) bad habit
C) affordance
D) injunctive norm

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an example of an affordance?

A) the biology teacher who gives you an opportunity to improve your grade
B) the attractive new person in class who smiles at you
C) the boss who threatens to fire you
D) your performance on a test

Question 47

When traveling overseas,Luis thinks more about being an American.He is thinking about

A) his reflected appraisal process.
B) his ought self.
C) a collective self.
D) his self-esteem.

Question 48

While Jennifer was growing up,Jennifer's mother constantly told her she needed to watch her weight.As an adult,Jennifer thinks of herself as overweight because of

A) the multiple self process.
B) social comparison.
C) the reflected appraisal process.
D) her collective self with her mother.

Question 49

In a study by Burger and Caldwell (2003),one group of college students signed a petition encouraging an end to homelessness,one group signed the petition and received $1,and a third group signed the petition and each was told that he/she was "someone who cares about people in need." Two days later all of the participants were asked to volunteer at a homeless shelter during the upcoming weekend.The researchers found that the ________ group volunteered the most because they ________.

A) petition only; changed their self-perceptions
B) petition and payment group; changed their self-perceptions
C) petition and labeled group; changed their self-perceptions
D) petition and payment group; were paid $1

Question 50

The process through which people observe their own behavior to infer their own internal characteristics is known as

A) self-perception.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-presentation.

Question 51

A descriptive norm gives you information about

A) how you ought to act.
B) what is expected of you by those in authority.
C) what most people actually do.
D) what actions are possible in a situation.

Question 52

According to the textbook,children in urban India are at greater risk to perform badly in school and have high levels of behavior problems outside of school.Why is this?

A) Urban schools in India are not very good.
B) Children in India are not disciplined by their parents.
C) Their homes are often overcrowded and the families are poor.
D) India is a more collectivist society than the United States.

Question 53

The process through which people select,monitor,and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals is

A) self-perception.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-presentation.

Question 54

The self-perception process involves inferring one's own characteristics by

A) observing one's own behavior.
B) comparing oneself to others.
C) imagining what others think of us.
D) putting oneself in a category.

Question 55

Your attitude toward yourself is known as

A) your ought self.
B) your self-concept.
C) self-esteem.
D) reflected appraisal.

Question 56

Nira spends a rainy Saturday watching drag racing on TV.Later,she reflects on her behavior and thinks,"I must really like drag racing since I spent so much time watching it on TV." Nira has learned about herself via

A) self-presentation.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) self-perception.
D) self-regulation.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about descriptive norms is FALSE?

A) They can influence whether or not we cooperate with one another.
B) They give us information about how we ought to act.
C) They usually reflect the way people really believe or act.
D) They can lead us to engage in unhealthy behaviors like binge drinking.

Question 58

The threats and opportunities that other people provide to you are called

A) attunements.
B) affordances.
C) social comparisons.
D) expectations.

Question 59

Which of the following things can happen as a result of the design of your living space?

A) A poorly designed space can negatively affect your motivation.
B) A well-designed house can make you psychologically healthier.
C) Changing the layout of a living space can affect social interaction.
D) all of the above

Question 60

Social psychologists consider an advertisement,the people we meet during the day,and the fact that we live in a democratic society as examples of

A) irrelevant stimuli.
B) unique experiences.
C) situations.
D) observations.

Question 61

Most of Siek Toon's friends are her cousins;she spends lots of time with her family and feels that her relatives strongly influence the way she behaves.This is probably due to the fact that Siek Toon comes from ________.

A) a pluralistic culture
B) an individualistic culture
C) a collectivistic culture
D) a foreign culture

Question 62

A strong situation is one which

A) allows many options for appropriate behavior.
B) is usually not scripted.
C) has very obvious injunctive norms.
D) does not have clear descriptive norms.

Question 63

As you leave home to return to campus from your holiday break,your mother says to you,"Study hard,get good grades,try to keep the partying under control." She is conveying ________ to you.

A) a descriptive norm for behavior in college
B) an injunctive norm for behavior in college
C) her pluralistic ignorance of behavior in college
D) a situational norm for behavior in college

Question 64

An injunctive norm

A) indicates what we should or should not do.
B) indicates what other people actually do.
C) is an explicit rule about how to behave, such as a law.
D) exerts little control over people's behavior.

Question 65

Members of ________ cultures tend to prioritize their own goals over those of the group,whereas members of ________ cultures tend to place the group's concerns over their own.

A) pluralistic; individualistic
B) individualistic; collectivistic
C) collectivistic; individualistic
D) individualistic; pluralistic

Question 66

Tamara was sitting in a lecture class totally bewildered and confused.She wanted to ask her professor to explain but,as she looked about the room,it appeared that the other students were understanding everything.As a result,she withheld her question,not realizing that they were as confused as she was.This is an example of

A) a descriptive norm.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) an injunctive norm.
D) a scripted situation.

Question 67

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when

A) a person is not sure of the injunctive norm.
B) there is no descriptive norm in a situation.
C) the descriptive norm is not consistent with people's actual beliefs.
D) people actively pressure others into acting against their beliefs.

Question 68

According to research on college campuses,binge drinking is at least in part the result of

A) a misperception of other students' beliefs about drinking.
B) descriptive norms.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) all of the above

Question 69

A list of events that happen in a predictable order in a particular situation is known as a(n)

A) norm.
B) affordance.
C) proscription.
D) script.

Question 70

A situation that is usually scripted,allows few options for appropriate behavior,and has obvious injunctive norms is described as

A) a descriptively normative situation.
B) a weak situation.
C) an ambiguous situation.
D) a strong situation.

Question 71

Research on injunctive norms for behaviors (e.g.,talking,fighting)in different situations (e.g.,a dorm lounge,church)showed that

A) most behaviors were only enacted in limited situations.
B) weak situations severely limit what kinds of behaviors are allowed.
C) the acceptability of a behavior depended on the situation.
D) in most situations it doesn't matter how you act.

Question 72

According to research,when people went about getting a date in the 1980s,they tended to follow a certain sequence of steps (e.g.,noticing each other,finding out about one another,beginning a conversation,etc.).This common representation of a sequence of events is known as

A) a script.
B) a schema.
C) an exemplar.
D) a self-schema.

Question 73

Cultural norms which value getting along with others,seeking peace,and not standing out from a crowd are consistent with

A) collectivistic cultures.
B) independent cultures.
C) individualistic cultures.
D) directivist cultures.

Question 74

While at the beach,Hideki spent some time sunning himself,then joined a volleyball game,and,later,played water tag.This beach is an example of a(n)

A) weak situation.
B) strong situation.
C) scripted situation.
D) violated situation.

Question 75

José comes from Guatemala,a culture that is collectivistic in nature.Which of the following is a cultural affordance that is most likely to be provided to José?

A) the knowledge that he can grow up to be whatever he wants to be
B) a wide range of choices about how to behave
C) the ability to relate well to others and take their perspective
D) many opportunities to exert control over others

Question 76

According to Asch's famous "line judging" studies on conformity,what is true about conformity and culture?

A) People from individualistic cultures almost never conform.
B) People from collectivistic cultures conform even more than people from individualistic cultures.
C) Conformity does not differ across cultures.
D) People from individualistic cultures conform even more than people from collectivistic cultures.

Question 77

Candela subscribes to norms that emphasize independence,fending for oneself,and achieving whatever heights one aspires to.Candela is most likely from

A) a collectivistic culture.
B) a traditional culture.
C) an individualistic culture.
D) a pluralistic culture.

Question 78

Erica walks into a restaurant with a friend.There is no one to seat them,so they find a table.The waitress strolls out,sits down at the table with them,chats for awhile,and then hands them the bill.Erica and her friend are shocked because

A) their affordances changed so suddenly.
B) they felt the restaurant wasn't very busy.
C) they were uncertain of the descriptive norms in the situation.
D) their script for a restaurant was violated.

Question 79

Which of the following would NOT be characterized as a strong situation?

A) a wedding
B) a day at the beach
C) a graduation ceremony
D) an onrushing truck

Question 80

How does culture influence norms?

A) It influences who our friends are.
B) It influences the impact friends have on our behavior.
C) It influences what kinds of situations we find ourselves in.
D) all of the above