Deck 15: Juvenile Justice

Question 1

Youth gangs are not as great a problem today in American cities as they were in the past.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Congress has declared that all offenses committed by juveniles are federal offenses.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In theory, juvenile proceedings are designed to be nonadversarial.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The idea that children should be treated differently than adults originated in the common law and courts of England.

Question 5

The "child savers" were a group of lower-class reformers who wanted to save children from life behind bars.

Question 6

The standard of proof for juveniles to become classified as delinquents is "beyond a reasonable doubt."

Question 7

The "epidemic" of youth violence in the United States occurred simultaneously with an increase in drug arrests.

Question 8

Most juvenile arrests are for violent crimes.

Question 9

Seventy-five percent of the cases referred to juvenile court are delinquency cases.

Question 10

In most U.S.states, the upper age limit of the juvenile court is 17.

Question 11

The same behaviors, such as possession of alcohol, are classified as crimes whether committed by adults or juveniles.

Question 12

Juveniles have always retained due process rights in the United States.

Question 13

Delinquent children often have committed offenses that would be classified as criminal if they were adults.

Question 14

The juvenile justice system in the United States did not develop until the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

Question 15

Juveniles waived to adult court may be sentenced to adult prisons.

Question 16

Smoking cigarettes is a status offense for a juvenile.

Question 17

Females constitute almost one-half of all juvenile arrests.

Question 18

The punitive period in juvenile justice was called the juvenile rights period.

Question 19

The juvenile justice system handles only delinquency cases: cases in which children are abused or neglected are not the responsibility of the juvenile justice system.

Question 20

The juvenile function of police work is concerned largely with order maintenance.

Question 21

During the crime control period punishments became harsher for juvenile repeat offenders.

Question 22

A predominant goal in juvenile corrections is to avoid incarceration if possible.

Question 23

The philosophy of institutionalization of deviants began in the United States during what time period?

A) industrial revolution
B) refuge
C) investigative reform
D) juvenile reform
E) justice reform

Question 24

According to the U.S.Supreme Court, it is constitutional for juvenile offenders to receive the sentence of life without parole for nonhomicide offenses.

Question 25

Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for the rise in youth crime?

A) an increase in youth gangs
B) recruitment of juveniles into the drug trade
C) entertainment technology, such as violent video games
D) explicit and violent popular music
E) all of the these

Question 26

A small percentage of juveniles are placed on probation and released to the custody of a parent or guardian.

Question 27

This type of youth violence is related to the drug trade and causes fear in neighborhoods.

A) gang violence
B) family violence
C) school violence
D) work violence
E) institutional violence

Question 28

Gangs are not seen as one of the causes for the increase in youth crime.

Question 29

During this period, the rights of juveniles were expanded.

A) Puritan
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) due process

Question 30

In England, the doctrine that allowed the courts to hold protective jurisdiction over all children was called:

A) judicial waiver.
B) parens patriae.
C) parens reus.
D) status offense.
E) parens choices.

Question 31

One of the first explanations for the rise in youth crime was the "cohort" approach.

Question 32

One of the primary sanctioning goals of the juvenile justice system is deterrence.

Question 33

The Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law was passed during what period?

A) Puritan
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) due process

Question 34

The most recent period of juvenile justice is the due process period.

Question 35

The refuge period of juvenile justice was characterized by:

A) a belief that children are naturally evil.
B) incarceration of children in reform schools.
C) the creation of the juvenile court.
D) a focus on juvenile rights.
E) the notion that "kids are different."

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the violent crime rate among juveniles today is TRUE?

A) It has returned to a lower level matching the 1985 rate.
B) It has returned to a higher level matching the 1970 rate.
C) It has continued to rise since 1988.
D) It has continued to decline since 1990.
E) It has stayed the same since 1995.

Question 37

The juvenile system handles cases based on the ages of youths.

Question 38

A juvenile cannot waive his right to counsel or protection against self-incrimination.

Question 39

For which offense are juveniles most likely to be arrested?

A) vandalism
B) robbery
C) liquor laws
D) arson
E) stolen property

Question 40

Under common law, children were exempt from criminal responsibility until the age of:

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10
E) 12

Question 41

What is the difference between a neglected and a dependent child?

A) A neglected child has a parent whereas a dependent child does not.
B) A neglected child has been abandoned whereas a dependent child has been abused.
C) A neglected child has parents who have mistreated the child, whereas a dependent child either does not have parents or has a parent incapable of providing care.
D) A neglected child either does not have parents or has a parent incapable of providing care, whereas a dependent child has parents who have mistreated the child.
E) A neglected child is not receiving proper care because of some action or inaction of his parents, whereas a dependent child either has no parent or guardian or has parents who cannot provide proper care.

Question 42

Some behaviors, such as cigarette smoking and truancy are only criminal if committed by juveniles.These are called:

A) judicial waivers.
B) mala juvenilia.
C) statutory crimes.
D) status offenses.
E) juvenile crimes.

Question 43

The Supreme Court ruled in Breed v.Jones (1975) that juveniles are protected from being tried in both the adult court and juvenile courts, which would be:

A) due process.
B) counsel.
C) a juvenile waiver.
D) double jeopardy.
E) jury.

Question 44

A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal would be a:

A) dependent child.
B) delinquent child.
C) neglected child.
D) status child.
E) ward of the court.

Question 45

What percentage of delinquency cases involves detention between referral to the juvenile court and the disposition of the case?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 46

In Roper v.Simmons (2005), the Court ruled that executions were unconstitutional for those under the age of during the commission of the crime:

A) 21
B) 18
C) 16
D) 15
E) 14

Question 47

The process of screening children out of the system without a decision is called a:

A) waiver.
B) disposition.
C) diversion.
D) probation.
E) forfeiture.

Question 48

The juvenile court processing of delinquency cases typically begins with a(n):

A) intake hearing.
B) petition.
C) disposition.
D) diversion.
E) detention hearing.

Question 49

A person in need of supervision is referred to by this acronym.

A) SINSS
B) PINS
C) PNS
D) APINS
E) APINSS

Question 50

Which of the following statements about the due process rights of juveniles is TRUE?

A) Juveniles have none of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
B) Juveniles have all of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
C) Juveniles have all of the due process rights guaranteed to adults plus additional rights.
D) Juveniles have only some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
E) Juveniles have only one due process right, the right to a trial by jury.

Question 51

In its original, underlying philosophy, the juvenile justice system is primarily concerned with the interests and needs of the:

A) parents.
B) police.
C) judge.
D) child.
E) correctional officers.

Question 52

In which of the following cases did the U.S.Supreme Court depart from its previous trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?

A) In re Gault (1967)
B) Schall v.Martin (1984)
C) Kent v.United States (1966)
D) In re Winship (1970)
E) McKeiver v.Pennsylvania (1971)

Question 53

Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between:

A) 12 and 14 years of age.
B) 14 and 16 years of age.
C) 16 and 18 years of age.
D) 18 and 20 years of age.
E) 10 and 12 years of age.

Question 54

Which civil liberty did the U.S.Supreme Court extend to juveniles in its decision in Breed v.Jones (1975)?

A) the right to trial by jury
B) the right to an attorney
C) the right against unreasonable search and seizure
D) the privilege against self-incrimination
E) protection against double jeopardy

Question 55

What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 13
D) 14
E) there is no minimum age

Question 56

This is a procedure by which the juvenile court transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court.

A) adjudication
B) waiver
C) motion
D) objection
E) process

Question 57

The Supreme Court ruled in McKeiver v.Pennsylvania (1971) that juveniles do not have the right to:

A) counsel.
B) Miranda warnings.
C) due process.
D) bail.
E) jury.

Question 58

The Supreme Court ruled in Kent v.United States (1966) that juveniles have the right to:

A) counsel
B) Miranda rights
C) due process
D) bail
E) jury

Question 59

The U.S.Supreme Court ruled in Graham v.Florida that it was unconstitutional for juveniles to be sentenced to:

A) life.
B) life without parole.
C) capital punishment.
D) adult prisons.
E) intensive supervision probation.

Question 60

The Supreme Court case that began the "kids are different" period was:

A) In re Winship
B) Roper v.Simmons
C) McKeiver v.Pensylvania
D) Schall v.Martin
E) In re Gault

Question 61

Before passing a sentence the judge will receive this type of report from a probation officer.

A) predispositional
B) disposition
C) offender
D) status
E) informational

Question 62

Research into reasons for the rise of youth crime have suggested all of the following as possible explanations EXCEPT:

A) the cohort approach.
B) the presence of super predators.
C) environmental factors.
D) lowering divorce rates.
E) the effect of more numerous gangs.

Question 63

During which period did a series of significant precedents by the U.S.Supreme Court set out basic constitutional protections for juveniles?

A) Puritan
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) due process

Question 64

Critics of which approach say that the group of youth that peaked during the early 1990s was not at all exceptional with respect to involvement in violence in their younger years?

A) cohort
B) economic determinism
C) environmental
D) lowering divorce rates
E) gangs

Question 65

With technology becoming ever more pervasive, how are juveniles now committing more crimes?

A) violently
B) online
C) in the evening
D) regularly
E) none of these

Question 66

The __________ view explains that the increase in violence was due to an increase in the prevalence of exceptionally violent individuals.

A) gangs
B) super predators
C) environmental
D) lowering divorce rates

Question 67

The __________ position points to the impact of the drug trade, especially crack cocaine, and the related increase in gun use and possession by youths as the cause of increases in youth crime.

A) cohort
B) super predators
C) environmental
D) lowering divorce rates
E) gangs

Question 68

Arrest is to referral as sentencing is to:

A) adjudication.
B) sentencing.
C) detention.
D) disposition.
E) parole.

Question 69

During which period did the Supreme Court rule that people who commit a murder while under the age of 18 cannot be executed for the crime?

A) "kids are different"
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) crime control

Question 70

Youth crime is tracked by the:

A) UCR.
B) NCAA.
C) Youth Index of Crimes.
D) National Crime Index.

Question 71

The use of waiver to adult court was reduced sharply during this period.

A) "kids are different"
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) crime control

Question 72

The majority of juveniles found delinquent are sentenced to:

A) incarceration.
B) intermediate sanctions.
C) custodial care.
D) probation.
E) boot camp.

Question 73

During which period did punishments became harsher for juvenile repeat offenders?

A) "kids are different"
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) crime control

Question 74

Fifteen percent of juveniles receive this as a punishment.

A) incarceration
B) intermediate sanctions
C) custodial care
D) probation
E) boot camp

Question 75

Which is the most recent period in juvenile justice?

A) "kids are different"
B) refuge
C) juvenile court
D) juvenile rights
E) crime control

Question 76

In the United States, public opinion most strongly favors which of the following in dealing with delinquent juveniles?

A) a rehabilitative emphasis
B) a punitive emphasis
C) a protective emphasis
D) a retributive emphasis
E) an incarcerative emphasis

Question 77

How have the conservative crime control policies that have affected the adult criminal justice system influenced children in training schools and detention centers?

A) they have caused undercrowding in juvenile institutions
B) they have led to increased litigation challenging the abuse of children
C) they have led to lower rates of minority youth incarceration
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 78

How many cases does the American juvenile court system deal with each year?

A) 1 million
B) 1.2 million
C) 1.4 million
D) 1.6 million
E) 1.8 million

Question 79

If a juvenile is to be imprisoned pending trial, most states require a(n):

A) intake hearing.
B) petition.
C) disposition.
D) diversion.
E) detention hearing.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option for juvenile court judges?

A) probation
B) alternative dispositions
C) custodial care
D) community treatment
E) work release