Deck 11: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Question 1

Implicit prejudices are

A) prejudices that are not expressed publicly.
B) prejudices that apply to groups with whom one has never had direct contact.
C) milder forms of prejudice.
D) prejudices that an individual may not be aware of and cannot directly report.

Answer 1

prejudices that an individual may not be aware of and cannot directly report.

Question 2

At his job,John was asked to train a young woman to perform a computer task.Given that John has a disposition favoring sexual harassment,he would be ________ likely to behave in a sexually harassing way ________.

A) more; if he was introduced to the female colleague by his male manager who put his arm around her shoulders and visually checked out her body
B) less; if he is introduced to the female colleague by his male manager who put his arm around her shoulders and visually checked out her body
C) more; if John was introduced to the female colleague by his male manager who behaved in a respectful, professional manner
D) very; regardless of his boss's behavior

Answer 2

more; if he was introduced to the female colleague by his male manager who put his arm around her shoulders and visually checked out her body

Question 3

The ________ is an indirect measure of prejudice.

A) Modern Prejudice Scale
B) Implicit Association Test
C) Subtle Racism Test
D) Nonconscious Bias Inventory

Answer 3

Implicit Association Test

Question 4

An American student feels very positively toward the Swedish culture and people.This student is

A) discriminating against Americans.
B) stereotyping Swedish people.
C) prejudiced in favor of Swedish people.
D) prejudiced in favor of Americans.

Question 5

According to your text,the current movement in the attitudes toward different social groups partially reflects

A) a shift toward social intolerance.
B) social norms against expressions of bigotry.
C) more direct expression of prejudice.
D) more extreme attitudes toward other groups.

Question 6

Which of the following is FALSE about institutionalized discrimination?

A) It may be direct.
B) It may be hostile.
C) It may be unintentional.
D) It is performed by individuals.

Question 7

Which of the following is the best example of implicit prejudice?

A) Ashley frequently tells her friends that Jews are greedy and selfish.
B) Eric thinks that Asians are hard-working and value education.
C) Fred is unaware that he holds negative attitudes toward Muslims.
D) Tomoko, who is Buddhist, says that Buddhists are morally superior to non-Buddhists.

Question 8

The text defines prejudices as

A) generalized attitudes toward members of social groups.
B) generalized beliefs about members of social groups.
C) behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership.
D) all of the above

Question 9

Research showed that potential employers spoke ________ when the job-seekers wore hats suggesting they were gay versus when they wore hats suggesting they were from Texas.

A) more but made anti-gay comments
B) more and were more helpful and interested
C) less and seemed less helpful and interested
D) less and made anti-gay comments

Question 10

An individual believes that European Americans are achievement-oriented and racist.The text refers to such beliefs as

A) outgroup bias.
B) stereotypes.
C) prejudices.
D) discriminatory attitudes.

Question 11

The text defines discrimination as

A) behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership.
B) feelings toward people on the basis of their group membership.
C) the extent to which a person perceives his or her own group as superior to other groups.
D) generalized beliefs about members of social groups.

Question 12

Members of a disadvantaged minority group having a more difficult time competing for employment because of poorer educational backgrounds is an example of

A) direct institutional discrimination.
B) implicit racism.
C) indirect institutional discrimination.
D) explicit racism.

Question 13

Sexual harassment is considered illegal when it

A) attempts to exchange something of value for sexual favors.
B) creates a professional setting that is sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile.
C) is directed at only one gender.
D) all of the above

Question 14

An employer who is less likely to hire a member of a minority group is exhibiting

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) stereotyping.
D) ingroup favoritism.

Question 15

Robert believes that all New Yorkers are loud and obnoxious,dislikes them,and refuses to take phone messages from his sister's New York friends.His ________ is an example of ________.

A) refusal to take phone messages; stereotyping
B) dislike of all New Yorkers; discrimination
C) belief that all New Yorkers are loud and obnoxious; stereotyping
D) refusal to take phone messages; prejudice

Question 16

The two illegal forms of sexual harassment are

A) overt and covert harassment.
B) regular and reverse harassment.
C) implicit and explicit harassment.
D) quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment.

Question 17

The difference between prejudices and stereotypes is that prejudices are ________,whereas stereotypes are ________ about social groups.

A) unfavorable beliefs; neutral beliefs
B) negative attitudes; negative beliefs
C) generalized beliefs; generalized attitudes
D) generalized attitudes; generalized beliefs

Question 18

Lisa's boss Michael says that he will give Lisa a positive job evaluation if she agrees to go on a date with him.This is an example of

A) hostile environment harassment.
B) power asymmetry stereotyping.
C) quid pro quo harassment.
D) power asymmetry prejudice.

Question 19

Which of the following groups is more likely to sexually harass?

A) androgynous men who have positions of power
B) hypermasculine men who are not exposed to harassing models
C) hypermasculine men who perceive strong connections between power and sex
D) androgynous men who had strong female role models as children

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sexual harassment?

A) It is perceived as more harassing when performed by an attractive single individual.
B) It is perceived as more harassing when performed by a person in a position of power.
C) Men are more likely than women to perceive staring and flirting as harassing.
D) Sexual harassment is considered illegal only when it is directed at women.

Question 21

Recent research suggests that the damaging consequences of stereotype threats may be reduced

A) if individuals can be convinced that intelligence can be improved via hard work.
B) if individuals are reminded that negative stereotypes don't apply to everyone.
C) if individuals are reminded that their performance will reflect on their entire group.
D) both A and B

Question 22

In a study by Steele and Aronson (1995)demonstrating the effects of stereotype threat,African-American students performed

A) better on a verbal section of the Graduate Record Exam when race was made salient.
B) better on a verbal section of the Graduate Record Exam when they thought the test was diagnostic of intellectual abilities.
C) worse on a verbal section of the Graduate Record Exam when race was made salient.
D) worse on a verbal section of the Graduate Record Exam when they were threatened with a punishment for every wrong answer.

Question 23

Li Fong is a male Chinese student who is very good in math and is about to take a math exam.While completing last minute preparations for the exam,he overhears a comment from another student about how good Chinese students are at math.Li Fong's performance should be

A) worse than usual because of stereotype threat.
B) better than usual because of stereotype threat.
C) worse than usual because ingroup bias.
D) unaffected by stereotype threat.

Question 24

Ingroup bias is

A) limited to situations in which groups must compete for resources.
B) a cross-cultural feature of human social life.
C) found mostly in less developed nations.
D) a phenomenon that has become a problem only in recent centuries.

Question 25

The textbook lists each of the following as goals of prejudice,stereotyping and discrimination EXCEPT

A) helping us to be accurate.
B) supporting and protecting one's own group.
C) providing social approval.
D) bolstering personal and social identities.

Question 26

Reducing in one's mind the relevance of a particular domain to one's self-esteem is called ________ and may occur as a result of ________.

A) self-esteem threat; overachievement motivation
B) self-handicapping; enhanced social identity
C) scapegoating; deindividuation;
D) disidentification; stereotype threat

Question 27

Which of the following theories best explains the hostility that members of rival universities in the same sports conference often feel for each other?

A) minimal intergroup theory
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) social dominance theory
D) group polarization theory

Question 28

Realistic group conflict theory is discussed in the text as related to which of the following motives for prejudice and stereotyping?

A) supporting and protecting one's group
B) managing self-image
C) gaining social approval
D) conserving mental effort

Question 29

When members of a group believe that the majority thinks them inferior in terms of a particular skill or ability,the minority members may

A) reduce in their mind the importance of this skill/ability.
B) disidentify with the skill/ability.
C) suffer a decrement in performance with respect to the skill/ability.
D) all of the above

Question 30

According to the text,the tendency to benefit members of our own groups over members of other groups

A) was less common when our ancestors were living in small communities.
B) is less likely to occur when the ingroup members are relatives.
C) may stem from the human tendency to desire the survival of their genes.
D) has been demonstrated only in individualistic cultures.

Question 31

Research using the minimal intergroup paradigm has shown that people

A) are more likely to exhibit ingroup bias in large groups than in small groups.
B) are more likely to exhibit ingroup bias in small groups than in large groups.
C) are likely to exhibit ingroup bias even when the groups are defined in an arbitrary fashion.
D) are not likely to exhibit ingroup bias if the groups are defined in an arbitrary fashion.

Question 32

The notion of "stereotype threat" is discussed in the text with relation to findings that

A) students who are members of stereotyped groups learn more when they cooperate with members of other groups.
B) black students do worse on questions from the Graduate Record Exams if their race is made salient.
C) women perform better on math tests when their gender is made salient.
D) black people pay on average $3,000 more than whites for the same house.

Question 33

Consider the following findings.Women perform relatively poorly on math tests when gender is made salient and white men perform relatively poorly on athletic tasks when they think they are related to "natural ability." To which of the following concepts are both of these findings related?

A) the jigsaw classroom
B) perceived outgroup homogeneity
C) scapegoating
D) stereotype threat

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT discussed in the text as a reason for the emergence of negative prejudices and stereotypes?

A) justifying group advantage
B) competition between groups for the same resources
C) individualization of the Western society
D) motivation to gain genetic advantage

Question 35

David is the only non-Asian person in his math class,and he is afraid that he will confirm the stereotype that Caucasian Americans perform worse than Asian Americans on math tasks.According to the concept of stereotype threat,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) David will perform better than his classmates in order to prove the stereotype wrong.
B) David will perform worse than his classmates because his concern over confirming the stereotype will impede his performance.
C) David will develop a fixation and will become obsessed with improving his math skills.
D) David will start to like his Asian classmates even more due to the process of social identity transformation.

Question 36

Which of the following is an established cost of discrimination in the United States?

A) White men tend to have higher incomes than white women.
B) Women tend to pay less for automobiles than men.
C) White people tend to pay more than minority group members for equivalent houses.
D) Minority members tend to receive less pay, unless their level of education is equivalent.

Question 37

The tendency to benefit members of one's own group over members of other groups is known as

A) ingroup bias.
B) individuating favoritism.
C) outgroup denigration.
D) strategic inequality.

Question 38

Suppose that a white couple and a Hispanic couple are both looking for a house.According to research,which of the following is likely to happen?

A) The Hispanic couple will receive more follow-up calls from the realtor.
B) The Hispanic couple will pay about 3,000 dollars less for a house equivalent to the white couple's.
C) The white couple will be informed of more available houses.
D) The white couple will get a better deal only if they present themselves as having a higher income.

Question 39

In a study investigating the tangible costs of discrimination,researchers studied the audition techniques and hiring decisions of 11 major orchestras as a function of how applicants were auditioned.They found that

A) female musicians fared better when the judges viewed their performance.
B) concealed auditions decreased the likelihood that female musicians would advance to later rounds of auditions.
C) concealed auditions almost doubled the likelihood that female musicians would win the job.
D) when their gender was known, female musicians were more likely to win the job.

Question 40

In gym class,Emily is randomly assigned to the "Hawks" group,which plays on the basketball court while the "Wolves" group plays on the baseball field.Later,Emily gives cookies to other Hawks but not to any Wolves.This is an example of

A) social dominance orientation.
B) realistic group conflict theory.
C) implicit stereotyping as a result of a minimal intergroup intervention.
D) ingroup bias as a result of a minimal intergroup intervention.

Question 41

The extent to which a person wants his or her own group to dominate and be superior to other groups is known as

A) ingroup identification.
B) social dominance orientation.
C) individualism.
D) conformity seeking.

Question 42

The idea that prejudice stems from a desire to enhance our self-esteem by comparing our group favorably to another group is the central assumption of which theory?

A) minimal group
B) social identity
C) social dominance
D) realistic conflict

Question 43

The desire for social approval may lead people to

A) adopt tolerant views and express less prejudice.
B) adopt negative prejudice and derogate outgroups.
C) shift their expression of prejudice at different times and places.
D) all of the above

Question 44

Members of ethnic group Y blame members of ethnic group Z for the poor job opportunities in society.This is an example of

A) scapegoating.
B) stereotype threat.
C) perceived outgroup homogeneity.
D) social identity theory.

Question 45

Which of the following factors increases prejudice by activating the goal of gaining social approval?

A) social dominance orientation
B) self-monitoring
C) authoritarianism
D) need for structure

Question 46

Mandy views religious worship as an opportunity to make friends,gain status,or find support during difficult times.According to the text,Mandy is likely to be

A) more negatively prejudiced than her nonreligious friend, Lara.
B) as prejudiced as her nonreligious friend, Lara.
C) less prejudiced than her nonreligious friend, Lara.
D) as prejudiced as her friend Sybil, who views religion as a never-ending personal journey toward truth.

Question 47

As described in your text,our beliefs and feelings about the groups to which we see ourselves belonging are known as

A) reflected reputations.
B) social identities.
C) group-based personas.
D) downward social comparison.

Question 48

Randolph endorses statements such as: "Some people are just more worthy than others," and "It's sometimes necessary to step on others to get ahead in life." Randolph would likely score high on the personality trait called

A) hostility transference.
B) social dominance orientation.
C) collective egotism.
D) competitive aggression.

Question 49

Prejudices and stereotypes against members of other groups are more likely to emerge

A) when the groups compete against each other.
B) when the groups cooperate toward achieving a common goal.
C) among people who score low on social dominance orientation.
D) among people who have recently experienced personal success.

Question 50

The text discussed "basking in reflected glory" and "cutting off reflected failure" as relevant to which motive for prejudice?

A) supporting and protecting one's group
B) gaining social approval
C) managing self-image
D) seeking mental efficiency

Question 51

How does the phenomenon of self-fulfilling prophecy relate to intergroup competition?

A) The less we present ourselves as competitive, the more competitive the outgroup becomes, which at the end increases intergroup hostility.
B) As people view others as competitors, they themselves begin to compete, which increases the intergroup hostility.
C) As people view others as competitors, they begin to compete less, thus decreasing the intergroup hostility.
D) As people compete with others, they learn more facts about them, which reduces intergroup hostility.

Question 52

People may stereotype other groups in order to engage in downward social comparison.This process would serve the goal of

A) supporting and protecting one's group.
B) gaining social approval.
C) managing self-image.
D) seeking mental efficiency.

Question 53

In the study by Batson et al (1986),white students were given a choice of watching a movie with a white student or with a black student.The study reported that intrinsically religious persons

A) behaved in a prejudiced fashion in front of their friends, but in a non-prejudiced fashion in front of strangers.
B) behaved in a uniformly nonprejudiced fashion.
C) behaved in a prejudiced fashion if the motives for their behavior could appear nonprejudiced.
D) behaved in a more prejudiced fashion than nonreligious people.

Question 54

Researchers studied the derogation of outgroups by fraternity and sorority members and pledges (members-in-training).They found that pledges were ________ likely to derogate outgroup members in public than in private because ________.

A) less; they partially identified with the outgroup members
B) less; they were less authoritarian
C) more; they had stronger motivation to fit in the group
D) more; they were conforming to the full members who derogated the outgroups in public but not in private

Question 55

In the "Robber's Cave" study described in your text,students at a summer camp were separated into two groups,the "Rattlers" and the "Eagles." The students ended up calling the members of the other group derogatory names,raiding their cabins,and fighting.How did the researchers explain the animosity between the two groups?

A) Rattlers tended to be athletic; Eagles had more intellectual interests.
B) The Rattlers were chosen from more impoverished environments than the Eagles.
C) The two groups had been competing against each other.
D) The students were away from home, which increased their aggressiveness.

Question 56

Individuals who demonstrate ________ religiosity tend to be open-minded about religion and typically exhibit few implicit or explicit prejudices.

A) fundamentalist
B) intrinsic
C) extrinsic
D) quest

Question 57

Across the United States as a whole,changes over time in the ___________ norms have probably led to similar changes in the __________ norms.

A) injunctive; descriptive
B) descriptive; injunctive
C) subjective; objective
D) objective; subjective

Question 58

Which of the following people is most likely to express stereotypical and prejudiced views?

A) Cecilia, who has reduced conformity tendencies
B) Paul, who is a low self-monitor
C) Abigail, who is newcomer to her social group
D) Nyla, who is seen as a leader by her friends

Question 59

Which of the following forms of religiosity is NOT linked to negative prejudices against outgroups?

A) intrinsic religiosity
B) extrinsic religiosity
C) quest religiosity
D) All of the above are linked to negative prejudices against outgroups.

Question 60

Individuals with a(n)________ religious orientation strive to internalize the teaching of their religion and see religion as an end to itself.

A) intrinsic religiosity
B) extrinsic religiosity
C) quest religiosity
D) prosocial religiosity

Question 61

Which of the following is true about efficient stereotypes?

A) They require extra cognitive effort to apply them.
B) They stem from the tendency to see other groups as being overly heterogeneous.
C) They often exaggerate real differences between groups.
D) They rarely reflect any real differences between groups.

Question 62

The text discusses the idea that stereotypes are sometimes based on a "kernel of truth," but exaggerate reality to some extent.This idea is related to which motive for prejudice and stereotyping?

A) supporting and protecting one's group
B) managing self-image
C) seeking mental efficiency
D) gaining social approval

Question 63

The phenomenon of overseeing the extent to which members within other groups are similar to each other is called

A) scapegoating.
B) intergroup bias.
C) perceived outgroup homogeneity.
D) minimal intergroup paradigm.

Question 64

Carla likes her life to be relatively simple and well-organized.She dislikes interruptions and unexpected events,and strives for simple ways to view the world.Based on this information,you predict that Carla will score high on a measure of ________ and will ________ to use her existing stereotypes to understand others.

A) authoritarianism; not be likely
B) conformity seeking; not be likely
C) need for structure; be likely
D) social dominance avoidance; be likely

Question 65

Persons who have high need for structure

A) look for complex ways to view the world.
B) are more likely to use their stereotypes to understand others.
C) are less likely to fall prey to the correspondence bias.
D) are less likely to express prejudice.

Question 66

When people fail at something important to them,they are ________ likely to demonstrate ingroup biases and discrimination because they are motivated to ________.

A) more; improve their self-image
B) more; disidentify themselves from their group
C) less; conserve mental effort
D) less; disidentify themselves from their failure

Question 67

The tendency to submit to those with greater status than oneself and to denigrate those with less status than oneself is known as

A) narcissism.
B) authoritarianism.
C) social dominance.
D) hierarchy-proneness.

Question 68

Which of the following functions do stereotypes serve?

A) conserving cognitive effort
B) providing ready interpretations for behavior
C) providing different standards for evaluating members of different groups
D) all of the above

Question 69

Evelyn and her co-workers have just been laid off at the aerospace plant.To make herself feel better she thinks,"At least we're not like those welfare mothers." By viewing her own group more favorably than members of another group,she is engaging in a process known as

A) stereotype threat.
B) scapegoating.
C) downward social comparison.
D) disidentification.

Question 70

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to engage in stereotyping?

A) Nalini, who is feeling happy
B) Nancy, who is feeling sad
C) Luis, who is feeling fearful
D) Francois, who is feeling angry

Question 71

Which of the following is true about the relationship between self-esteem and the tendency to express prejudice?

A) People with low self-esteem are likely to express prejudice, whereas people with high self-esteem are not.
B) People with high self-esteem are likely to express prejudice, whereas people with low self-esteem are not.
C) People with low self-esteem are particularly likely to express prejudice after success.
D) People with high self-esteem are particularly likely to express prejudice after failure.

Question 72

Which of the following situational factors has been shown to increase people's tendencies to use stereotypes?

A) social interdependence
B) time pressure
C) accountability
D) intergroup cooperation

Question 73

In a study conducted by Greenwald and colleagues (2003),participants played a videogame-like task in which a black or white character popped out from behind a dumpster.Participants had to quickly decide if the character was a criminal holding a gun,a private citizen,or an undercover officer.The researchers found that

A) black characters were more likely to be incorrectly shot if they were citizens, but not undercover officers.
B) black characters were more likely to be incorrectly shot by prejudiced individuals, but less likely to be incorrectly shot by non-prejudiced individuals.
C) black characters were more likely to be incorrectly shot than white characters.
D) individuals who did not know the cultural stereotype about blacks were most likely to incorrectly shoot black characters.

Question 74

Which of the following theories emphasizes the notion that people become prejudiced because of displaced anger toward their parents and other authority figures,which gets redirected into rigid submission to authorities and aggression toward out-group members?

A) authoritarianism
B) dogmatism
C) social dominance orientation
D) need for structure

Question 75

Which of the following theories about the development of the authoritarian personality has been supported by research?

A) severe punishment by parents
B) modeling of authoritarianism by parents
C) genetic influences on personality
D) all of the above

Question 76

Which of the following statements is FALSE about authoritarianism?

A) Tendencies toward authoritarianism may be passed down genetically.
B) Authoritarian people are likely to follow society's conventions and rules.
C) Authoritarianism is associated with prejudice toward members of outgroups.
D) Authoritarianism tends to decrease when persons experience frustrating negative events.

Question 77

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to derogate members of another group?

A) a low self-esteem person belonging to a high status group
B) a low self-esteem person belonging to a low status group
C) a high self-esteem person belonging to a low status group
D) a high self-esteem person belonging to a high status group

Question 78

In a study conducted by Greenwald and colleagues (2003),participants played a videogame-like task in which a black or white character popped out from behind a dumpster.Participants had to quickly decide if the character was a criminal holding a gun,a private citizen,or an undercover officer.One of the conclusions the researchers reached was that

A) time pressure tends to eliminate prejudiced responses.
B) people pay more attention to details about individuals of other races.
C) cultural stereotypes can be transmitted from generation to generation.
D) stereotypical biases can occur automatically without conscious attention.

Question 79

Alana is a basketball player on an unpopular,low-status team at a small college.Alana will be particularly likely to express negative bias against the basketball players at other colleges if

A) she has high self-esteem.
B) she has low self-esteem.
C) she is religious.
D) she has low need for structure.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations reviewed in the text about how the authoritarian personality develops?

A) Authoritarianism develops as a result of severe punishment by parents during childhood.
B) An authoritarian personality develops as a result of stereotype threat.
C) Tendencies toward authoritarianism are passed genetically.
D) Authoritarianism is learned by observing authoritarian parents.