Deck 10: Corrections

Question 1

Prior to 1800, Americans followed the same general standards of correction that were practiced in Europe, which included physical punishment such as flogging.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The rehabilitation model of corrections involved contributions from social science researchers.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Corrections' officers unions have widely supported private prisons.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

"Supermax" prisons keep prisoners in shackles whenever they leave their cells.

Question 5

For the most part, correctional goals and methods are NOT influenced by social and political values.

Question 6

Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons.

Question 7

Female offenders were treated no differently than men in Europe and North America at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Question 8

The basic principles of the Pennsylvania system included an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners.

Question 9

Most judges prior to the 1960s felt that prisoners and probationers were entitled to their rights and were actively involved in their supervision.

Question 10

Prior to the nineteenth century, female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners.

Question 11

Jails are operated locally by elected officials.

Question 12

Approximately 50 percent of people incarcerated in the United States are women.

Question 13

Under the "mark system," inmates received marks for disruptive or other negative behavior.

Question 14

The U.S.Constitution states that people who have committed crimes forfeit their rights and civil liberties.

Question 15

Under the New York system, prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.

Question 16

The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of female prisoners.

Question 17

Throughout the history of the United States, ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same.

Question 18

In the case of Cooper v.Pate, the U.S.Supreme Court found that prison officials have a right to search cells and confiscate any materials found.

Question 19

Under the lease system, prisoners were "leased" to private companies for labor.

Question 20

Most inmates in jails are completing one-year sentences for misdemeanors.

Question 21

Programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been convicted of criminal offenses are:

A) corrections.
B) law enforcement.
C) courts.
D) penitentiary.
E) decisions.

Question 22

One potential explanation advanced to account for the increase in the U.S.incarceration rate during the 1990s was that the number of arrests had increased.

Question 23

At a revocation hearing, a parolee must have specific rights recognized such as the right to confront witnesses and the right to be notified of charges.

Question 24

The community corrections model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

Question 25

In order to revoke parole, there must be a determination of probable cause that the parolee violated the conditions of release established by the parole board and a subsequent finding that the violation, in fact, occurred.

Question 26

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a principle of the separate confinement system?

A) Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
B) Prisoners would be treated vengefully for their offenses.
C) Having prisoners in a solitary confinement system would be economical.
D) In isolation, prisoners can reflect on their transgressions.
E) Because human beings are naturally social, solitary confinement serves as punishment.

Question 27

Which movement immediately followed the penitentiary movement?

A) the reformatory movement
B) the congregate movement
C) the rehabilitation movement
D) the community corrections movement
E) the communal movement

Question 28

A place that offers criminals penitence to punish and reform is:

A) jail.
B) probation.
C) parole.
D) penitentiary.
E) shock incarceration.

Question 29

The Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a separate system and New York had a congregate system.

Question 30

What is the penitentiary system in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked with inmates during the day?

A) New York system
B) Pennsylvania system
C) California system
D) Florida system
E) Virginia system

Question 31

Which of the following is one way in which prisons in the southern U.S.differed from those in the northeast?

A) Southern prisons used the contract labor system.
B) The use of reformatories began in the south, then spread to the northeast.
C) The lease system was frequently used in southern prisons.
D) The first prisons for women were in the south.
E) The south built many more prisons than the northern states following the Civil War.

Question 32

This correctional "era" was characterized by separate confinement, isolation, and inmate labor.

A) colonial
B) penitentiary
C) reformatory
D) progressive
E) medical

Question 33

The rehabilitation model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.

Question 34

The community corrections model of corrections is based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.

Question 35

Prior to the 1800, Americans copied Europeans in using physical punishment.Which of the following is NOT one of the methods used?

A) flogging
B) branding
C) maiming
D) probation
E) none of the above

Question 36

The period of history in which philosophers and reformers began to challenge the prison tradition with new ideas about the individual, limits of government, and rationalism was known as the:

A) Enlightenment.
B) Renaissance.
C) Civil War.
D) Reconstruction.
E) Progressive.

Question 37

The war on drugs has drastically reduced drug use.

Question 38

In this system, inmates' labor was sold on a contractual system to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institutions.

A) the reformatory movement
B) the congregate movement
C) the rehabilitation movement
D) the contract labor system
E) the communal movement

Question 39

The U.S.Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners do not share the same rights against unreasonable search and seizure as nonincarcerated individuals.

Question 40

The Penitentiary Act of 1779 required that institutions be based upon all of the following principles EXCEPT:

A) a secure and sanitary building.
B) inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules.
C) abolition of the fees charged offenders for their food.
D) reformatory regime.
E) defendant access to legal council.

Question 41

What model of corrections is based upon the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision?

A) congregate model
B) medical model
C) rehabilitation model
D) community corrections model
E) crime control model

Question 42

Medium security prisons:

A) house the least violent offenders.
B) house inmates perceived as "hardened criminals."
C) allow prisoners to live in dormitories.
D) place greater emphasis on work and rehabilitation than maximum security prisons.
E) confine inmates to their cells 23 hours per day.

Question 43

In all states, the administration of prisons is:

A) the responsibility of the executive branch.
B) the responsibility of the legislative branch.
C) the responsibility of the judicial branch.
D) the joint responsibility of the executive and legislative branches.
E) the joint responsibility of the judicial and legislative branches.

Question 44

Which of the following statements regarding privately run prisons is TRUE?

A) Private prisons are regarded as less costly.
B) Private prisons are regarded as more flexible.
C) The profit incentive does not interfere with the quality of service.
D) Private prisons must comply with the standards of federal agencies.
E) All of the statements given are true.

Question 45

During the nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a principle that guided female prison reform?

A) the separation of women prisoners from men
B) the provision of care in keeping with the needs of women
C) the management of women's prisons by female staff
D) making female prisons decidedly "female institutions"
E) the emphasis on teaching women skills to aid employment

Question 46

The central goal of the community corrections approach is that of:

A) crime control.
B) reintegration.
C) curing crime.
D) incarceration.
E) deterrence.

Question 47

What branch of the government manages federal prisons?

A) Federal Bureau of Prisons
B) Federal Probation and Parole Supervision
C) State Correctional Systems
D) State Community Correctional Systems
E) State Institutions for Women

Question 48

Which of the following correctional models is based upon the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the community?

A) congregate model
B) medical model
C) rehabilitation model
D) community corrections model

Question 49

This U.S.Supreme Court case allows inmates to sue correctional establishments when their rights have been violated.

A) Cooper v.Pate (1964)
B) Monell v.Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
C) Gagnon v.Scarpelli (1973)
D) Hudson v.Palmer (1984)
E) Morrissey v.Brewer (1972)

Question 50

This case stated that prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found.

A) Cooper v.Pate (1964)
B) Monell v.Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
C) Gagnon v.Scarpelli (1973)
D) Hudson v.Palmer (1984)
E) Morrissey v.Brewer (1972)

Question 51

Seventeen percent of the estimated 30,000 individuals detained by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement and the U.S.Department of Homeland Security are held in these facilities.

A) private prisons
B) public prisons
C) federal prisons
D) county jails
E) district jails

Question 52

Which of the following policies did federal courts generally maintain with respect to prisoners' rights prior to the 1960s?

A) "hands-on," or active intervention for many prisoners' rights
B) "hands-off," or rare recognition of any prisoners' rights for prisoners
C) intervention for freedom of speech only
D) intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only
E) intervention only to provide medical care

Question 53

According to the text, 95 percent of the cost of all correctional activities in the United States is paid by:

A) state and local governments.
B) the U.S.Correctional Association.
C) regional governing associations.
D) the federal government.
E) police departments.

Question 54

State correctional facilities are classified according to which of the following criteria?

A) size of prison population
B) level of security
C) race of the prisoners
D) educational level of prisoners
E) geographic characteristics

Question 55

For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?

A) freedom of speech
B) freedom of religion
C) right against unreasonable search and seizure
D) right against cruel and unusual punishment
E) right to equal protection

Question 56

Which of the following statements about the lease system is TRUE?

A) Prisoners received pay for their labors.
B) Prisoners signed agreements to work for a set amount of time that was generally shorter than the jail time they had received.
C) The lease system was primarily employed in densely settled areas of the United States.
D) The death rate of prisoners under this system was very low.
E) Because businesses rented the labor of these prisoners, they were never considered slaves.

Question 57

What model of corrections is based upon the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment?

A) congregate model
B) medical model
C) rehabilitation model
D) community corrections model
E) crime control model

Question 58

Jails are administered locally by:

A) private citizens who volunteer.
B) appointed civil servants.
C) elected officials.
D) off-duty police officers.
E) any of these, depending on the community.

Question 59

This particular system was used under Zebulon Brockway, in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release.

A) mark system
B) good time system
C) earned time system
D) postrelease system
E) prerelease system

Question 60

The primary function of jails is to:

A) hold persons for less than 1 year.
B) hold persons for more than 1 year.
C) hold persons for more than 5 years.
D) hold persons for more than 10 years.
E) hold persons for more than 20 years.

Question 61

The difference between the Pennsylvania penitentiary system and the New York penitentiary system is the:

A) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a congregate system and New York had a separate system.
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a separate system and New York had a congregate system.
C) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a combined system and New York had a single system.
D) Pennsylvania penitentiary system had a single system and New York had a combined system.

Question 62

Which of the following factors is NOT among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth in the U.S.prison population?

A) tougher sentencing
B) prison construction
C) the war on drugs
D) increased arrests
E) increased immorality

Question 63

State correctional institutions for men are usually classified by level of security.Which is NOT a classification level usually used?

A) maximum
B) medium security
C) minimum security
D) general security

Question 64

The method by which inmates were to be redeemed in the _______ was to sleep in their cells but come together to eat and work.

A) southern penitentiary system
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary system
C) Elmira penitentiary system
D) New York penitentiary system
E) federal penitentiary system

Question 65

Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison was the goal of the:

A) New York penitentiary system.
B) federal penitentiary system.
C) Elmira penitentiary system.
D) London penitentiary system.
E) colonial penitentiary system.

Question 66

The method by which inmates were to be redeemed in the _______ was to be kept in their cells for eating, sleeping, and working.

A) southern penitentiary system
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary system
C) Elmira penitentiary system
D) London penitentiary system
E) colonial penitentiary system

Question 67

Many early American ideas regarding corrections came from:

A) England.
B) France.
C) Spain.
D) Norway.
E) Germany.

Question 68

Which U.S.Supreme Court established that racial discrimination will not be the official policy within prison walls and that segregation can only be justified in rare instances?

A) Lee v.Washington (1968)
B) Cooper v.Pate (1964)
C) Hudson v.Palmer (1984)
D) Morrissey v.Brewer (1972)
E) Gagnon v.Scarpelli (1973)

Question 69

Supermax prisons:

A) house the least violent offenders.
B) house inmates perceived as "hardened criminals."
C) house the "toughest of the tough."
D) place greater emphasis on work and rehabilitation than maximum security prisons.
E) confine inmates to their cells 23 hours per day.

Question 70

The Penitentiary Act of 1779 occurred in which era of corrections?

A) colonial
B) penitentiary
C) reformatory
D) progressive
E) medical

Question 71

Prisoners' right to due process requires that:

A) they be allowed to conduct religious services.
B) they be given food and medical care.
C) they have access to television and recreation.
D) they have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions.
E) they participate in forming the prisons' policies and rules.

Question 72

Which of the following statements concerning crime rates and the prison population is TRUE?

A) Crime rates and the prison population have both declined since 1991.
B) Crime rates and the prison population have both increased since 1991.
C) Crime rates and the prison population have both been stable since 1991.
D) Crime rates have increased and the prison population has decreased since 1991.
E) Crime rates have decreased and the prison population has increased since 1991.

Question 73

The person whose ideas were encapsulated into the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was:

A) Elizabeth Gurney Fry.
B) John Howard.
C) Mary Belle Harris.
D) John Walker Lindh.

Question 74

People on probation currently make up what percentage of the correctional population?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 75

When parole is revoked,

A) a revocation hearing is held.
B) the inmate is placed on intensive supervision parole.
C) the parolee goes before the parole board to explain his or her mistakes.
D) the parolee is returned immediately to prison.
E) the parole officer attempts to find a job for the parolee.

Question 76

The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their:

A) race.
B) gender.
C) religion.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 77

Which group won major court cases securing religious freedom for prisoners in the United States?

A) Black Muslims
B) Catholics
C) Jews
D) scientologists
E) none of these

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT cited in your text as a potential reason for the increase in the U.S.prison population?

A) the war on drugs
B) prison construction
C) increased arrests
D) state politics
E) all of these are cited

Question 79

Redemption of the offender through the well-ordered routine of the prison was the goal of the:

A) southern penitentiary system.
B) Pennsylvania penitentiary system.
C) Elmira penitentiary system.
D) London penitentiary system.
E) colonial penitentiary system.

Question 80

In which type of prisons do inmates spend up to 23 hours a day in their cells?

A) supermax
B) medium security
C) minimum security
D) close security
E) maximum