Deck 13: The Renaissance: Transition to the Modern Age

Question 1

The classic study, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) identified which of the following as a key new Renaissance attitude that became an essential part of the modern mentality?

A)An irreverence towards traditional Christianity and a hostility to the Church
B)The scientific mentality
C)A concern with worldly life and a self-conscious desire to shape one's destiny
D)A conservative mentality that saw the past as the Golden Age of humanity
E)The sense of identity and community that a nation provides

Answer 1

A concern with worldly life and a self-conscious desire to shape one's destiny

Question 2

The distinctly modern outlook developed

A)in the Italian Renaissance.
B)from the Italian Renaissance through the Protestant Reformation.
C)from the Protestant Reformation through the Age of Enlightenment.
D)from the Italian Renaissance through the Enlightenment.
E)from the Renaissance through the twentieth century.

Answer 2

from the Italian Renaissance through the Enlightenment.

Question 3

Which of the following was the most common reason the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their resistance to papal interference?

A)Their primary loyalty was to the Holy Roman Emperor.
B)The Papacy had lost its legitimacy because if its move to Avignon and the Great Schism.
C)Christ denied all political jurisdiction to the clergy.
D)The pope condemned many essential business practices, such as charging interest on loans, as un-Christian.
E)They still recognized the authority of emperor in Constantinople.

Answer 3

Christ denied all political jurisdiction to the clergy.

Question 4

Which city-state maintained its republican form of government until the time of Napoleon?

A)Florence
B)Bologna
C)Milan
D)Pisa
E)Venice

Question 5

Despotic rule replaced republican governments in the Italian city-state for the following reason(s)

A)class warfare between rich merchants and aristocrats led each side to seek one-man rule.
B)republican governments were short-term and unable to handle famines, plagues, and economic disasters.
C)city-states came to rely on mercenary armies in their wars with fellow city-states.
D)mercenary leaders were willing to seize power.
E)All of these

Question 6

Which was the main reason why Venice had an exceptionally stable government?

A)It lay on a series of islands protected by a lagoon.
B)It possessed tremendous wealth.
C)The sense of public duty was successfully passed down from one generation to the next for centuries.
D)The city had a extensive maritime empire in the eastern Mediterranean.
E)Its Council of Ten was drawn from patrician families.

Question 7

Which of the following was the most common argument the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire?

A)As Italians, they should not be ruled by Germans.
B)Customary feudal subjugation should be adjusted to fit a changing reality.
C)They were still loyal to the descendent of Charlemagne and believed that the Emperors of the fourteenth century were usurpers.
D)Their preference was to be dominated by the pope.
E)None of these

Question 8

Between 1300 and 1550 most northern Italian cities passed through phases of

A)tyranny and then democracy.
B)republican rule followed by despotic (princely) rule.
C)republican rule followed by papal rule.
D)despotism followed by rule by the Holy Roman Emperor.
E)despotism followed by republicanism.

Question 9

Which of the following inaccurately describes changes in Western civilization between 1400 and 1800?

A)Capitalism was replacing medieval economies.
B)Centralized governments were replacing feudalism.
C)A new urban working class was increasingly taking the lead in economic and cultural life.
D)A secular orientation came to dominate literature and the arts.
E)Theology was increasingly being overshadowed by science.

Question 10

Who was the first to be credited with identifying the Renaissance as the beginning of the modern world?

A)Burckhardt
B)Carlyle
C)Toynbee
D)Trevelyn
E)Lelewel

Question 11

Raphael's The School of Athens

A)depicts Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek philosophers.
B)utilizes new Renaissance techniques to produce accurate spatial perspective.
C)depicts classical grandeur.
D)assumed an essential harmony between Greek philosophy and Christianity.
E)All of these

Question 12

The word renaissance means

A)investigate.
B)rebirth.
C)renewal.
D)reconfiguration.
E)reintroduction.

Question 13

In addition to Venice, the main powers in fifteenth century Italy were

A)Milan, Florence, and the kingdom of Naples and Sicily.
B)Genoa, Siena, Rome, the Papal States, and Naples.
C)Modena, Florence, the Papal States, Rome, and Naples.
D)Milan, the Papal States, Florence, Rome, and the kingdom of Naples and Sicily.
E)Rome and Florence.

Question 14

The Renaissance originated in

A)the papal territory of Rome.
B)the city-states of northern Italy.
C)commercial and trading centers of southern Germany.
D)Paris.
E)Italy as whole.

Question 15

The Renaissance may refer to

A)a cultural movement that attempted to recover and use ancient Greco-Roman learning.
B)a movement limited to Italy from the mid-14th century to the late 15th century.
C)a movement that spread from Italy to rest of Europe beginning in the late 15th century.
D)the period from 1350 to 1600.
E)All of these

Question 16

Renaissance writers and artists seemed to be conscious of the novelty of their age by

A)calling the centuries that separated them from Antiquity, the "Dark Ages."
B)consciously breaking with standard artistic and literary forms.
C)emulating classical forms that had been forgotten for centuries.
D)adopting a humanism and secularism virtually unknown in their time.
E)All of these

Question 17

The cities of northern Italy differed from most of the rest of Europe in all the following ways except

A)they continued to be under the effective control of the nobility.
B)their wealth came from commerce and industry.
C)they had more regular contact with countries outside of Europe.
D)they had more visible reminders of Rome's grandeur than most other parts of Europe.
E)their internal politics meant that they had to regularly take into account the interests of small merchants and artisans.

Question 18

The condottieri were

A)guides for long distance trade.
B)early police units of the city-states.
C)leaders of mercenary troops.
D)textile merchants.
E)military forces serving the papacy.

Question 19

The most common form of republican government in northern Italy included a chief magistrate

A)who was elected using a broad franchise.
B)whose term of office was ordinarily restricted to six months.
C)whose powers were restricted by a constitution.
D)who ruled with the advice of a large public council and a small secret council.
E)All of these

Question 20

The instability of the Italian city-states was largely due to

A)papal subversion of internal order.
B)tensions between serfs and lords and between textile workers and merchants.
C)interference of the Holy Roman Empire.
D)tensions between merchants and nobles and tensions among the city-states.
E)All of these

Question 21

Secularism in the Italian Renaissance meant a/an

A)denial of the validity of religion.
B)preoccupation with the pleasures and challenges of the life in this world.
C)willingness to accept different forms of Christianity.
D)active campaign against established religion.
E)return to Epicureanism.

Question 22

Which of the following best describes the status of upper-class women in Renaissance Italy?

A)Their status was the highest, and with the greatest freedoms, since Roman times
B)Their status was indistinguishable from other upper-class women
C)Their status was similar to the status of upper-class women in classical Greece
D)Their status was equivalent to those of men
E)None of these

Question 23

That the Peace of Lodi lasted for forty years may be credited to

A)raison d'état.
B)leadership of the condottieri.
C)effective diplomacy.
D)the peace initiatives of the French.
E)the leadership of the pope.

Question 24

According to the author, which of the following came closest to being a modern feminist?

A)Catherine de' Medici
B)Christine de Pizan
C)Pico della Mirandola
D)Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim
E)Erasmus

Question 25

In The City of Ladies, Christine de Pizan argued that

A)the Virgin Mary rehabilitated the nature of all women and, therefore, women are now in all respects equal to men.
B)"the perfection of conduct and virtues" is more important than gender, thus, men and women do not differ in their social roles.
C)just as Augustine's City of God would outlast "the City Man", so the City of Ladies will surpass male accomplishments.
D)in the environment of the Renaissance women are the de facto rulers of the more advanced societies.
E)"the perfection of conduct and virtues" is more important than gender, nonetheless, men and women still have distinctly different roles in society.

Question 26

Renaissance thinkers most commonly believed that women

A)should get the same education as men.
B)should be protected from the new learning since their natural inclination towards religion.
C)should receive a humanist education with the exception of rhetoric since women were not suited for leadership roles.
D)possessed reason but did not possess the ability to use it effectively.
E)presented the ideals of education and refinement towards which men should aspire.

Question 27

The early humanists, sometimes called the fathers of humanism, were

A)Raphael and Giotto.
B)Polybius and Cicero.
C)Pico and Valla.
D)Petrarch and Boccaccio.
E)Pico della Mirandola and Baldasar Castiglione.

Question 28

The new way of life in the Italian city-states encouraged ambition in

A)business.
B)politics.
C)art.
D)individual achievement.
E)All of these

Question 29

Renaissance humanists' rejection of the Augustinian worldview usually involved a/an

A)rejection of the notion of Christ as the savior-god in favor of the view that Jesus was a great man, nothing more.
B)adoption of Tacitus' interpretation of the Pax Romana.
C)revival of the ancient Greek ideal of arte, human excellence.
D)denial of the compatibility of Greek philosophy and Christianity.
E)rejection of all the Church Fathers.

Question 30

In contrast to most of the rest of Europe, marriages in Italian cities of the Renaissance

A)occurred when both individuals were very young.
B)tended to be increasingly rare.
C)tended to take place between older men who had made their fortune and much younger women.
D)were generally longer lasting due to increased wealth and improved living conditions.
E)were based on romantic love.

Question 31

Petrarch fostered Ciceronian values primarily by

A)emphasizing the importance of rhetoric and moral philosophy.
B)emphasizing the purity of classical Latin as opposed to medieval Latin.
C)advocating the overthrow of the Holy Roman Emperor seen as another Julius Caesar.
D)defending the republican form of government.
E)rejecting Christianity and officially adopting Stoicism.

Question 32

The author connects Pico and the image of man as magus with the

A)Scientific revolution to come.
B)revival of Platonism and its goal of rising above the false world of the senses.
C)popularity of the supernatural during the Renaissance.
D)ideals of the Zoroastrian wise men, the magi.
E)search for power in city politics.

Question 33

Both medieval scholars and Renaissance humanists valued classical writings.However

A)medieval scholars had access to far fewer sources than did Renaissance humanists.
B)medieval knowledge of Greek was rare, thus, few Greek texts were examined.
C)Renaissance humanists sought to understand classical source for their own sake and not in order to harmonize them with Christianity.
D)Renaissance humanists sought to use classical sources as a guide to an active life and not a life of contemplation.
E)All of these

Question 34

Most Renaissance humanists intended to

A)challenge many if not most fundamental Christian beliefs.
B)create a purer form of Christianity based on Scripture and Church Fathers.
C)undermine the validity of the Bible.
D)make Christianity irrelevant.
E)revitalize spirituality with its other-world focus.

Question 35

Which of the following was not characteristic of the new codes of behavior developed in Renaissance Italy?

A)The placing of less importance on a person's birth
B)The placing of more value on what a person accomplishes than who he is
C)An imitation of aristocratic dress and manners
D)A broadening of the notion of honor to include, among others, artistic achievement
E)A simplicity in manner and tastes that continued to tie the elite to their roots

Question 36

Patronage of the arts in Renaissance Italy served

A)to manifest the power of the patron.
B)as a focus of civic pride and patriotism.
C)as a means to increase the diminishing prestige of the Papacy.
D)to provide the trappings and justification of power.
E)All of these

Question 37

The author argues that elite women in the Italian city-states may have gained more freedom because

A)marriage to older men and subsequent widowhood made them economically self-sufficient.
B)so many of them made independent livings as artists.
C)women played a prominent role in the banking business.
D)their husbands were more enlightened.
E)of their lower class origins and the greater secularism of their society.

Question 38

The central thesis of the Oration on the Dignity of Man was

A)man's dignity comes from the fact that God loved man so intensely that he became human and died for his sins.
B)a challenge to Papal authority after the disastrous 14th century.
C)a defense of republican government against the threat posed by the condottieri.
D)that God gave man the freedom to shape his own being.
E)that the human body was beautiful and should be portrayed in its natural state: nude.

Question 39

Who was the author of the Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)?

A)Lorenzo Valla
B)Erasmus
C)Baldesar Castiglione
D)Pico della Mirandola
E)Petrarch

Question 40

The author states that individualism in Renaissance Italy included all the following except a

A)concern for the masses.
B)desire to discover and express individual emotions.
C)drive to win fame and glory.
D)determination to demonstrate one's unique talents.
E)desire to assert one's personality.

Question 41

The fluidity of northern Italian society during the Renaissance produced all the following except

A)political instability and widespread violence.
B)a religious revolution.
C)a search for new solution and new models.
D)the Renaissance itself and humanism.
E)a secularization of culture.

Question 42

In The Prince, Machiavelli states that

A)it is more important to know how politics and government actually operate than how ideally they should be run.
B)a successful prince must be both wily and virtuous but must always appear virtuous even when he is not.
C)religion was not the foundation of government but simply a useful tool.
D)a new army comprised of citizens is necessary to free Italy of its invaders.
E)All of these

Question 43

Leonardo da Vinci believed that the basis for a true understanding in every field lay in

A)faith in God.
B)the works of the Greeks and the Romans.
C)divine reason, Logos.
D)mathematics.
E)hard persistent work.

Question 44

Which of the following cannot be associated with Erasmus?

A)Biting wit, criticism of scholasticism, and clerical corruption
B)Education by the Brethren of the Common Life
C)A simpler Christianity based on the Bible
D)The belief that religion is not opposed to nature
E)Full support for the Reformation

Question 45

Michel de Montaigne changed the character of humanism by

A)adding the principle, "the ends justify the means" in the real world.
B)inventing Christian humanism.
C)replacing optimism and civic virtue with skepticism and introspection.
D)tying it more closely to empirical research and the new science.
E)reintroducing the traditional Christian view of man as fundamentally evil.

Question 46

The Renaissance differed from medieval culture in

A)its resurrection of a basically positive view of humanity.
B)its emphasis on the freedom of the individual to decide his own fate.
C)the importance of using this world's opportunities to fulfill individual potential.
D)a new realism and a new confidence.
E)All of these

Question 47

Who was the author of Don Quixote?

A)Jiménez
B)Montaigne
C)Cervantes
D)Caldéron
E)Callimachus

Question 48

As the Renaissance spread outwards from Italy, it

A)adapted to political systems run by powerful monarchs.
B)was altered by the impact of lay piety.
C)was aided by the invention of moveable type.
D)was fostered by growing prosperity and the spread of lay education.
E)All of these

Question 49

The Prince was written after Italy had fallen prey to which of the following two states?

A)France and Spain
B)The Ottoman Empire and France
C)The Byzantine and Ottoman Empires
D)Spain and the Turks
E)France and the Holy Roman Empire

Question 50

Which of the following is least accurate?

A)The first products of the book publishing industry were political tracts against the peasants.
B)The book publishing industry found a huge market in the sixteenth century.
C)By 1500, over fifteen million books had been published.
D)Literacy increased as a result of printing.
E)With printing, authorities perceived a new need for censorship.

Question 51

Humanism put in the service of republican ideal of liberty is called

A)Machiavellian.
B)civic humanism.
C)Erasmian humanism.
D)republicanism.
E)None of these

Question 52

At the core of Françios Rabelais' humanism was

A)a faith in the fundamental goodness of people and the need to let them be free to arrange their lives as they please.
B)a faith in the fundamental goodness of institutions and their ability to mold better individuals.
C)the need to convert spontaneous creativity to logical, precisely formulated doctrine.
D)a disillusionment with human nature and human institutions.
E)a fear of a vengeful God.

Question 53

The tale of Don Quixote may be considered

A)a satire on the values of knighthood.
B)a story of an enduring romance.
C)an account of the valor of knights expelling Muslims from Spain.
D)the journal of a wandering monk.
E)a comedy on the follies of simple people.

Question 54

Sir Thomas More, in his Utopia, advanced the concept that

A)some poverty is inevitable.
B)an acquisitive society eventually achieves the just distribution of goods.
C)for a just society, private property must be abolished and greed and human cruelty should be prevented.
D)lawyers could help to design a just society.
E)Plato's perfect society was feasible.

Question 55

A central theme in the work of Shakespeare was

A)the striking contradiction between a person's nobility and his capacity for evil and self-destruction.
B)the unpredictable consequences of fortune.
C)that love will always in.
D)despite elaborate facades people are fundamentally simple and well-meaning.
E)that tragedy is the main source of nobility.

Question 56

Which of the following promoted the view that the ruler should be universally talented and skillful on the battlefield, at court and in the state, and virtuous throughout?

A)Gargantua and Pantagruel
B)The Prince
C)The Book of the Courtier
D)Utopia
E)Colloquies

Question 57

The Brethren of the Common Life was known as a

A)strictly contemplative order that urged individuals to turn their minds away from Christian humanism.
B)movement of lay persons and clergy who were interested in both education and piety.
C)religious order that Erasmus satirized in his early writing.
D)monastic order said to have epitomized some of the utopian ideals of Sir Thomas More.
E)heretical movement based on apostolic communism.

Question 58

Who was a printer in Mainz whose name is associated with the development of the printing press with moveable type?

A)Johann Gutenberg
B)Erasmus
C)Jan van Eyck
D)Dietrich Verlag
E)Gershon ben Judah

Question 59

In his studies of anatomy, Leonardo da Vinci

A)used dissections.
B)examined sexuality including male erections, a couple having sex, and the fetus in the womb.
C)discovered arteriosclerosis.
D)gathered material for more accurate art.
E)All of these

Question 60

Which of the following could be described as a universal man?

A)Leonardo da Vinci
B)Lorenzo Valla
C)Pope Leo X
D)Titan
E)Thomas More

Question 61

Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?

-aristocratic republic

Question 62

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
civic humanism

Question 63

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
individualism

Question 64

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
lay piety

Question 65

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
constitution

Question 66

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate the birthplace of the following individuals: Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, Montaigne, Rabelais, Jiménez, Shakespeare, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Gutenberg, and Petrarch.

Question 67

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Italy to answer the question(s).
Locate the five major powers that emerged on the Italian peninsula: the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, the Papal States, Florence, Venice, and Milan.

Question 68

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Utopia

Question 69

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
oligarchies

Question 70

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
pluralistic

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
moveable type

Question 72

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
republicanism

Question 73

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
secularism

Question 74

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
classical

Question 75

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Complutensian Polyglot Bible

Question 76

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
patronage

Question 77

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
nouveaux riches

Question 78

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
heterodox

Question 79

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
magus

Question 80

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
despotism