Deck 4: Stress, Illness, and the Immune System

Question 1

There are some methodological issues associated with using Holmes and Rahe's SLE (stressful life events) model; the basic concept of negative life stress events seems to ____.

A) be universal and helpful only in other models
B) be outdated and no longer useful
C) lack validity as it pertains to illness
D) have validity as it pertains to illness

Answer 1

D

Question 2

T-helper cells have a molecule known as ____ on their surface that enables them to respond to the targeted antigen.It is important to note that, in a reverse of the normal process, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the ____ T cells, which can then lead to an eventual compromise of the immune system against opportunistic infections.

A) CD4
B) CD8
C) IgA
D) IgE

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Holmes and Rahe developed a revised version of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) called the ____.

A) SRRS-2
B) Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE)
C) Revised Social Readjustment Rating Scale (RSRRS)
D) The Holmes and Rahe-2

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The "silver linings" that may accompany illness are often referred to as ____.

A) the up-side of illness
B) secondary gains
C) primary gains
D) sickness benefits

Question 5

____ refers to an invasion of the body by a harmful microorganism that can create a pathological condition in the body's tissues and systems.

A) Sickness
B) Illness
C) Disease
D) Infection

Question 6

____ are like Pac Men from the vintage video game gobbling up any antigens they encounter.They are part of a primitive immunity system that is shared with lower order organisms, like the sponge, and provide a generalized response against pathogens within minutes to hours.

A) Lymphocytes
B) T cells
C) Natural killer (NK) cells
D) Phagocytes

Question 7

Whereas internal validity refers to how well the study establishes causal relationships, external validity refers to ____.

A) how well the study establishes integrity
B) how well the study establishes statistical significance
C) the generalizability of the results
D) how well the study establishes non-causal relationships

Question 8

The second punch of the immune system's one-two punch known as ____ (refers to the body's non-cellular fluid) is mediated by antibodies and has greater target precision but less speed.

A) viscous immunity
B) cell-mediated immunity
C) humoral immunity
D) cambiatic immunity

Question 9

The ____ group in an experimental study serves as a comparison group.

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable
C) experimental
D) control

Question 10

The third category of lymphocytes, the B cells ("B" for bone marrow cells) produce ____ called immunoglobulins (Igs), soluble proteins that circulate in the blood stream.

A) blood cells
B) antibodies
C) lymphocytic cells
D) lymphocytes

Question 11

____ is an indicator of the strength of the relationship between the independent variables on the dependent variables.

A) A causal variable
B) One-half of standard deviation
C) Standard deviation
D) Effect size

Question 12

T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells are referred to as ____.

A) lymphototic cells
B) NKTB cells
C) lymphocytes
D) white blood cells

Question 13

Only the ____ receives manipulation in an experimental study.

A) non-experimental group
B) experimental group
C) control group
D) experimental design group

Question 14

A pathological condition in the body's tissues and systems usually has a recognized pattern of signs and symptoms and is referred to as a(n) ____.

A) illness
B) sickness
C) disease
D) infection

Question 15

A significant body of research indicates ____ for exam stress; large scale disasters; loss of a spouse; response to viral challenge including herpes simplex, Epstein Barr, HIV, and cold virus; and long-term caregiving by loved ones of persons with dementia.

A) immune system growth
B) immune system suppression
C) increased growth of phagocytes
D) immune dysregulation

Question 16

For a(n) ____ the higher the stress level the greater the likelihood of illness.

A) negative correlation
B) positive correlation
C) statistically significant correlation
D) overlapping variance correlation

Question 17

____ is a synonym for illness.

A) Immunity
B) Sickness
C) Disease
D) Infection

Question 18

The body's system of organs, tissues, and cells is designed to protect against infections and harmful substances and is referred to as the ____.

A) health supporting system
B) defense immunity
C) defense system
D) immune system

Question 19

____ are the most common white blood cells (i.e., leukocytes) constituting over 50% of the total number.

A) Monocytes
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils

Question 20

____ refers to the unhealthy state caused by the ____.

A) Infection, disease
B) Disease, infection
C) Disease, illness
D) Illness, disease

Question 21

What is a prospective research design?

Question 22

Explain the role of cellular immunity cytokines and name three different types.

Question 23

Compare T-helper cells with T-cytotoxic cells.How are they different?

Question 24

What is illness behavior?

Question 25

What is the sick role? What purpose does this role serve?

Question 26

Explain monocytes and macrophages.

Question 27

What cells are like James Bond special agents? Describe these cells.

Question 28

What three conditions must be present in order to establish causality?

Question 29

Describe the first layer of the human protective and immune systems.

Question 30

Explain experimental studies in terms of the variables involved.

Question 31

What is psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)?

Question 32

Explain the function of inflamation in the body.

Question 33

What is validity? How does it relate to reliability?

Question 34

If you want to measure the effects of stress on illness, what would be the independent variable? What would be the dependent variable?

Question 35

Describe Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients.

Question 36

What is the gold standard experimental study in medicine for determining causal relationships?

Question 37

Are cross-sectional and longitudinal studies good for establishing causality? Explain.

Question 38

What is reliability?

Question 39

Describe correlational studies.

Question 40

Briefly compare the different functions of cross-sectional designs and longitudinal designs.

Question 41

What are meta-analytic studies? When would you want to use a meta-analytic study?

Question 42

Describe the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) and name some of its disadvantages.

Question 43

Describe cellular-mediated immunity.What are some of the cells involved in this immune strategy?

Question 44

List seven behavioral strategies (with brief explanations) for strengthening the immune system.

Question 45

List and explain several problems with the SLE (stressful life events) model.

Question 46

What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? In particular, how are life change units (LCUs) used in this scale?

Question 47

What are the effects of acute stressors on the immune system? Are these effects just as relevant for us now as they were for our ancient ancestors?

Question 48

What is the difference between the innate immune system or natural immune system and the adaptive immune system? How do they work together?

Question 49

What different kinds of antigens are there? What role do they play in the human immune system?