Deck 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Which of the following represents the most alert states of human consciousness?

A)Controlled processes
B)Automatic processes
C)Altered states of consciousness
D)Subconscious states of awareness

Answer 1

Controlled processes

Question 2

William James described the human mind as a:

A)state of heightened awareness.
B)subconscious machine.
C)stream of consciousness.
D)metacognitive processor.

Answer 2

stream of consciousness.

Question 3

Three-year-old Missy and her four-year-old brother Bob are watching a movie.In the movie,a "monster" sneaks into the closet while a little boy is sleeping.While Missy says nothing,Bob begins to shout at the screen telling the little boy not to open the closet door.Their different reactions reflect:

A)the social learning theory.
B)the theory of mind.
C)problems with perception.
D)insight discrepancies.

Answer 3

the theory of mind.

Question 4

Sharon can type a text message on her cell phone without even looking at the keypad.This is an example of:

A)theory of mind.
B)executive function.
C)automatic processing.
D)an altered state of consciousness.

Question 5

Britney is aware of the thoughts running through her mind and the emotions triggered by some of those thoughts.She is also aware of the sounds she hears,the things she sees in her room and outside the window,the smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen,and the smell of freshly cut grass coming through the window.She would be considered to be in a state of:

A)consciousness.
B)transcendence.
C)obstructionism.
D)hyperkinesis.

Question 6

The process by which individuals think about thinking is referred to as:

A)metacognition.
B)a stream of consciousness.
C)an altered state of awareness.
D)groupthink.

Question 7

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called:

A)controlled processes.
B)automatic processes.
C)altered states of consciousness.
D)subconscious states.

Question 8

_____ includes knowing about oneself and thoughts about one's experiences.

A)Transcendence
B)Awareness
C)Intuition
D)Arousal

Question 9

_____ is a person's capacity to harness consciousness,to focus in on specific thoughts while ignoring others.

A)Automatic processing
B)Executive function
C)Daydreaming
D)Metacognition

Question 10

Thomas is playing his video game and is about to complete the last level.He seems unaware that his mom has been calling him for long.Which of the following is Thomas demonstrating?

A) Arousal
B) Automaticity
C) Daydreaming
D) Selective attention

Question 11

Controlled processes:

A)require divided attention.
B)include concentrating on a specific aspect of experience while also paying attention to others.
C)are faster than automatic processes and are less likely to involve the prefrontal cortex.
D)involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.

Question 12

Mrs.Goldman was a little startled when she realized that while driving home she didn't really remember driving the last mile.For Mrs.Goldman,driving has probably become a(n):

A)controlled process.
B)metacognitive process.
C)time to engage in selective attention.
D)automatic process.

Question 13

Aaron is working on a history assignment that he must submit the next day.His favorite TV show is on air,but he continues to work on the assignment as it is a priority.In this case,Aaron is demonstrating:

A)divided attention.
B)selective attention.
C)daydreaming.
D)arousal.

Question 14

Frank buys a new smartphone and tries exploring the phone's features as soon as he reaches home.While doing so,he fails to hear the doorbell,which has been ringing for five minutes.This illustrates the concept of:

A)controlled processes.
B)automatic processes.
C)altered states of consciousness.
D)subconscious awareness.

Question 15

Automatic processes:

A)require little attention.
B)need more conscious effort than controlled processes.
C)interfere with other ongoing activities.
D)are unconscious behaviors.

Question 16

Which of the following terms refer to the physiological state of being engaged with the environment?

A)Arousal
B)Awareness
C)Intuition
D)Insight

Question 17

The concept of "theory of mind" is best described as:

A)an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
B)an understanding that everyone thinks, feels, perceives, and has private experiences.
C)one's misinterpretation of subconscious thoughts.
D)the principle that governs controlled processing.

Question 18

Timmy is going to participate in the national spelling bee competition to be held over the weekend.In order to prepare for the competition,he locks himself in his room and starts memorizing words along with their spelling.His mom calls him several times for supper,but he is so engrossed in memorizing that he ignores her repeated calls.Timmy is exhibiting:

A)controlled processing.
B)automatic processing.
C)an altered state of consciousness.
D)subconscious awareness.

Question 19

Nick is studying for his science test that is scheduled to be held the next day.He is unaware that his cellphone has been ringing loudly for the past five minutes.In this case,Nick is exhibiting:

A)divided attention.
B)selective attention.
C)daydreaming.
D)arousal.

Question 20

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called:

A)perception.
B)metacognition.
C)consciousness.
D)reinforcement.

Question 21

Bradley participates in a sleep study at a university clinic.The researchers measure his body's physiological changes while he is sleeping.Which hormone do they find in large doses just before Bradley wakes up?

A)Melatonin
B)Growth hormone
C)Cortisol
D)Prolactin

Question 22

Hannah,a call center employee working in day shift,has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday.During her night shift,Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight.Which of the following can best explain her behavior?

A)Her circadian rhythm has become desynchronized.
B)She is experiencing an altered state of consciousness.
C)Her metacognition level has significantly increased.
D)She is demonstrating incubation.

Question 23

According to Sigmund Freud,_____ mental processes occur without a person being aware of them.

A)metacognitive
B)unconscious
C)metaphysical
D)conscious

Question 24

_____ are daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle,body temperature,blood pressure,and blood sugar level.

A)Circadian rhythms
B)Lunar rotational effects
C)Non-REM sequences
D)Sensorimotor stages

Question 25

Helen works night shift at a local grocery store every other day.She has trouble sleeping,which is most likely due to:

A)excess of melatonin.
B)the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle.
C)the fact that she experiences fewer than normal periods of REM sleep per night.
D)a state called hypnagogic reverie.

Question 26

During a class lecture,Veronica fancies herself to be attending a Bon Jovi concert at Miami.She is most likely:

A)in an altered state of consciousness.
B)exhibiting controlled processing.
C)daydreaming.
D)lacking awareness.

Question 27

It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay,but she does not have much money left.She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments.Later,while watching TV,she finds a solution to her problem.Cindy is demonstrating:

A)metacognition.
B)awareness.
C)controlled processing.
D)incubation.

Question 28

Kathy says that when she meditates,she feels like she becomes one with the universe.Kathy experiences _____ during her meditative sessions.

A)an altered state of consciousness
B)daydreaming
C)a peak experience
D)a period of divided consciousness

Question 29

Ross takes a flight from Log Angeles to New York to attend a business meeting the next day.He checks into a hotel and goes to bed at 11 p.m.However,he is unable to fall asleep even though he is accustomed to sleeping by 11 p.m.Ross is unable to sleep because:

A)his body time is out of phase with clock time.
B)he is in an altered state of consciousness.
C)he is in a state of incubation.
D)he is experiencing controlled processing.

Question 30

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period.When the data were graphed,it was evident that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis.The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are:

A)determined by subconscious expectations.
B)governed by circadian rhythms.
C)controlled by daily lunar cycles.
D)correlated with lunar rotation.

Question 31

Due to drug use,Juan sometimes displays higher levels of awareness while Terri sometimes displays lower levels of awareness.These conditions are best referred to as:

A)daydreaming.
B)automatic processes.
C)altered states of consciousness.
D)waking subconscious awareness.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming?

A)Daydreaming lies between the subconscious awareness state and the altered state of consciousness.
B)Daydreaming occurs when the individual is doing something that requires full attention.
C)Individuals drift into a world of fantasy when they daydream.
D)Although daydreaming helps individuals cope, create, and fantasize, it also makes the mind idle and inactive.

Question 33

Jesse dreamed that he failed his science test.He is exhibiting:

A)automatic processing.
B)an altered state of consciousness.
C)subconscious awareness.
D)no awareness.

Question 34

_____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)Cerebral cortex
D)Pineal gland

Question 35

Drugs,trauma,fatigue,hypnosis,and sensory deprivation produce:

A)normal brain waves.
B)sleep apnea.
C)a state called hypnagogic reverie.
D)altered states of consciousness.

Question 36

The teacher has called on Sarah four times,yet she has not responded or acknowledged the teacher in anyway.She has a slight smile on her face.Which of the following is Sarah most likely demonstrating?

A)Awareness
B)Daydreaming
C)Selective abstraction
D)Unconsciousness

Question 37

Jared has consumed excessive alcohol at a party.Therefore,he is exhibiting:

A)an altered state of consciousness.
B)higher controlled processes.
C)automatic processing.
D)an executive function.

Question 38

Betty has dissociative identity disorder.Dr.Harper hypnotizes her to interact with the other personalities that she exhibits as a result of her condition.Betty is most likely:

A)exhibiting increased level of consciousness.
B)demonstrating automatic processing.
C)in an altered state of consciousness.
D)representing higher executive function.

Question 39

_____ refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem.

A)Incubation
B)Metacognition
C)Theory of mind
D)Executive function

Question 40

Circadian rhythm refers to:

A)the pattern of emotional ups and downs a person routinely experiences during the day.
B)the daily behavioral or physiological cycles.
C)the jet lag experienced following an extensive transoceanic flight.
D)the five stage cycle that a person experiences during a normal night of sleep.

Question 41

_____ is a disorder,caused by a genetic mutation,involving a progressive inability to sleep.

A)Sleep paralysis
B)Fatal familial insomnia
C)Sleep apnea
D)Narcolepsy

Question 42

Rebecca lives in Boston.Her friend,Serena,just flew in from Denver.To help Serena adjust to the new time zone,Rebecca should:

A)give Serena a lot of coffee.
B)let her sleep all day.
C)offer her a dose of melatonin.
D)take her to a movie to keep her out of the sunlight.

Question 43

As a part of a research,Natasha initially had difficulty falling asleep in the sleep lab,but finally drifted into sleep and was not awakened when a student researcher knocked a can of soda off the desk. The electroencephalograph (EEG)is displaying theta waves with occasional sleep spindles.The researchers feel confident that Natasha is:

A)about to wake up.
B)in stage 2 of the sleep cycle.
C)dreaming.
D)in REM sleep.

Question 44

While attending a lecture,Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake.She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals.Lea is in:

A)stage 1 sleep.
B)stage 2 sleep.
C)stage 3 sleep.
D)stage 4 sleep.

Question 45

Brenda goes to check on her sleeping daughter and observes that the child's eyes are moving up and down and from left to right under her eyelids.It is likely that she is:

A)in the deepest level of sleep.
B)dreaming.
C)in a hypnagogic state.
D)waking up.

Question 46

_____ refers to an active stage of sleep during which vivid dreaming occurs.

A)Spindle sleep
B)Delta sleep
C)REM sleep
D)Myoclonic sleep

Question 47

Jet lag can be best explained by:

A)the elevation of serotonin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B)the dramatic changes in environmental stimuli.
C)dietary changes.
D)the effect of time shifts on circadian rhythm.

Question 48

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____,which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

A)adenosine
B)serotonin
C)acetylcholine
D)norepinephrine

Question 49

Sleep deprivation has been shown to:

A)increase the inability to sustain attention.
B)reduce the complexity of brain activity.
C)increase the difficulty in making healthy choices.
D)All of these.

Question 50

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to:

A)increase memory retention.
B)lower memory retention.
C)improve brain function as well as test scores.
D)reduce brain function but not test scores.

Question 51

The waves associated with relaxation or drowsiness are called _____ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 52

REM sleep ends when there is a rise in _____,which increase the level of forebrain activity nearly to the awakened state.

A)melatonin and acetylcholine
B)serotonin and acetylcholine
C)norepinephrine and melatonin
D)serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 53

Electroencephalographs (EEGs)of individuals in stage 1 sleep are characterized by _____ waves.

A)beta
B)delta
C)alpha
D)theta

Question 54

The stage when bedwetting (in children)and sleep talking occur is _____.

A)stage 1 sleep
B)delta sleep
C)stage 2 sleep
D)REM sleep

Question 55

Which of the following best characterizes a night of sleep?

A)A person falls into light sleep and then, ends in deep sleep.
B)A person passes from light sleep to dream sleep and ultimately to deep sleep.
C)A person's depth of sleep alternates up and down several times.
D)A person's sleep cycle skips REM sleep.

Question 56

George has a history exam the next day,so he has been studying hard.If he wants to remember most of what he has studied,he should:

A)go to sleep rather than staying awake all night.
B)keep studying through the night.
C)take a break and watch some TV rather than studying all night.
D)eat a large meal to help him stay awake.

Question 57

The powerfully sleep-inducing chemicals produced by the body's cells while a person is fighting an infection are known as _____.

A)melatonins
B)cytokines
C)serotonins
D)norepinephrines

Question 58

Jennifer has decided to go to bed early.Although her eyes are closed and she is very relaxed,she has not yet fallen asleep.An electroencephalograph (EEG)is most likely to indicate the presence of:

A)delta waves.
B)alpha waves.
C)sleep spindles.
D)rapid eye movements.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

A)REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming does not occur.
B)The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.
C)Non-REM sleep is characterized by intense rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming.
D)Reports of dreaming by individuals awakened from non-REM sleep are typically longer, more vivid, and less related to waking life than reports by those awakened from REM sleep.

Question 60

Professional baseball players often travel from coast to coast.Which chemical in the body may be responsible for the fatigue that many of these players face on their first day in a new city?

A)Serotonin
B)Dopamine
C)Cortisol
D)Acetylcholine

Question 61

Nolan and Bella were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when Nolan suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan's behavior indicates that he is suffering from:

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)night terrors.

Question 62

Sarah's grandfather takes a nap in his recliner while snoring loudly.When he suddenly stops snoring,Sarah looks to see if he is fine.He appears not to be breathing.For a moment Sarah wonders if he's dead,but suddenly he coughs and resumes snoring.Sarah's grandfather appears to suffer from:

A)insomnia.
B)somnambulism.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 63

Night terrors typically occur:

A)among older adults.
B)during non-REM sleep.
C)due to sleep apnea.
D)within an hour of falling asleep.

Question 64

Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.

A)stage 1
B)the REM stage
C)stages 3 and 4
D)all stages

Question 65

_____ occurs during slow-wave stage 4 sleep.

A)Nightmare
B)Night terror
C)Insomnia
D)Narcolepsy

Question 66

The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals:

A)unexpectedly fall into REM sleep during an activity.
B)have difficulty falling asleep whenever they would like.
C)wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times at night.
D)stop breathing while they are sleeping.

Question 67

Erika often walks in her sleep past midnight.In formal terms,she is said to be exhibiting _____.

A)somnambulism
B)somniloquy
C)insomnia
D)narcolepsy

Question 68

Jerry is filing for divorce.Lately,he is also having trouble at his job.Prior to these problems,he did not experience any sleep disorder but these days he finds it extremely hard to fall asleep.Which of the following disorders is he most likely suffering from?

A)Sleep apnea
B)Narcolepsy
C)Insomnia
D)Schizophrenia

Question 69

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by:

A)sleepwalking and sleep talking.
B)an anxious, panicky feeling.
C)irresistible urge to sleep.
D)excessively long periods of sleep.

Question 70

During lunch at the school cafeteria,Brianna falls asleep while sipping her glass of soda.She is suffering from:

A)somnambulism.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep apnea.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 71

Lily has been battling insomnia for a very long time.She recently began taking medication to help her sleep.After several weeks of taking the drug,she noticed that she no longer fits into most of her clothes.She realizes that she has put on ten pounds.Which of the following medications is she most likely taking?

A)Valium
B)Tylenol
C)Ambien
D)Prosom

Question 72

Nikita is always tired. She goes to bed at about 10:30 every night and is asleep in seconds,but she wakes up frequently during the night. She is most likely suffering from:

A)night terrors.
B)sleep apnea.
C)narcolepsy.
D)insomnia.

Question 73

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping?

A)Narcolepsy
B)Sleep apnea
C)Night terror
D)Insomnia

Question 74

After several instances of waking up in the morning to find empty food containers on her bedroom floor,Janice learns from her doctor that her sleep eating is likely a side effect of the use of:

A)Valium.
B)Ambien.
C)Xanax.
D)Ecstasy.

Question 75

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter,Mr.Reed suddenly lapsed into a stage of REM sleep.Mr.Reed is most likely suffering from:

A)narcolepsy.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep apnea.
D)REM rebound.

Question 76

Sleepwalking is:

A)usually due to the use of sleeping pills.
B)related to mental illness.
C)a normal phenomenon.
D)a symptom of sleep apnea.

Question 77

Night terrors differ from nightmares as night terrors:

A)occur during the slow-wave stage 4.
B)are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer.
C)are more common than nightmares.
D)occur during the REM sleep.

Question 78

Narcolepsy is a disorder that involves:

A)the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
B)sudden uncontrollable seizures.
C)sudden attacks of uncontrollable sleep.
D)difficulty in falling asleep.

Question 79

Theresa dreams that she is being chased by a lion.This is an example of:

A)somnambulism.
B)somniloquy.
C)insomnia.
D)a nightmare.

Question 80

Mr.Owens always sleeps restlessly,snoring and gasping during the night.It is most likely that Mr.Owens suffers from:

A)sleep apnea.
B)narcolepsy.
C)night terror.
D)insomnia.