Deck 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

Question 1

_____ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female.

A)Sexual orientation
B)Gender
C)Gender bias
D)Secondary sex characteristic

Answer 1

Gender

Question 2

In the external genitalia of females,the small sensory organ at the top where the labia meet is called the _____.

A)cervix
B)mons pubis
C)vaginal wall
D)clitoris

Answer 2

clitoris

Question 3

Ariel is a mild-mannered and sensitive teenager.She is warm and caring and often volunteers at old age homes.Which of the following best describes Ariel's gender-related attributes?

A)Ariel is high on instrumentality.
B)Ariel is high on expressiveness.
C)Ariel is highly androgynous.
D)Ariel is highly undifferentiated.

Answer 3

Ariel is high on expressiveness.

Question 4

A congenital condition in which an individual has genitals that are not clearly male or female is called _____.

A)hermaphroditism
B)androgyny
C)transvestitism
D)gender dysphoria

Question 5

Erica is seen as a strong and assertive woman by all those who know her.Her friends believe that she will never get married,because she lives by herself and has a strong desire for independence.However,her friends do not know that Erica loves children and has a very nurturing attitude toward her nieces and nephews.Which of the following terms best describes Erica's gender-related attributes?

A)Instrumental
B)Expressive
C)Androgynous
D)Undifferentiated

Question 6

_____ are glands that produce sex hormones and generate ova in females and sperm in males.

A)Gametes
B)Adrenal glands
C)Gonads
D)Thyroid glands

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of gender?

A)Gender refers to the physical properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.
B)Gender refers to the social and psychological aspects of being female or male.
C)Biological factors are solely responsible for influencing a person's gender.
D)People do not vary in their experience of gender identity.

Question 8

In the context of sex and its biological components,which of the following statements is true of hormones in the human organism?

A)In men, some of the androgens produced by the testes are converted into estrogens.
B)In men, androgens are solely produced by the adrenal glands.
C)The hormones estrogen and progesterone are higher in men than in women.
D)Hormones are unique to one sex.

Question 9

In the context of gender-related attributes,individuals who are low on both instrumental and expressive qualities are referred to as _____.

A)undifferentiated
B)androgynous
C)instrumental
D)expressive

Question 10

Debbie,a twenty-two-year-old kindergarten teacher,has a gentle and caring disposition.She is sensitive to the needs of her students and patiently nurtures their learning abilities.In the context of gender identity,Debbie is best described as being high on _____ attributes.

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)androgynous
D)undifferentiated

Question 11

In the context of sexual development of a fetus,the SRY gene is responsible for the development of _____.

A)male sexual features
B)female sexual features
C)undifferentiated characteristics
D)confused sexuality

Question 12

_____ refers to the properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Sexual orientation
D)Identity

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the attributes used to describe a person's gender identity?

A)Instrumentality and expressiveness are not systematically related to each other, so every combination of these characteristics is possible.
B)Individuals who are low on both instrumental and expressive qualities are referred to as androgynous individuals.
C)Individuals who are not strongly gender-typed tend to have worse psychological adjustment and resilience than those rated as extremely masculine or feminine.
D)Instrumentality is used to describe attributes that are more feminine, such as being caring and sensitive.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of the development of sexual characteristics in fetuses?

A)With regard to sex organs, male fetuses essentially stay the same, whereas female fetuses change from their default status.
B)Only female fetuses are exposed to the effects of the SRY gene, which causes the development of the female gonads.
C)The raw materials of the male and female genitals and gonads are fundamentally the same.
D)High levels of androgen in a female embryo allow for the development of the female body and brain.

Question 15

Eduardo is a thirty-year-old man of Latin American descent.He likes to take control of situations and is dominant by nature.Eduardo's friends and family believe that he is very brave and is never one to back down from a challenge.In the context of gender identity,Eduardo's personality is most likely high on _____.

A)expressiveness
B)instrumentality
C)homosexuality
D)asexuality

Question 16

Gina is a thirty-year-old woman.Her gonads were damaged during the course of a serious infection.As a result,Gina's gonads may no longer produce _____.

A)androgens
B)ova
C)sperm
D)melatonin

Question 17

Gerald is neither dominating nor caring.He is not very sensitive and hesitates to assert himself in public.Since Gerald is low on both masculinity and femininity,he is best described as being _____ in the context of gender attributes.

A)transgendered
B)instrumental
C)androgynous
D)undifferentiated

Question 18

_____ is an individual's sense of belonging to the male or female sex.

A)Gender identity
B)Gender bias
C)Sexuality
D)Sexual orientation

Question 19

In the context of sex and its biological components,which of the following statements is true of chromosomes?

A)Human beings have 26 pairs of chromosomes, with one of each pair being provided by each parent.
B)All the pairs of human chromosomes differ across the sexes, except for the 23rd pair.
C)The 23rd pair of the sex chromosomes is responsible for determining a human's genetic sex.
D)The sex chromosomes are similar in males but are different in females.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A)Development of gonads
B)Growth of facial hair
C)Development of breasts
D)Growth of chest hair

Question 21

Joanna was born a girl.However,she never identifies herself as female.She refers to herself as Joe and dresses like a boy.Joanna is angry or irritable if anyone treats her like a girl.She is unable to accept the fact that she is biologically a female.In the context of sex and gender,Joanna is most likely a(n)_____.

A)hermaphrodite
B)androgynous individual
C)male
D)transgender individual

Question 22

Dr.Hendricks,a psychologist,believes that the differences between the genders can be attributed to the varying levels of estrogen and testosterone in males and females.In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development,Dr.Hendricks is most likely a proponent of the _____ approach.

A)biological
B)evolutionary psychology
C)social cognitive
D)psychodynamic

Question 23

Dr.Watson is interested in the effects of higher than normal amounts of testosterone on the gender of embryos.Dr.Watson's interest fits best into the area of the _____.

A)biological approach to gender development
B)social role theory of gender development
C)evolutionary psychology theory of gender development
D)social cognitive approach to gender development

Question 24

In the context of the evolutionary psychology approach to gender development,which of the following statements is true of sexual selection?

A)Members of the opposite sex compete with each other and members of the same sex exercise choice between themselves.
B)The sex that invests the most in producing off spring is the one that generally chooses.
C)Female members of all species have no choice in the selection of whom they will mate with.
D)The sex that invests the most in producing offspring is the one that generally competes.

Question 25

Although Dave was born with unambiguously male genitalia,he has always "felt" like a female.Dave is most likely a(n)_____.

A)female
B)transgender individual
C)androgynous individual
D)hermaphrodite

Question 26

The _____ approach to gender development suggests that gender behavior is learned through reward and punishment,observational learning,and modeling.

A)biological
B)social cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 27

The term _____ refers to experiencing one's psychological gender as being different from one's biological sex.

A)gender bias
B)heterosexuality
C)hermaphroditism
D)transgender

Question 28

Adrian,an infant,was born with ambiguous genitals.After consulting a few doctors,his parents decided to schedule Adrian for sex assignment surgery.They decided to raise Adrian as a girl once his genitals were reconstructed.In the context of sex and gender,which of the following is most likely to be true in this scenario?

A)Adrian suffers from a condition called gender dysphoria.
B)Adrian's parents have also undergone sex assignment surgery.
C)Adrian's parents believe that gender identity is entirely determined by biological factors.
D)Adrian was born with a congenital condition known as disorders of sexual development (DSD).

Question 29

In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development,which of the following is an evolutionary psychologist most likely to agree with?

A)Men tend to be more selective in choosing sexual partners than women, putting a premium on high quality.
B)Women are generally fertile from puberty onward and focus on quantity, reproducing as often as possible.
C)Women have the universal right to choose whom they mate with, in all species.
D)Men, across cultures, are likely to prefer women who are younger than they are.

Question 30

_____ means that the male and female members of a species differ from each other because of differences in competition and choice.

A)Sexual selection
B)Sexual stratification
C)Sexual orientation
D)Sexual differentiation

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of transgender individuals?

A)Transgender individuals can only be those who are biologically male but identify themselves as female.
B)The treatment for transgender individuals involves gradual stages that move from reversible treatments to permanent ones.
C)The surgical challenges that male-to-female transgender individuals face are more complicated than those for female-to-male transgender individuals.
D)Among youth who identify as the opposite of their biological sex, the majority will ultimately adopt the gender identity of the opposite sex.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of the reproductive challenges for men and women in the context of the evolutionary psychology approach to gender development?

A)Women can reproduce only about once per year and have a limited time of fertility.
B)Women are generally fertile from puberty onward and can reproduce as often as possible.
C)A preference for older women may be a way for a man to minimize the chances that his betrothed is already pregnant with someone else's off spring.
D)Men and women have very distinct evolutionary goals and experience similar challenges in accomplishing those goals.

Question 33

Male zebra finches have brightly colored feathers and begin to sing at puberty.The females are duller in appearance and lack singing ability.The males use musical mating calls to compete with each other for female attention.Since the females are primarily responsible for reproduction,they have to choose the most suitable males to mate with.This type of selection best illustrates the _____.

A)biological approach to gender development
B)social cognitive approach to gender development
C)social role theory of gender development
D)evolutionary psychology approach to gender development

Question 34

Dr.Ruth believes that females and males differ from each other because of the differences in their brain structures and functioning.Dr.Ruth is most likely a proponent of the _____.

A)social role theory of gender development
B)biological approach to gender development
C)evolutionary psychology theory of gender development
D)social cognitive approach to gender development

Question 35

Harry,a four-month-old male infant,tends to show more interest in toy cars than in dolls.Since Harry has not yet had social experiences that might influence gender development,Harry's behavior conforms best to the:

A)biological approach to gender development.
B)psychodynamic approach to gender development.
C)cognitive approach to gender development.
D)social role theory of gender development.

Question 36

According to the biological approach,which of the following factors identifies a person as male or female?

A)Societal expectations
B)Parenting style
C)Nurture
D)Prenatal hormones

Question 37

According to the evolutionary psychology approach to gender development:

A)organisms with the fittest genes are most likely to survive and reproduce.
B)the differences between contemporary men and women can be explained by the environmental challenges they face.
C)competition ruins the chance for species to evolve naturally.
D)choice has no role to play in the evolution of the human species.

Question 38

When Eric was born,he had atypical genitals that were not exclusively male or female.The doctors spoke to Eric's parents and advised them to schedule Eric for sex assignment surgery as early as possible.The condition that Eric was born with can be referred to as _____.

A)transvestitism
B)gender dysphoria
C)hermaphroditism
D)a paraphilic disorder

Question 39

Although born with complete female genitalia and characteristics,Kristie always feels uncomfortable as a girl.She does not understand why she has the biological characteristics of a female,when she feels completely like a male.She is conflicted and distressed.In the context of sex and gender,Kristie will most likely be diagnosed with _____.

A)disorders of sexual desire
B)disorders of sexual development (DSD)
C)gender dysphoria
D)sadomasochism

Question 40

In the context of evolutionary psychology,_____ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.

A)competition
B)bonding
C)compromise
D)cohesiveness

Question 41

Caroline tells her friends that she helps to take care of her little brother because that is what girls are supposed to do.Caroline's statement best describes her understanding of her _____.

A)sexual script
B)gender role
C)gender identity
D)sexual orientation

Question 42

Sally,a three-year-old girl,watches her mother changing her baby brother's diaper many times a day.One day,while playing with her toys,Sally imitates her mother by attempting to change her doll's diaper.In this scenario,Sally's gender-conforming behavior can best be explained through the _____.

A)psychodynamic approach
B)evolutionary psychology approach
C)social cognitive approach
D)biological approach

Question 43

Jimmy,a six-year-old,is watching his parents fight.He observes his father shouting while his mother sits quietly,crying.Which theory of gender development is most likely to predict that Jimmy will imitate his father in his interactions with women?

A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The evolutionary psychology approach
C)The social cognitive approach
D)The biological approach

Question 44

Jack is a four-year-old boy.In which of the following scenarios is Jack demonstrating gender-conforming behavior?

A)Jack wears his sister's frock and hat.
B)Jack brushes a doll's hair.
C)Jack plays with a new train set.
D)Jack plays with a plastic cooking set.

Question 45

Professor McArthur is conducting a lecture on how gender stereotypes and culture affect differences in gender behavior among men and women.In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development,Professor McArthur's lecture fits best into the area of the _____.

A)biological approach
B)evolutionary psychology approach
C)psychodynamic theory
D)social role theory

Question 46

Aaron,a five-year-old,watches his father shave in the mornings.He realizes that only men grow beards and have to shave.Aaron sometimes examines his own face in the mirror and pretends to shave.Aaron's learning of this gender-related behavior can best be explained by the _____ approach to gender development.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)social cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)biological

Question 47

Abigail,a psychologist,is a proponent of the social role theory.Which of the following is she most likely to disagree with?

A)The activities and occupations that men and women perform give rise to expectations and beliefs about what it means to be male or female.
B)The physical differences between men and women create and support social structures that produce limitless opportunities for both sexes.
C)As social structures change, the differences in gender will decrease.
D)Women are more innately and directly involved in reproduction than men.

Question 48

_____ reflect expectations for how males and females should think,act,and feel.

A)Gender roles
B)Sexual predispositions
C)Gender identities
D)Sexual scripts

Question 49

Karen decides to become a teacher,because she believes that teaching is the perfect career for a woman.The job requires no strenuous physical activity and requires a great deal of patience and understanding;attributes that are typically feminine according to Karen.The views that Karen has about the jobs that are suited to women can best be explained by the _____.

A)evolutionary psychology approach
B)biological approach
C)social role theory
D)attribution theory

Question 50

Which of the following questions best reflects the social cognitive approach to gender related behavior?

A)How do genetic factors influence the development of gender identity?
B)How do peer groups react to children who behave in gender-atypical ways?
C)Do sex differences in nonhuman primates show the same patterns as those found in humans?
D)Do gender differences people see in one culture translate to another?

Question 51

Curt,a five-year-old boy,is intrigued by his mother's cosmetic collection.One day,he tries on his mother's lipstick.When Curt's parents find him with the make-up box,they scold him for behaving like a girl.Curt realizes that it's shameful to play with make-up.Curt's understanding of how children of his gender are supposed to behave can be best explained by the _____ approach.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)social cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)biological

Question 52

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies gender-nonconforming behavior?

A)Harry, a three-year-old boy, plays with a set of building blocks.
B)John, a six-year-old boy, braids the hair on his sister's doll.
C)Ashley pretends to bake a cake made of play-dough for her little brother.
D)Ava pretends to sew dresses for all of her dolls.

Question 53

A mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for males and females in their culture is called a _____.

A)gender stereotype
B)motif
C)gender schema
D)theme

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of the social cognitive approach to gender development?

A)According to this approach, gender behavior is learned through reward and punishment, observational learning, and modeling.
B)According to this approach, biological factors have a much stronger influence on eventual gender identity than social and cultural factors.
C)According to this approach, the male and female members of a species differ because of differences in competition and choice.
D)According to this approach, gender development is primarily facilitated by individuals' repressed feelings.

Question 55

An overly general belief about what women and men are like is known as a _____.

A)sexual script
B)sexual orientation
C)gender schema
D)gender stereotype

Question 56

Seven-year-old John likes to wear his mother's apron and pretend to cook.According to the social cognitive approach to gender development,who is likely to be the strictest in rebuking John's gender-nonconforming behavior?

A)His parents
B)His teachers
C)His grandparents
D)His peers

Question 57

Jeremy claims that any man can become a great leader,because all men are strong,dominant,and rational.Jeremy's statement is most representative of _____.

A)his sexual orientation
B)a gender stereotype
C)his sexuality
D)a paraphilia

Question 58

Chantel,a research psychologist,bases her research on the question,"Do women have different career ambitions in cultures that have less stereotypical notions about the sexes?" Chantel is most likely conducting research in support of the:

A)social role theory of gender development.
B)psychodynamic approach to gender development.
C)evolutionary theory of gender development.
D)biological approach to gender development.

Question 59

Harry,a fourteen-year-old,wants to join the army when he is eighteen.He believes that defending the country is a man's job,because men are brave and physically stronger than women.Harry's beliefs and expectations about the responsibilities of men can best be explained by the _____.

A)biological approach
B)evolutionary psychology approach
C)social role theory
D)attribution theory

Question 60

Hubert likes to watch his mother paint her toenails.One day,Hubert paints his own toenails and goes to school.His friends,however,make fun of him.Humiliated,Hubert realizes that he must not adopt behaviors related to the opposite sex.As he grows older,he starts to scoff at other males who demonstrate any kind of feminine behavior.In this scenario,Hubert's development of gender-related attitudes can best be explained by the _____ approach.

A)biological
B)psychodynamic
C)social cognitive
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 61

Jerome is a popular senior at his high school.He projects himself as being sexually experienced,confident,and highly desirable.He talks openly about watching pornography and jokes with his friends about his sexual exploits.In this scenario,Jerome's behaviors are expressions of his _____.

A)sexual paraphilias
B)asexuality
C)sexuality
D)homosexuality

Question 62

In the context of sexuality,the evolutionary perspective:

A)would establish that differences in sexuality can be explained by genetic and hormonal differences between men and women.
B)would focus on the ways that boys and girls learn about what is considered appropriate sexual behavior for each gender.
C)would assert that gender differences reflect the differing gender roles, stereotypes, and opportunities that cultures construct for men and women.
D)would see gender differences as supporting the role of sexual selection in human development.

Question 63

Anne is angry with her classmate,Jenna,who is one of the most popular cheerleaders in the school.Out of helplessness,she begins to spread rumors about Jenna,which make Jenna unpopular.Which of the following best describes Anne's behavior?

A)Overt aggression
B)Relational aggression
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Assertion

Question 64

Erica,a thirty-year-old woman,has been in a relationship with Cassandra,another woman,for over three years.Erica has always been sexually attracted to members of the same sex and has dated two other women in the past.Erica's sexual orientation can best be described as _____.

A)bisexuality
B)asexuality
C)heterosexuality
D)homosexuality

Question 65

The research data on the gender differences in cognitive ability has revealed that:

A)girls, in comparison to boys, perform better on most tasks that require mathematical computations.
B)girls, in comparison to boys, have superior verbal abilities.
C)boys, in comparison to girls, struggle on tasks requiring the mental rotation of objects in space.
D)boys and girls both struggle with visual spatial orientation.

Question 66

Paul,a ten-year-old,loses his temper and pushes his classmate off a swing.Paul's behavior best illustrates _____.

A)assertion
B)ethnocentrism
C)relational aggression
D)overt aggression

Question 67

The gender-similarities hypothesis in the context of gender differences in cognitive ability suggests that:

A)males are superior to females.
B)females are superior to males.
C)men and women are much more alike than they are different.
D)more studies are required to explain the irregularities that are evident.

Question 68

The direction of an individual's erotic interests refers to the individual's _____.

A)gender role
B)gender identity
C)sexuality
D)sexual orientation

Question 69

_____ is behavior that is intended to harm another person.

A)Aggression
B)Masochism
C)Assertion
D)Reactance

Question 70

Eric is waiting at a traffic light for the light to turn green.The man in the car behind him is honking repeatedly,even though the light is still red.Eric gets angry and steps out of his vehicle to yell at the driver of that car.On further provocation from the driver,Eric punches him in a fit of rage.Eric's behavior exemplifies _____.

A)overt aggression
B)ethnocentrism
C)relational aggression
D)discrimination

Question 71

Andrew faces a great deal of difficulty in communicating and interacting with his peers.He prefers to sit by himself and has a very narrow range of interests.His teachers often observe him engaging in tasks involving repetitive actions.In the context of gender differences in empathy and theory of mind,Andrew may be suffering from a(n)_____.

A)paraphilic disorder
B)gender identity disorder
C)disorder of sexual development (DSD)
D)autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 72

In the context of the psychology of gender differences,relational aggression _____.

A)is higher in men than in women
B)tends to harm the social standing of an individual
C)requires that the aggressor has well-developed physical skills
D)often leads to physical injury

Question 73

Kelly and Marcy have been best friends since playschool.Kelly is considered to be beautiful and popular while Marcy is known as a "geek." When Kelly begins to date a boy Marcy likes,Marcy is filled with hurt and starts to spread a rumor that Kelly is secretly homosexual.In this scenario,Marcy's behavior best illustrates _____.

A)ethnocentrism
B)overt aggression
C)gender stereotyping
D)relational aggression

Question 74

According to the social cognitive theory,girls engage in relational aggression because:

A)they have higher levels of testosterone circulating in their bodies.
B)their ancestors have always had to compete for male attention.
C)their behavior has been shaped through the learning process.
D)they try to adhere to gender stereotypical behavior.

Question 75

Which of the following is a difference between men and women in the context of emotion,empathy,and helping?

A)Men are more likely to help than women when doing so does not involve risks to personal safety.
B)Women are more responsive to negative stimuli and men are more responsive to positive stimuli.
C)Women report more anger and irritability than men do.
D)Men report more feelings of sadness and anxiety than women do.

Question 76

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates homosexuality?

A)David, a thirty-year-old man, is sexually attracted to other men.
B)Jill, a twenty-year-old woman, is sexually attracted to both men and women.
C)Harry, a young man, has a sexual preference for women.
D)Henry exhibits a lack of sexual interest in both men and women.

Question 77

The ways in which people experience and express themselves as sexual beings is referred to as _____.

A)sexism
B)gender bias
C)sexuality
D)gender dysphoria

Question 78

Which of the following accurately differentiates between overt aggression and relational aggression?

A)Relational aggression cannot be painful while over aggression almost always is.
B)Overt aggression harms an individual through activities like gossiping and spreading rumors while relational aggression harms an individual through the use of physical violence.
C)Relational aggression requires that the aggressor have a considerable level of social and cognitive skill while overt aggression does not.
D)In overt aggression, the aggressive acts are committed in secrecy while in relational aggression the aggressive acts are committed without reserve.

Question 79

_____ is best defined as a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

A)Sexuality
B)Altruism
C)Empathy
D)Reactance

Question 80

Which of the following is true of overt aggression?

A)Males tend to be higher on overt aggression than females.
B)Overt aggression does not lead to physical injury.
C)Overt aggression is comparatively more subtle as the aggressive acts are typically committed in secrecy.
D)Overt aggression requires that the aggressor have a considerable level of social and cognitive skill.