Deck 9: Human Development

Question 1

_____ is a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

A)Accommodation
B)Resilience
C)Egocentrism
D)Positive affect

Answer 1

Resilience

Question 2

In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology:

A)the same people are retested over a period of years.
B)different age groups are tested at the same time.
C)different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously.
D)the behavior of an individual is assessed by different researchers.

Answer 2

different age groups are tested at the same time.

Question 3

A(n)_____ can find out not only whether age groups differ but also whether the same individuals change with respect to a particular characteristic as they age.

A)cross-sectional study
B)longitudinal study
C)accelerated study
D)transversal study

Answer 3

longitudinal study

Question 4

Jennifer,a developmental psychologist,is studying the changes in human eating behavior and the amount of food the body requires as it grows.Which of the following processes is Jennifer analyzing in her study?

A)Cognitive processes
B)Physical processes
C)Social processes
D)Emotional processes

Question 5

The neural tube is formed during the _____ period.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)infant

Question 6

Which of the following terms is most closely tied with the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate?

A)Biological inheritances
B)Range of phenotypes
C)Genotypic characteristics
D)Optimal life experiences

Question 7

Which of the following developments occurs during the germinal period of prenatal development?

A)Development of organs
B)Formation of neural tube
C)Differentiation of arms and legs
D)Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Question 8

According to developmental psychologists,nurture refers to:

A)the development caused by hormones secreted in the body.
B)the formation of the nervous system.
C)an individual's biological inheritance.
D)an individual's environmental and social experiences.

Question 9

A(n)_____ assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period.

A)cross-sectional study
B)longitudinal study
C)accelerated study
D)unobtrusive research

Question 10

During the course of successful prenatal development,a human organism begins as a(n):

A)fetus and finally develops into a zygote.
B)embryo and finally develops into a zygote.
C)zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
D)fetus and finally develops into an embryo.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of an individual's genotype?

A)A genotype can be expressed only through the characteristics of the genotype.
B)A person's observable characteristics will reflect his/her genotype accurately.
C)Environmental precautions can change the phenotype associated with a genotype.
D)Genotype of a person is solely dependent on his/her environment.

Question 12

As children,Jasper and Jenny were both physically abused by their father.Their environmental influences were quite similar.As both individuals entered adulthood,Jenny adjusted fairly well,while Jasper continued to have problems,including substance abuse.Which of the following terms describes Jenny's ability to overcome an abusive childhood?

A)Perseverance
B)Integrity
C)Resistance
D)Resilience

Question 13

Which of the following terms means that even in the face of adversity,a person shows signs of positive functioning?

A)Assimilation
B)Accommodation
C)Resilience
D)Integrity

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans?

A)The heart begins to beat during the embryonic period.
B)The rate of cell differentiation decreases during the embryonic period.
C)The intestinal tract first appears in the fetal period of prenatal development.
D)First and the second week of prenatal development are called the fetal period.

Question 15

Professor Yen is curious about how rapidly reading skills develop in children of ages five to ten.If he has only a limited period of time to research this question,which research design should he utilize?

A)Cross-sectional
B)Longitudinal
C)Unobtrusive
D)Cohort

Question 16

According to developmental psychologists,nature refers to:

A)an individual's environmental experiences.
B)an individual's social experiences.
C)an individual's biological inheritance.
D)an individual's emotional characteristics.

Question 17

During the embryonic period of prenatal development:

A)the intestinal tract appears.
B)the zygote is formed.
C)the fetus starts to move around.
D)the zygote attaches to the uterine wall.

Question 18

Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

A)Unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies are affected by the cohort effects problem.
B)Cross-sectional studies deal with people of the same age, whereas longitudinal studies deal with a people belonging to different age groups.
C)Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time.
D)Cross-sectional studies assess participants multiple times, whereas longitudinal studies assess participants only once.

Question 19

Which of the following statements would a life-span developmentalist most likely state?

A)Childhood experiences are not necessarily more influential than later experiences.
B)Later experiences are given too much importance by researchers.
C)Later experiences alone define a person's characteristics.
D)Childhood experiences mold a person's character.

Question 20

Dr.Mason's main research interest is the way a person grows and changes from its beginning to its inevitable end.It is most likely that Dr.Mason is a _____ psychologist.

A)cognitive
B)developmental
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Question 21

Mabel is thrilled to find out that she is pregnant.She wants to make sure that she does not jeopardize the health of her baby.She should avoid all of the following EXCEPT:

A)prescription drugs.
B)tobacco.
C)alcohol.
D)exposure to rubella.

Question 22

The _____ technique in studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another.

A)habituation
B)preferential looking
C)object permanence
D)non-differential perception

Question 23

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in the highchair,it is time to eat.So when her father puts her in the highchair and hands her a book,Janice puts the corner of the book in her mouth.According to Piaget,Janice's behavior can be best explained by _____.

A)schematic thinking
B)the assimilation process
C)the accommodation process
D)deferred imitation

Question 24

An individual's ability to adjust his or her schemas to new information is called _____.

A)interpretation
B)imprinting
C)assimilation
D)accommodation

Question 25

According to Piaget,an individual's ability to incorporate new information into existing knowledge is called _____.

A)accommodation
B)interpretation
C)assimilation
D)innovation

Question 26

According to Piaget,accommodation refers to:

A)the parental efforts made to include new children in an existing family structure.
B)the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
C)the developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by peers.
D)the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

Question 27

Alicia,a three-year-old girl,knows that fish swim in water.When she sees an alligator for the first time,she says to her father,"Look at that big fish!" Her father tells her that the creature is not a fish,but an alligator.Later,Alicia sights a frog and asks her father "What is that called?" In this scenario,Alicia's question arises due to the process of _____.

A)enculturation
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)preoperational thinking

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

A)The synaptic connections decrease drastically during childhood.
B)The connection between neurons is the highest at birth.
C)The process of myelination begins at the prenatal stages.
D)The process of myelination stops at adolescence.

Question 29

The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under _____ development.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)socio-emotional
D)personality

Question 30

Which of the following is an accurate descriptor of an infant reflex?

A)It can be either temporary or last a life time.
B)It is genetically-wired.
C)It is essential for survival.
D)All of these.

Question 31

Which of the following is likely to be a teratogen?

A)Apple
B)Dark chocolate
C)Spicy food
D)Alcohol

Question 32

During the fetal period of prenatal development:

A)the intestinal tract appears.
B)the neural tube is formed.
C)the fetus starts to move around.
D)the fetus's organ functioning decreases.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an infant reflex?

A)Galant
B)Moro
C)Elbow extension
D)Toe curling

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of the development of motor and perceptual skills in humans?

A)Experience fails to influence motor development.
B)Motor development is the consequence of nature alone.
C)Babies are continually coordinating their movements with information they perceive through their senses.
D)Perceptual and motor skills develop separately during different time periods and therefore, fail to promote each other.

Question 35

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

A)Maslow
B)Piaget
C)Erikson
D)Kohlberg

Question 36

An infant born before 37 weeks is called a:

A)preterm infant.
B)postterm infant.
C)pre-partum infant.
D)post-fetal infant.

Question 37

Which of the following best defines teratogen?

A)It is any agent that causes a birth defect.
B)It is a drug that enhances the growth of a fetus.
C)It is any chemical that contains an alcohol group.
D)It is a term used to describe all microorganisms that cause fatal diseases.

Question 38

Which of the following is a symptom of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

A)Hyperactivity
B)Below-average intelligence
C)Tardive dyskinesia
D)Depression

Question 39

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory,the _____ stage occurs during infancy.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)preoperational

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

A)Teratogens include only the chemical substances that are classified as alcohols.
B)The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.
C)Teratogen refers to the birth defect caused by radiation.
D)Teratogens enhance the development of a fetus.

Question 41

According to Piaget,which of the following questions can a fourteen-year-old child answer better compared to when he was seven years old?

A)How many planets are there?
B)How tall is the Empire State building?
C)How many quarters in a dollar?
D)How might we survive if our oil supply runs out?

Question 42

Dan arranges two rows of pennies so they are equal in length.A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies.He spreads out the pennies in the bottom row so that it is longer than the top one.The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies.This child is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 43

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation,they are unable to:

A)make judgments based on gut feelings.
B)think intuitively.
C)recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
D)represent their world with words, images, and drawings.

Question 44

A mother gives her three-year-old and her four-year-old children chocolate milk in identically shaped glasses to avoid conflict over who has more.The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with:

A)language.
B)object permanence.
C)conservation.
D)symbolism.

Question 45

Peter is ten years old.He likes to play a game called "name,place,things,animals" along with his friends,because he often wins and is very good at it.In this game,children are given a list of random nouns,and they should write the nouns in the correct column.For example if the noun is "dog",they should write "dog" under the "animals" column.According to this scenario,Peter is most likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 46

_____ is Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen,heard,or touched.

A)Assimilation
B)Accommodation
C)Object permanence
D)Object interpretation

Question 47

Between ages 7 and 11,children gain the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.Piaget calls this particular stage:

A)the concrete operational stage.
B)the formal operational stage.
C)the preoperational stage.
D)the sensorimotor stage.

Question 48

A teacher shows a first grade student a map and tells her,"You live here,in Atlanta,Georgia." The child emphatically disagrees,declaring,"No,I live in Atlanta.I can't live in Georgia too,'cause I can't live in two places at the same time!" This child is likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 49

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities is most likely present in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operational
B)preconventional
C)conventional
D)concrete

Question 50

Millie tried to play peek-a-boo with her six-month-old infant,but whenever she hid her face,he would cry.When she tried it again three months later,he laughed and enjoyed the game,trying to uncover her face with his hands.This scenario exemplifies the development of _____ in Millie's baby.

A)egocentrism
B)object permanence
C)hindsight bias
D)conservation

Question 51

If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development,which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

A)Solve mathematical problems
B)Represent their world with words and images
C)Reverse mental operations
D)Give logical reasons for knowing something

Question 52

Little Franklin takes away his baby sister's rattle and hides it under her blanket,while she watches.According to Piaget,if his sister had developed object permanence,she would most likely:

A)forget about the rattle.
B)try to search for it under the blanket.
C)act as if the rattle was never there.
D)None of these.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of children in the preoperational stage?

A)Preoperational children make judgments based on logic rather than gut feelings.
B)Preoperational children can put themselves in someone else's shoes with ease.
C)Preoperational thoughts are subject to the object permanence problem.
D)Preoperational thoughts are more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

Question 54

"Out of sight,out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of:

A)conservation.
B)separation anxiety.
C)attachment.
D)object permanence.

Question 55

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is.He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer.According to Piaget,Bob has reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 56

According to Piaget,children's thought in the preoperational stage is egocentric.This statement refers to:

A)a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.
B)young children's exaggerated interest in color.
C)the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view.
D)the difficulty in realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Question 57

While giving a cookie to Joe,Mathew drops it on the table,and the cookie breaks into several pieces.Joe starts to cry when he is offered the pieces of cookie instead of the whole cookie.According to Joe,since the sizes of the pieces are smaller than the whole cookie,he is being offered smaller quantity.According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of development.

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 58

In which of the following stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does a child coordinate sensations with movements?

A)Egocentric
B)Preconventional
C)Concrete
D)Sensorimotor

Question 59

Which of the following Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought in children?

A)Preoperational
B)Sensorimotor
C)Formal operational
D)Concrete operational

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

A)In this stage, a child's thought is less symbolic than a child in the sensorimotor stage.
B)The child in this stage understands the concept of conservation.
C)The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited.
D)It lasts from about seven to eleven years of age.

Question 61

Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that:

A)development is driven by personal choices and is independent of the actions of others.
B)life is full of challenges that cannot be ignored.
C)socioemotional development is a lifelong process.
D)most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially.

Question 62

Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional bond between an infant and:

A)other infants.
B)strangers.
C)its caregivers.
D)its environment.

Question 63

The nativist approach proposes that children as young as three months old:

A)can realize that an object exists even if they are not able to see it, but they do not have expectations about the object.
B)possess expectancies about objects and events in the world that are less dependent on experiences.
C)express cognitive development as an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context.
D)show an understanding of object permanence due to very early experiences.

Question 64

_____ emphasizes the role of experience in the world as the central driver of cognitive and perceptual development.

A)The empiricist approach
B)Baillargeon's approach
C)The nativist approach
D)Piaget's approach

Question 65

The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the _____ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true of the information-processing theory?

A)It emphasizes on the broad stages of cognitive development.
B)Working memory is linked to many aspects of children development.
C)Executive functions refer to lower-order cognitive processes.
D)Specific experiences cannot facilitate executive functions.

Question 67

According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,a child who expresses a low activity level,is somewhat negative,and is inflexible is a(n)_____ child.

A)detached
B)difficult
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)aversive

Question 68

Caleb,an infant,can be taken just about anywhere and seems to adapt quickly to new surroundings.According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,which of the following temperaments best describes him?

A)The easy child
B)The slow-to-warm-up child
C)The resilient child
D)The competent child

Question 69

According to Lev Vygotsky,which of the following is characteristic of cognitive development?

A)It is an interpersonal process.
B)It happens in a cultural context.
C)It is facilitated by the process of scaffolding.
D)All of these.

Question 70

An infant cries very often and faces difficulties in adapting to new situations.According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,which of the following temperaments would best describe him?

A)The unstable child
B)The slow-to-warm-up child
C)The difficult child
D)The detached child

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?

A)Children are expert thinkers who do not depend on the world.
B)Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development is similar to that of Piaget's theory.
C)For Vygotsky, a child is simply learning to think about the world and not about his or her own world in particular.
D)Children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.

Question 72

Which of the following reasons led to the criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)Piaget overestimated the cognitive cAPAcities of very young children.
B)Piaget observed that the cognitive acumen of adolescents was lesser than young children.
C)Piaget proposed that formal operational thought does not emerge consistently in early adolescence.
D)Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed.

Question 73

_____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

A)Identity
B)Personality
C)Cognition
D)Temperament

Question 74

The work of Harry Harlow established that:

A)early social experience in humans is essential to normal functioning in adulthood.
B)physical development is influenced more by nature than it is by nurture.
C)contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.
D)an offspring's attachment to a parent depends on the physical appearance of the parent.

Question 75

In Harry Harlow's classic attachment study,they found that monkeys:

A)were more attached to artificial mothers who provided milk.
B)were more attached to artificial mothers who were warm and soft.
C)displayed no preference for either cloth or wire mothers.
D)preferred wire mothers over cloth ones.

Question 76

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment?

A)The caregiver and the infant watch as several strangers enter the room.
B)The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later.
C)The stranger takes the infant away from the caregiver and moves to a place where the caregiver cannot be seen.
D)The caregiver hides the toy that the infant was playing with, under a blanket.

Question 77

Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possible outcome.Jason is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)preoperational

Question 78

Sammy is in third grade.When he won the spelling bee,he felt proud of his accomplishment.However,when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time,he felt incompetent.Which of the following Erikson's childhood stages does this scenario reflect?

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Initiative versus guilt
C)Industry versus inferiority
D)Trust versus mistrust

Question 79

_____,a dimension of temperament,is described as being shy and showing distress in an unfamiliar situation.

A)Effortful control
B)Self-regulation
C)Inhibition
D)Negative affectivity

Question 80

Adolescents are required to take algebra because cognitive development theory indicates that they are ready to learn this subject.Some of Piaget's critics would respond to this statement by pointing out that:

A)most adolescents have not reached the preoperational stage.
B)Piaget did not examine mathematical development in adolescents.
C)Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescents.
D)adolescents should not be stressed with complex topics like algebra.