Deck 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Question 1

In everyday situations,finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems:

A)are vague and ill defined.
B)require employing complex operations.
C)cannot be solved by the average person.
D)do not require openness to experience.

Answer 1

are vague and ill defined.

Question 2

When the field of cognitive psychology first became prominent,it was considered a revolutionary development because it was a radical departure from _____.

A)behaviorism
B)psychoanalysis
C)the study of mental processes
D)the study of artificial intelligence

Answer 2

behaviorism

Question 3

Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics:

A)are slow.
B)guarantee a solution to a problem.
C)are complex strategies that suggest a solution to a problem.
D)can lead to different answers to a given problem.

Answer 3

can lead to different answers to a given problem.

Question 4

Which of the following methods developed to understand the structure and function of concepts emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept,they compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties?

A)The prototype model
B)Game theory
C)The scientific method
D)Mathematical induction

Question 5

Alice,Natalie's roommate,argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans.However,Natalie counters her argument by stating that humans alone are capable of:

A)developing new learning goals.
B)performing statistical operations.
C)evaluating loan applications.
D)compiling new information.

Question 6

Kate,a member of the sorority at Quantasia State University,argues that AI machines will become intent on domination of the human race as soon as they realize that they are intellectually superior to humans.As a psychology major,Laura scoffs at this position and argues that AI machines will never come to the realization that they are smarter than humans because they:

A)lack the ability to compile information.
B)lack the capacity for self-awareness.
C)cannot complete tasks that involve evaluation.
D)cannot perform numerical operations accurately.

Question 7

Freisha intends to learn cooking but is confused about the type of cuisine she aims to learn.According to the steps in problem solving,the first step that must be taken by her is to:

A)evaluate the solutions.
B)develop good problem-solving strategies.
C)find and frame the problem.
D)rethink and redefine the problem.

Question 8

Neil has been riding his bike to work for the last five years.Which of the following characteristics of concepts is being illustrated in this statement?

A)Concepts aid memory.
B)Concepts facilitate generalization.
C)Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.
D)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.

Question 9

On her first visit to Quantasia,Jessica,a traveler,visits a restaurant near a highway that serves traditional cuisine.She learns that such kinds of restaurants are termed as "matam." According to the characteristics of a concept,which of the following characteristics has been illustrated in this scenario?

A)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.
B)Concepts aid memory.
C)Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.
D)Concepts facilitate generalization.

Question 10

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of:

A)problem solving.
B)clinical diagnosis.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 11

Dan is at an international food fest with his brother Jude.When Dan is served a dish of Mopane worm stew,Jude tells him reassuringly,"That's food!" and Dan comprehends his statement regarding the concept of food.Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

A)Concepts facilitate generalization.
B)Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.
C)Concepts aid memory.
D)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.

Question 12

Which of the following holds true about the statement that computers provide an oversimplified model of human information processing?

A)Computers are currently unable to perform any tasks better than humans.
B)Computer information is far too complex for such a comparison to be accurate.
C)Computer information is too mathematically based for such a comparison to be accurate.
D)Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

Question 13

Concepts refer to:

A)mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
B)appropriate ways to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
C)unique strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem.
D)specific reasons behind linguistic differences between ethnic groups.

Question 14

Sam manages a fast-food restaurant.He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before the start of their shift.Given that Sam recognizes this problem,which of the following is the next immediate step that he should take to solve this problem?

A)Sam should call a meeting with all his employees and explain the problem to them.
B)Sam should threaten to fire anyone who calls in sick just prior to the start of their shift.
C)Sam should evaluate his employee policies.
D)Sam should define the problem in detail.

Question 15

When cognitive psychologists use the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain,the brain is described as the computer's _____.

A)hardware
B)firewall
C)hard drive
D)software

Question 16

Claudia has bought a recipe book that gives her step-by-step procedures to prepare Italian cuisines.This scenario illustrates the use of _____.

A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)prototypes
D)concepts

Question 17

Charlotte,a three-year-old girl,learns that a doll is an object with which she can play alone or with her friends.Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

A)Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.
B)Concepts facilitate generalization.
C)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.
D)Concepts aid memory.

Question 18

Approaches that attempt to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed by individuals fall under _____ psychology.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)biological

Question 19

Levi Hutchins,a young clockmaker,resolved to rise at 4 A.M.every morning.This resolution motivated Hutchins to invent the alarm clock.Which of the following was most likely Hutchins's first step in solving the problem of waking up early?

A)Rethink and redefine the problem
B)Find and frame the problem
C)Evaluate the solutions
D)Employ good problem-solving strategies

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of subgoals?

A)Working backward in establishing subgoals should be typically avoided.
B)They are initial goals that put the individual in a better position for reaching a final solution.
C)They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies.
D)They are used to evaluate the solutions.

Question 21

Who would benefit the most from defining subgoals?

A)Andy has to go to the gym.
B)Zach has to wash the dishes.
C)Todd has to complete a science fair project.
D)Pedro has to solve a few algebra sums by evening.

Question 22

Diana has to study four chapters of management information systems for her test tomorrow.If she decides to use the problem-solving strategy of adopting subgoals,she must:

A)cram the night before the test.
B)breakdown the topics to be studied and complete each within the time frame.
C)decide to do a group study with her friends.
D)study only the larger topics and ignore the smaller topics.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems?

A)Heuristics are shortcut strategies.
B)Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.
C)Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem.
D)Algorithms are faster than heuristics.

Question 24

Which of the following is the main disadvantage of using algorithms?

A)They only work for large problems.
B)They are very similar to the trial-and-error method.
C)Correct solutions are not guaranteed.
D)Finding solutions may take a long time.

Question 25

Which of the following best explains being cognitively flexible?

A)The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome
B)Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation
C)The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information
D)Fixating on a thing's usual functions

Question 26

Which of the following is a characteristic of good problem solvers?

A)Self-doubt
B)Humility
C)Groupthink
D)Risk avoidance

Question 27

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her paper mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper.When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment,she runs out of protective Styrofoam packing material.Suddenly,Monique remembers about the shredded junk mail confetti which she could use as packing material.From the above scenario,it can be concluded that Monique has:

A)overcome functional fixedness.
B)used a heuristic to solve her packing problem.
C)used an algorithm to solve her packing problem.
D)demonstrated object fixation.

Question 28

Jacob received his score on math paper and realized that he performed poorly in the test.According to the steps in problem solving,the next step that must be taken by him is to:

A)ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process.
B)rethink and redefine his problem.
C)employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy.
D)merely frame the problem in a vague way.

Question 29

Who would benefit the most from defining subgoals?

A)Jake has to cook pasta for supper.
B)Billie has to develop a landscape design for his client.
C)Suki has to watch a movie with her friend.
D)Chris has to go on a date.

Question 30

Jake developed a study plan for his Graduate Record Examination and completed his paper on Tuesday.According to the steps in problem solving,the next immediate step that must be taken by him is to:

A)employ good problem-solving strategies.
B)find and frame the problem.
C)rethink and redefine the problem.
D)evaluate his performance.

Question 31

An effective way to strategize the organization of subgoals is to:

A)work forward in the planning process.
B)limit the number of subgoals to three or less.
C)create a minimum of six or seven subgoals.
D)work backward in the planning process.

Question 32

Bertha met two students from another school at a convention.She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were.Bertha now believes that all the students from that school are nice and is therefore considering transferring to that school.According to the methods of reasoning,Bertha is using _____ reasoning in this scenario.

A)inductive
B)functional
C)critical
D)deductive

Question 33

Shane is a sales representative and uses MapQuest to get driving directions to his clients' offices.Thus,Shane uses _____ to get to his destinations.

A)shortcut strategies
B)heuristics
C)prototypes
D)algorithms

Question 34

Veronica has to cook dinner for 30 people this Saturday.Moreover,her apartment is a mess,and she has nothing suitable to wear for the party.Hence,she decides to do her laundry on Thursday night,buy the groceries on Friday,clean the apartment on Saturday morning,and cook dinner by Saturday evening.This process of defining intermediate problems is known as:

A)creating subgoals.
B)using algorithms.
C)using heuristics.
D)fixation.

Question 35

Ivan has misplaced his room keys.Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?

A)He will avoid searching and instead get a replacement key made.
B)He will break open the door.
C)He will call his wife to get the spare keys.
D)He will go through each drawer in his house.

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?

A)Melissa is unaware of the features of her new iPod.
B)Cindy puts her jacket on a coat hanger.
C)Roberto uses his baseball glove to play catch.
D)Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles.

Question 37

Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics?

A)Unlike heuristics, algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.
B)Heuristics take more time than algorithms.
C)Unlike heuristics, algorithms always guarantee a solution.
D)Unlike heuristics, algorithms are shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem.

Question 38

Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle,and even though he has never built one,he decides to do it himself.He buys a book of professionally drawn detailed shed plans that provide step-by-step instructions.In this situation,Jim is using:

A)algorithms.
B)heuristics.
C)prototypes.
D)shortcut strategies.

Question 39

Which of the following would businesses need to avoid for them to be successful over a period of many years?

A)Algorithms
B)Insight learning
C)Functional fixedness
D)Heuristics

Question 40

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general.That is,people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples.This type of reasoning is termed as:

A)deductive reasoning.
B)retrospective reasoning.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)descriptive reasoning.

Question 41

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns,a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred,as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless.These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer.They are illustrating:

A)the availability heuristic.
B)confirmation bias.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 42

Gwyneth views the exceptional ratings of a pair of jeans on an online shopping website and decides to purchase it over the weekend.However,her friend who has a similar pair of jeans complains about the poor quality of the material which prevents Gwyneth from making the online purchase.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Gwyneth mirrors _____ in this scenario.

A)confirmation bias
B)hindsight bias
C)the base rate neglect
D)the hemispatial neglect

Question 43

Akira is attempting to solve Sudoku for the first time.According to the systems of reasoning and decision making,it can be concluded that Akira is employing the _____ system of reasoning and decision making.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)controlled
D)automatic

Question 44

Naomi intends to become a pilot.However,her father refuses to comply with her intention.He states that the women in his family have always been in the academic field and persuades her to pursue teaching as her future career.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Naomi's father has employed _____ in this scenario.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the availability heuristic
C)confirmation bias
D)hindsight bias

Question 45

If Professor Wagner were to build a robot that functions using only automatic processes,we would expect it to make decisions using _____.

A)algorithms
B)functional fixedness
C)heuristics
D)conscious reflection

Question 46

Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs.He is scheduled to perform with some students from that part of the town in an all-county musical presentation.If he assumes that these students are also rich and snobby,he is using _____ reasoning.

A)inductive
B)functional
C)critical
D)deductive

Question 47

Jennifer,a senior HR recruiter,perceives students from Edinkyo University to be industrious employees.As a result,she concludes that Carol,a fresher from the same university,will be an asset for the company.According to the types of reasoning,it can be concluded that Jennifer has employed _____ reasoning.

A)automatic
B)controlled
C)deductive
D)inductive

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?

A)It involves drawing conclusions based on facts.
B)It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance.
C)It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations.
D)It involves bottom-up processing.

Question 49

Alex intends to board a flight this evening to another country for an official visit.However,his wife prevents him from boarding the flight stating that there is a likelihood of danger to his life owing to several plane crashes that occurred this month.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Alex's wife mirrors the _____ in this scenario.

A)base rate neglect
B)hemispatial neglect
C)representativeness heuristic
D)availability heuristic

Question 50

Joel and Zeus watch a soccer game between team A and team B on T.V.Team A wins the match and Zeus exclaims,"I knew team A would win this match!" According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Zeus is employing _____ in this scenario.

A)confirmation bias
B)hindsight bias
C)the availability heuristic
D)the representativeness heuristic

Question 51

Maria is extremely active in politics.She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not.Each day when she reads the newspaper,she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular.According to the confirmation bias,what will she do when she reads them?

A)She will read all of the editorials to get a balanced view of issues.
B)She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.
C)She will read the editorials that she disagrees with to get another perspective on issues.
D)She will only read the editorials that are devoid of political issues.

Question 52

Bonnie and Clyde have decided to purchase a new entertainment center.As this will be a major financial investment,they spend a lot of time researching their options.Helen,a psychology student,advises them to distract themselves with an alternate activity before they come to any purchase decisions.Is this a good advice?

A)No, research has shown that people who approach complex decisions in a consciously deliberate fashion and then act immediately make better choices.
B)No, research has shown that people make better decisions when they study their options and act decisively before additional information causes them to change their minds.
C)Yes, research has shown that people who approach complex decisions after being distracted are more likely to make better decisions.
D)Yes, research has shown that a few hours of sleep is necessary before making a smart decision.

Question 53

Greta was confused about choosing medicine or law as options for her undergraduate studies.However,she followed her intuition and chose to pursue her undergraduate studies in law.According to the systems of reasoning and decision making,it can be concluded that Greta employed the _____ system of reasoning and decision making.

A)controlled
B)automatic
C)inductive
D)deductive

Question 54

Based on his observation of a group of patients who suffer from a psychological disorder and display immense creativity,Collin develops a theory of creativity among patients with that disorder.According to the types of reasoning,it can be concluded that Collin has employed _____ reasoning.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)automatic
D)controlled

Question 55

Harry intends to pursue his career in the armed forces.However,his mother prevents him from applying for a position in the armed forces.She fears that she will lose her son just like she lost her husband who died during his regime in the armed forces.Hence,it can be concluded that Harry's mother has used _____.

A)confirmation bias
B)the availability heuristic
C)hindsight bias
D)the representativeness heuristic

Question 56

Whenever scientists use theories and intuitions to make specific predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations,_____ is at work.

A)inductive reasoning
B)reflective disclosure
C)deductive reasoning
D)functional fixedness

Question 57

The fact that Jordan hears about airplane crashes on the news more often than he hears about automobile crashes may lead him to believe that he is more likely to die in a plane than in a car.This scenario exemplifies:

A)confirmation bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)availability heuristic.
D)representativeness heuristic.

Question 58

Every week during football season,Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams.Before the games,Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out.On Monday,however,it is a different scenario altogether.Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the results of the games turned out exactly as he thought they would.Thus,it can be concluded that Fred is demonstrating:

A)overconfidence bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)deductive reasoning.

Question 59

Cathy has long believed that all her supervisors are cranky and disagreeable individuals.According to the confirmation bias,after being transferred to a new department,which of the following will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

A)She will forget about the things she has thought about her previous supervisors.
B)She will look for positive behaviors on the part of her supervisor.
C)She will share her feelings with the new supervisor.
D)She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

Question 60

After the outcome of an election is announced,George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be.This is a form of:

A)confirmation bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)availability heuristic.
D)representativeness heuristic.

Question 61

The concept of mindfulness refers to:

A)the state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things.
B)the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.
C)thinking that is flexible and open to questioning; it is not dogmatic or categorical.
D)suppressing unconscious thoughts and conflicts within the individual's mind.

Question 62

Henry,the marketing team lead of Shield Corp,always consults his team members prior to making any important decisions.This,in turn,indicates that Henry engages in _____ during the process of decision making.

A)convergent thinking
B)open-minded thinking
C)inductive reasoning
D)deductive reasoning

Question 63

Which of the following is a trait of creative thinkers?

A)Dogmatic thinking
B)Categorical thinking
C)Risk avoidance
D)Intrinsic motivation

Question 64

Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake who is a tall and lanky man.She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors _____ in this scenario.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the availability heuristic
C)confirmation bias
D)hindsight bias

Question 65

Eric,a rock musician,has recently launched his music album.All his songs in the new album are based on suggestions from his fans about the lyrics,genre,and so on.Which of the following processes of thinking did he engage in during the initial stage of his music album?

A)Divergent thinking
B)Controlled thinking
C)Convergent thinking
D)Automatic thinking

Question 66

Sharon had a major argument with Terence,her fifty-year-old general manager in her previous company,whom she perceives as being arrogant and snobbish.Following the argument,she quit her job and found a job in another company and is currently working under Ian who is about the same age as Terence.She now feels that Ian is also arrogant and snobbish.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Sharon is likely to employ _____ in this scenario.

A)availability heuristic
B)representativeness heuristic
C)base rate neglect
D)hindsight bias

Question 67

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as _____.

A)critical thinking
B)mindfulness
C)convergent thinking
D)open-mindedness

Question 68

Lisa,a marketing manager,has suggested using crowdsourcing to come up with ideas for advertising.She has found a number of people who are ready to volunteer to answer a questionnaire and be a part of a focus group.Which of the following processes of thinking is being illustrated in this scenario?

A)Critical thinking
B)Controlled thinking
C)Divergent thinking
D)Mindful thinking

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true of convergent thinking?

A)It works best when a problem has only one right answer.
B)It occurs during brainstorming.
C)It produces many solutions to the same problem.
D)This type of thinking is avoided by creative people.

Question 70

Serena,an advertising lead,is holding a meeting with her team mates regarding the development of an advertisement for a new perfume brand.Which of the following processes of thinking do Serena and her team mates most likely employ in this scenario?

A)Passive thinking
B)Convergent thinking
C)Automatic thinking
D)Divergent thinking

Question 71

According to Ellen Langer,an individual's routine of engaging in meditation every morning is an example of _____.

A)divergent thinking
B)open-minded thinking
C)mindful behavior
D)automatic behavior

Question 72

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to exhibit mindfulness as part of their regular job responsibilities?

A)An administrative assistant
B)A detective at a crime scene
C)The pilot of a plane
D)An usher at a movie theater

Question 73

What type of thinking is required when trying to determine who should be hired from a stack of fifty resumes?

A)Convergent thinking
B)Conceptual thinking
C)Automatic thinking
D)Divergent thinking

Question 74

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?

A)Grasping the deeper meaning of ideas
B)Providing a single accurate solution to a problem
C)Relying on the opinion of more experienced others
D)Practicing groupthink

Question 75

Samantha believes that Gabe is a member of the football team because he is muscular and wears gym shorts.This typically illustrates:

A)the availability heuristic.
B)confirmation bias.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 76

Sandra is most likely to seek out information that refutes the existing hypothesis regarding the relationship between smoking and dementia when she engages in _____.

A)confirmation bias
B)critical thinking
C)convergent thinking
D)hindsight bias

Question 77

Adrian is solving mathematical equations in his classroom.Which of the following processes of thinking is he likely to be engaged in at present?

A)Convergent thinking
B)Automatic thinking
C)Divergent thinking
D)Passive thinking

Question 78

_____ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.

A)Convergent
B)Passive
C)Automatic
D)Divergent

Question 79

Norah is employing the process of _____ since she intends to oppose the existing views regarding feminism in post-modern era.

A)convergent thinking
B)divergent thinking
C)critical thinking
D)automatic thinking

Question 80

_____ thinking occurs during brainstorming.

A)Convergent
B)Passive
C)Automatic
D)Divergent