Deck 16: Europe in the Age of Religious Wars, 1560-1648

Question 1

Discuss the difference between Baroque art on the continent and the flowering of the arts in England, and how these were used by the respective monarchs.

Answer 1

This question seeks to discern whether the students are able to connect artistic culture to political and religious uses.There should be significant discussion of the way in which Elizabeth marshaled and patronized the arts, as well as a discussion of the meanings behind the Baroque movement, coming out of the Counter-Reformation.

Question 2

Explain the challenges faced by the English monarchs, from Elizabeth I to Charles I, and how those challenges were handled.

Answer 2

Students should consider the following challenges: Anglo-Catholics, Puritanism, Ireland, Scotland, and the rivalry of the king and Parliament.Student answers on how the challenges were handled will vary based on which challenges the student chooses to discuss.

Question 3

Heavy-handed Spanish rule in the Netherlands eventually

A)led to the splitting of the Netherlands and the emergence of the United Provinces in the north.
B)increased tensions between England and Spain.
C)taught Philip which mistakes to avoid in his other restless provinces.
D)pushed loyal areas and subjects to side with the rebellious groups.
E)All of these

Answer 3

All of these

Question 4

Explain the emergence of the French monarchy, from the instability of the religious wars to the relative stability of the mid-seventeenth century.

Question 5

What was not a characteristic of the United Provinces?

A)It was born of resistance to the Habsburgs of Spain
B)It was solidly Catholic
C)It embraced a form of Calvinism
D)It quickly became an economic power
E)It is roughly coterminous with the modern Netherlands

Question 6

In the sixteenth century, Spain was the most powerful empire the world had ever seen.Give some reasons for its decline.

Question 7

Describe the economic and social changes of the sixteenth century.

Question 8

Survey the culture of the sixteenth century, focusing on either Montaigne or Shakespeare as examples of literary trends of the period or the characteristics of baroque art.

Question 9

Discuss the ascendancy and decline of the Spanish Empire.

Question 10

By the mid-seventeenth century, Spain had lost its pre-eminence in Europe for all of the following reasons except

A)declining shipments of silver from America.
B)the loss of the United Provinces and the failed attempt to permanently annex Portugal.
C)the patent incompetence of its leaders.
D)growing upheaval in its Italian possessions.
E)New World industries began to compete with Spain for markets.

Question 11

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation resulted in

A)an outpouring of Christian love as people of different denominations celebrated the diversity of their faiths.
B)widespread and prolonged wars and civil disorder combined with economic dislocation.
C)tensions that rarely resulted in violence.
D)an almost universal separation of church and state.
E)a period of artistic and creative decline.

Question 12

Which of the following does not describe the ascendancy of Philip II?

A)His realm included areas in the New World, the Netherlands, and Italy.
B)The Netherlands was in both religious and political revolt against Spain.
C)Towns, nobles, and provinces resisted the trend towards centralized power.
D)Economic prosperity was able to separate itself from other problems of the time.
E)Stresses of the time demonstrated the material limits of royal power.

Question 13

While the Spanish Empire ruled much of the New World and many wealthy territories in Europe, it met its match in the Netherlands, where

A)nobles, towns, and provinces tried to safeguard remnants of medieval autonomy.
B)religious divisions exacerbated political tensions.
C)economic prosperity and strain compounded problems of central authority.
D)Philip's lack of familiarity with the Dutch pushed them into revolt.
E)All of these

Question 14

The Turkish naval advance in the Mediterranean

A)resulted in the Turkish conquest of southern Italy.
B)was decisively halted at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
C)was unopposed by the West.
D)caused Spain to pay money to the sultan to avoid a Turkish invasion.
E)was halted in the west, however, the Turks were still the leading power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Question 15

Which of the following positions was not held by Philip II?

A)King of England
B)King of Aragon
C)King of Portugal
D)Holy Roman Emperor
E)King of Castile

Question 16

In the chapter feature, "The Written Record: A City Official Worries About Witch Hunting," in which way does the Chancellor view witch hunting in Wurzburg? Although he seems to be concerned about the barbarity of it, how does it appear that at the same time, he approves of it as well?

Question 17

Summarize the what, when, why, and results of the Thirty Years' War.

Question 18

What is a morisco?

A)A Spanish resident in the Ottoman Empire.
B)A Jewish convert to Christianity.
C)A derogatory name for Spanish soldiers in the United Provinces.
D)Descendants of those Muslims who stayed in Spain and converted to Christianity.
E)None of the above.

Question 19

Explain some of the developments in Christianity between the religious Peace of Augsburg (1555)and the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.

Question 20

All of the following are true about the sending of the Armada to invade England except that

A)the Spanish had the advantage in arms and gunners.
B)Philip was moved to attempt the invasion when Elizabeth executed Mary, Queen of Scots.
C)the tides and currents were in favor of the English.
D)logistical problems prevented the launching of a Spanish invasion force from the Netherlands.
E)the tactics used by the English helped set the future of naval warfare.

Question 21

Which of the following was not related to Philip's attempts to control heresy in the Netherlands?

A)Heretics were burned at the stake and the family estate was taken over by the government.
B)Towns refused to enforce heresy laws believing it would hurt the economy.
C)Nobles fearing the wrath of Philip, enforced the policies on their estates.
D)Protestants held outside meetings and attempted to attract new converts.
E)Calvinists engaged in an iconoclastic fury and stripped Catholic churches of relics and statues.

Question 22

Arminianism held that

A)sacraments and religious ritual should be abolished.
B)God's grace can be merited by human beings.
C)Calvinism was not rigorous enough on predestination.
D)only Catholicism can be traced to the time of Christ and the apostles.
E)only Puritanism could save the Church of England.

Question 23

The Edict of Nantes

A)granted toleration to Huguenots.
B)could be revoked at any time by Royal Decree.
C)was a concession of Henry IV to his former Protestant allies.
D)granted a certain number of walled towns to the Protestants.
E)All of the above.

Question 24

Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War?

A)Resurgent Catholicism emboldened, in part, by the Jesuits.
B)A strongly independent religious tradition in Czech lands.
C)A new emperor who lacked the tolerant attitudes of his predecessor.
D)regionalism versus centralization
E)All of the above.

Question 25

To the religious tensions that contributed to the Thirty Years' War were added the factor(s)of

A)foreign intervention.
B)widespread peasants' and workers' revolts.
C)invasion by papal troops.
D)the Turkish sieges of Vienna, Prague, and Augsburg.
E)dynastic rivalries and tensions between rulers.

Question 26

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A)began the Thirty Years' War.
B)eliminated the Protestant movement in France.
C)showed the degree to which religious differences had strained the fabric of community life.
D)was the direct result of the Edict of Nantes.
E)was seen by Huguenots as the actions of tyrants who had overstepped their legitimate authority.

Question 27

The Petition of Right (1628)

A)sought to guarantee freedom of worship for both Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire.
B)used conservative arguments to expand parliamentary participation in the English government.
C)was the first stirring of Protestantism in France.
D)took the power of the purse out of parliament's hands.
E)gave the king the power to make arbitrary arrests.

Question 28

Where does the Thirty Years' War break out?

A)Bohemia
B)The Netherlands
C)Spain
D)England
E)Poland

Question 29

Among the domestic problems of the reign of James I were

A)disunity among Protestants and lack of hostility to Catholics.
B)only minor difficulties, because of his enormous popularity.
C)corruption at court and increased financial trouble.
D)renewed foreign invasion.
E)increased tax demands to pay for the annexation of Bohemia.

Question 30

What contributed to the weakness of the Holy Roman Emperors?

A)rule over a religiously divided territory
B)reliance on electors rather than heredity
C)no direct rule over most of its territory
D)constant pressure from the Ottoman Turks
E)All of the above.

Question 31

In the second half of the sixteenth century, England

A)was torn by civil war.
B)witnessed the overthrow of Elizabeth I by Mary Tudor.
C)experienced persecution of Catholics and the rise of Puritan influence.
D)suffered a major defeat by Spain in 1588.
E)witnessed Elizabeth's rejection of the papacy's attempt at reconciliation with the English throne.

Question 32

The Protestant Bourbon Prince of Navarre became King Henry IV

A)after he converted to Catholicism.
B)with the support of the nobility, who were gradually being reconciled to the power of the state.
C)and issued the Edict of Nantes, which extended royal tolerance to the Huguenots.
D)and was unable to solve the problems of religious and political divisions inside France.
E)All of the above.

Question 33

Prior to the English civil war, Charles I

A)attempted to fashion the Church of England into an instrument that would reflect and justify royal power.
B)pursued a peaceful foreign policy in order to expand his authority at home.
C)executed the unpopular Archbishop Laud.
D)won support from William Laud, the leader of the Church of England.
E)All of the above.

Question 34

The consolidation of royal authority in France during the first half of the seventeenth century

A)involved a nibbling away at local self-government and control of taxation.
B)resulted to a large degree from the efforts of the royal ministers, Sully and Richelieu.
C)included the creation of the office of intendant.
D)increased because of additional revenues from the use of the paulette.
E)All of the above.

Question 35

During the reign of Elizabeth, the Irish encountered

A)success in their struggle for autonomy.
B)the mild and tolerant rule of English governors.
C)religious persecution, confiscation of their land, and brutal suppression by the English.
D)lack of foreign interference in their affairs.
E)a reduction in required monetary and military demands from the English government.

Question 36

How did Elizabeth manage to secure a peaceful succession?

A)She married a French prince and produced heirs.
B)She had an illegitimate child legitimized by parliament.
C)She adopted the Stuart heir, James, and raised him Protestant.
D)She invited several European princes to present their claims.
E)None of the above.

Question 37

Which was not an aspect of Cardinal Richelieu's rule?

A)Adept handling and manipulation of both the king and the nobility.
B)Putting France's interests above all others.
C)Fighting a principled battle to destroy Protestantism.
D)Persecuting Protestants in France while supporting them in Germany.
E)The creation of the office of intendant to bypass bureaucracy.

Question 38

Which of the following describes the relationship between Charles I and parliament?

A)Charles's wars were popular with English merchants because they were able to enlarge their markets.
B)Charles ordered parliament not to adjourn until they increased funds for his court.
C)Charles lacked the communication skills to work effectively with the parliament.
D)Members of parliament voted to imprison Charles because he had dissolved parliament.
E)Without proper funds to lead an army against the rebellious Irish, Charles was forced to recognized Irish independence.

Question 39

The French religious wars were precipitated by all of the following except

A)traditional rivalry with the English.
B)a large degree of independence exercised by the nobility, including the right to wage private wars.
C)the failure of the Colloquy of Poissy to reconcile the Catholics and the Huguenots.
D)simmering conflicts among Catholic and Protestant nobles and townspeople.
E)the French monarch's inability to monopolize military power.

Question 40

Who were the Huguenots?

A)Calvin's followers in Geneva
B)Scottish Christians led by John Knox
C)Protestant heretics in Spain
D)French Calvinists
E)English Catholic recusants

Question 41

A novel feature of Montaigne's work was

A)long treatises in support of the Huguenots.
B)a great legal codification.
C)the essay form, in which he analyzed a great variety of subjects.
D)the fact that he had time to produce it, since he was a hard-working peasant.
E)that he shied away from personal reflection and relied solely on documented facts.

Question 42

The price revolution of the sixteenth century was apparently caused by

A)population growth and the influx of New World silver.
B)the lingering effects of the Black Death and its periodic return.
C)the new commercial ethos fostered, in part, by Calvinism.
D)religious wars.
E)growth in the size of peasant farms, which were able to produce cash crops.

Question 43

What is the gentry?

A)Dispossessed nobles
B)Royal officials created by Richelieu
C)Wealthy, ambitious, and educated families
D)Free farmers
E)Wealthy urban merchants

Question 44

Economic change in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries transformed the character of city governments by

A)increasing the power of privileged landed families.
B)eliminating guild control of many cities.
C)tying town interests more closely to royal interests.
D)changing the character of town councils from commercial interests to landed wealth.
E)All of the above.

Question 45

The most important political consequences of the Thirty Years' War included

A)an increase in the power of the duke of Bavaria.
B)France's territorial gains.
C)the virtual autonomy of the major imperial states and the growing strength of Habsburg hereditary lands.
D)Sweden's acquisition of Baltic territory.
E)the disappearance of smaller principalities and cities.

Question 46

The unprecedented devastation caused by the Thirty Years' War was due to

A)new weapons of mass destruction.
B)earthquakes and hurricanes as well as fighting.
C)new military tactics as well as siege warfare.
D)decisions of the princes to exterminate the peasants.
E)mercenary troops who put their own personal advancement ahead of loyalty to their princes.

Question 47

Jean Bodin wrote on

A)the manners of courtiers.
B)questions of military tactics.
C)the purpose and character of sovereign authority in a state and practical limitations on royal power.
D)the characteristics of baroque art.
E)illegitimate and unholy attacks on the church and divine-right kings.

Question 48

Which of the following is not true of the increasing poverty of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A)Riots and revolts were a frequent result.
B)The Reformation renewed Christian ideals of poverty.
C)The poverty came to be seen as a social problem; many of the poor were forced into almshouses and poorhouses.
D)Begging was often outlawed but never eliminated.
E)Caring for the poor became institutionalized and systematic.

Question 49

The increased persecution of witches was due to

A)the new association of witchcraft with heresy.
B)desperate attempts of local communities to deal with crises.
C)increased poverty.
D)internal concerns from common people with regard to people they found difficult to understand.
E)All of the above.

Question 50

Which of the following is not generally considered to be an effect of the price revolution?

A)A 50 to 100 percent rise in the grain price between 1550 and 1600
B)The collapse of serfdom throughout Europe
C)A growing symbiosis between monarchy and nobility
D)A new class of entrepreneurial landowners
E)Peasant movement to cities

Question 51

The intersection of drama and Baroque music manifested itself in the creation of

A)Opera.
B)romantic music.
C)Renaissance polyphony.
D)secular carols.
E)mystery plays.

Question 52

Who developed the principles of modern international law?

A)Bodin.
B)Charles I.
C)Hugo Grotius.
D)Monteverdi.
E)Cervantes.

Question 53

Cervantes' Don Quixote

A)was the oral composition of an illiterate man.
B)rejected traditional prose styles.
C)was an experimental drama.
D)reflected both oral and literate culture.
E)was the result of a strong awareness of language that literacy made possible.

Question 54

Economic changes in this period

A)drastically reduced the economic power of women.
B)increased economic stratification in the countryside.
C)increased the ranks of landless peasants in western Europe and of serfs in eastern Europe.
D)resulted in the movement of landless peasants to the cities.
E)All of the above.

Question 55

How were women affected by the growth of markets?

A)Women supported their families through outsourcing.
B)Women, especially widows, were excluded from guilds.
C)Women were forbidden to take part in markets
D)Without traditional employment, widowed women were unable to support themselves and children.
E)All of the above.

Question 56

The Treaty of Westphalia did all of the following except it

A)put an end to religious wars in the empire.
B)recognized the legitimacy of Calvinism.
C)required citizens of an area to follow the religion of the ruler's faith.
D)created a new balance of power in the empire.
E)destroyed the Habsburg as a ruling family.

Question 57

The role of common people in the violence of the period can best be described as

A)rare; peasants only resorted to violence when outsiders threatened their communities.
B)very widespread; ordinary people commonly participated in the wars and in violence against enemies, such as heretics, that they perceived to be in their midst.
C)sporadic; seldom did common people resort to violence; when they did, there seemed to be no pattern to their behavior.
D)always led by outsiders such as a reformer preacher or royal officials.
E)often being the result of food shortages and high prices.

Question 58

The Thirty Years' War concluded with the

A)religious Peace of Augsburg
B)Peace of Westphalia
C)Treaty of Utrecht
D)Peace of Prague
E)Colloquy of Marburg

Question 59

In his plays, Shakespeare was interested in presenting

A)everything but political ideas.
B)only stories drawn from Classical myths.
C)whatever glorified his current patron.
D)many themes, including the rights of subjects and the duties of rulers.
E)the chaos and exploitation of the feudal era.

Question 60

The new organization of cloth production included all of the following except

A)large-scale mechanization.
B)the bypassing of guild production.
C)the employment of urban wage earners and rural pieceworkers.
D)changing power relationships within guilds.
E)control by wealthy investors who had contacts to distant markets.

Question 61

The Treaty which the ended the Thirty Years' War is known as the Peace of Prague.

Question 62

Charles I of England supported and continued the redistribution of church property, which had started with the Reformation.

Question 63

Huguenots were Protestants in the Netherlands who followed the writings of John Calvin.

Question 64

In England, the Act of Uniformity passed in 1559, required all worship to be conducted according to the new Book of Common Prayer.

Question 65

The deaths of young children or domestic animals were among the most common triggers for witchcraft accusations in the 17th century.

Question 66

Maximilian II worked to keep religious peace in the empire as a whole and granted limited rights of worship to Protestants.

Question 67

Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma, was responsible for wooing the Catholic elites of the Southern provinces of the Low Countries back to the loyalty of Philip II.

Question 68

The order of Philip II to invade England with an armada was prompted by the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, by Elizabeth I.

Question 69

Baroque architecture may be described as all of the following except

A)dynamic and emotional.
B)energetic.
C)massive and full of movement.
D)severely precise and restrained.
E)depicting greater dynamism in space.

Question 70

In 1598, Turkish naval successes in the Mediterranean were halted with the Battle of Lepanto.