Deck 23: Globalisation and Social Change

Question 1

When sociologists study the potential human connection to climate change, they ask which of the following questions?

A)Is climate change real?
B)What has changed since 1750, making human activity heavily dependent upon fossil fuels?
C)Is climate change human-made or part of the planet's natural shift in weather patterns?
D)What country is most responsible for climate change?

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A society in which the use of fossil fuels shapes virtually every aspect of people's personal and social lives is a ______________ society.

A)global
B)hydrocarbon
C)greenhouse
D)industrial

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Highways and vehicles have created _____ , making it difficult to distinguish between city, suburbs, and non-urban environments.

A)urban sprawl
B)planned obsolescence
C)globalisation
D)an anomaly

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Refrigerators, ovens, washing machines, and dryers built since 2000 are expected to last 8-12 years, while those built in the 1970s and 1980s lasted 20 years or more.This shift in product life is an example of

A)mechanisation.
B)rationalisation.
C)planned obsolescence.
D)a tipping point.

Question 5

Sociologist Max Weber used the term __________ to refer to the way in which daily life is organised socially to accommodate large numbers of people.

A)mechanisation
B)rationalisation
C)planned obsolescence
D)tipping point

Question 6

__________ is a transformative process in which people migrate from rural to urban areas and change the way they use land, interact, and make a living.

A)McDonaldisation
B)Urbanisation
C)Global interdependence
D)Planned obsolescence

Question 7

_________________ is a state in which the social, political, financial and cultural lives of people are intertwined.

A)Globalisation
B)Global interdependence
C)Social change
D)Diffusion

Question 8

___________ is a situation in which social activity, including social problems, transcends national borders

A)Mechanisation
B)Globalisation
C)Urbanisation
D)Global interdependence

Question 9

A company installs a soft drink dispenser that automatically shuts off after a specified amount is delivered into a glass.That company is applying which one of the following McDonalisation principles?

A)Efficiency
B)Quantification/calculation
C)Predictability
D)Control

Question 10

About 50 per cent of the world's population lives in _______ environment.

A)an urban
B)a rural
C)a suburban
D)a city

Question 11

___________ involves producing goods that are disposable after a single use, have a shorter life cycle than the industry is capable of producing, or go out of style quickly even though the goods can still serve their purpose.

A)Mechanisation
B)Rationalisation
C)Planned obsolescence
D)A tipping point

Question 12

_____ is the ever increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, information and culture across political borders.

A)Mechanisation
B)Globalisation
C)Urbanisation
D)Global interdependence

Question 13

A company maintains 'We deliver within 30 minutes!' That company is applying which of the following McDonalisation principles?

A)Efficiency
B)Quantification/calculation
C)Predictability
D)Control

Question 14

The principles of efficiency, quantification/calculation, predictability and control govern the organisational trend known as

A)McDonaldisation.
B)planned obsolescence.
C)tipping points.
D)innovation.

Question 15

Why is Greenland the focus of a chapter on social change?

A)Greenland is the site of the UN meeting on climate change.
B)The consequences of human dependence on fossil fuels have not impacted Greenland.
C)The consequences of human dependence on fossil fuels may have resulted in Greenland's melting ice sheet.
D)Greenland is the country that has burned the most fossil fuels that contributed to climate change.

Question 16

Sociology first emerged as a discipline attempting to understand an event that triggered dramatic and seemingly endless changes in every area of human life.That event was

A)the Sexual Revolution.
B)the Industrial Revolution.
C)the Civil War.
D)World War II.

Question 17

_________________ is any significant alteration, modification, or transformation in the organisation and operation of social life.

A)Globalisation
B)Scientific revolution
C)Social change
D)Global interdependence

Question 18

The most critical factor driving the Industrial Revolution was

A)mechanisation.
B)the information explosion.
C)planned obsolescence.
D)human muscle.

Question 19

Which of the following social processes is not one that led to changes in human activity resulting in an increased dependency on fossil fuels?

A)Industrialisation/mechanisation
B)McDonaldisation
C)The information explosion
D)White flight

Question 20

To stay in 'fashion' many people buy a new car even though their old car is still in excellent-to-good condition.Similarly, people tend to buy new clothes before they wear out the clothes they already have.Such actions speak to

A)mechanisation.
B)rationalisation.
C)planned obsolescence.
D)a tipping point.

Question 21

The invention of the internet is directly connected with which one of the following historical events?

A)The Industrial Revolution
B)The Cold War
C)The information explosion
D)World War I

Question 22

One can argue that the information explosion began with the invention of the

A)printing press.
B)radio.
C)television.
D)the internet.

Question 23

When a new paradigm causes converts to see the world in an entirely new light and wonder how they could possibly have taken the old paradigm seriously, _______ has occurred.

A)a scientific revolution
B)innovation
C)cultural lag
D)adaptive reasoning

Question 24

Copernicus upset the prevailing views at the time that humankind or the earth was the centre of the universe, causing converts to see the world in an entirely new light and to wonder how they could possibly have taken the old paradigm seriously.This mind-altering experience is known as

A)a scientific revolution.
B)an anomaly.
C)a reformist movement.
D)a paradigm

Question 25

Each upgrade of a personal computer's memory capacity represents a

A)an invention.
B)a basic innovation.
C)an improving innovation.
D)a paradigm shift

Question 26

'We invent cars to get us between two points faster, and suddenly we find we have to build new roads.And that means we have to invent traffic regulations...and then we have to invent a whole new organisation called the traffic police.' This assessment supports the idea that

A)necessity is the mother of invention.
B)if a new invention is to come into being, the cultural base must be large enough to support it.
C)invention is the mother of necessity.
D)if people have the power to create material innovations they also have the power to destroy them.

Question 27

Revolutionary, unprecedented or ground-breaking inventions that are the cornerstones for a wide range of applications are called

A)basic innovations.
B)improving innovation.
C)science.
D)cultural inventions.

Question 28

Perhaps the most outstanding feature of the internet is that it was designed to operate

A)from a central command station in Washington.
B)on solar power.
C)Automatically.
D)absent a central control.

Question 29

Inventors may be geniuses, but they also must be born in the right place and at the right time; this means that

A)they must be born in a capitalist country free of government control.
B)the society into which they are born must allow the masses access to education.
C)they must live in a society with a cultural base sufficiently developed to support their invention.
D)people must perceive their inventions as useful.

Question 30

Each 'upgrade' of the 1903 Wright Flyer (the first successful airplane) increased the airplane's capacity to fly farther, higher, faster, and with more passengers.Upgrades are equivalent to

A)an invention.
B)a basic innovation.
C)an improving innovation.
D)a paradigm shift.

Question 31

A scientific revolution occurs when

A)the cultural base increases geometrically.
B)an improving innovation emerges.
C)the cultural base is sufficiently developed to support an invention.
D)a new paradigm changes a discipline's elementary theoretical generalisations.

Question 32

'Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus.The world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe.Never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind - for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke!' (Goethe 2004).This description describes

A)a scientific revolution.
B)an anomaly.
C)a reformist movement.
D)a paradigm.

Question 33

During World War II hundreds of thousands of soldiers were injured by machine gun shrapnel.The need to restore lost blood resulting from these injuries motivated doctors to create a system of collecting and preserving blood plasma.This dynamic supports the idea that

A)power resides in the position of physician.
B)conflict can lead to change.
C)paradigm shifts help people to see the world in new ways.
D)the actions of leaders influence who is in charge of a situation.

Question 34

Thomas Kuhn defines a paradigm as

A)equivalent to a hypothesis.
B)a trial and highly tentative idea.
C)the dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study.
D)the most controversial theories and concepts within a discipline.

Question 35

Improving innovations are __________ inventions.

A)modifying
B)revolutionary
C)unprecedented
D)ground-breaking

Question 36

The unprecedented increase in the amount of stored and transmitted data and messages is

A)urban sprawl.
B)the digital age.
C)globalisation.
D)the information explosion.

Question 37

The explanatory value and hence the status of a paradigm is threatened by the existence of an anomaly.An anomaly is

A)a dominant and widely accepted theory.
B)an observation that the paradigm cannot explain.
C)a modification of a basic invention.
D)a transformation of the social structure.

Question 38

Which one of the following is an example of an improving innovation?

A)Cotton gin
B)An upgrade to the personal computer's CPU
C)Steam engine
D)A first generation PC

Question 39

The internet began in the late 1960s linking four __________ together.

A)military bases
B)universities
C)defence contractors
D)generals

Question 40

On the positive side, dominant paradigms

A)are the glue that binds a group of people with common interests into a scientific community.
B)are expansive thinking tools that broaden the kind of questions people ask.
C)are threatened by anomalies.
D)challenge theories most basis to a discipline.

Question 41

Sociologists look to identify the scarce resources that pulled Greenlanders into the global division of labour.From the 16th through the late 19th centuries that resource was

A)oil, extracted from the ground.
B)oil, extracted from whales.
C)rubber.
D)ivory.

Question 42

Marx believed that _________ was the first economic system capable of maximising the immense productive potential of human labour and ingenuity.

A)the capitalist system
B)socialism
C)communism
D)a centrally planned economy

Question 43

During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, European and American whalers killed tens of thousands of whales in Arctic waters for commercial purposes, with little effective resistance from environmental or animal rights groups.Today, whaling is a highly monitored activity subject to quotas.This change in reaction to whaling suggests that

A)behaviour considered deviant at one time and place may not be considered deviant at another.
B)people have consistent ideas about what is considered deviant.
C)something is deviant only if it considered deviant across time and place.
D)Native people who still whale should be punished.

Question 44

Which one of the following theorists would ask 'Who benefits from climate change, and at whose expense?'

A)Functionalists
B)Conflict theorists
C)Symbolic interactionists
D)Structural strain theorists

Question 45

An __________ is a group toward which people feel a sense of separateness, opposition, or even hatred.

A)primary group
B)in-group
C)out-group
D)secondary group

Question 46

Karl Marx argued that ________ 'chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe'.

A)change
B)globalisation-from-below
C)globalisation-from-above
D)the drive for profit

Question 47

The government of Greenland joined with four large corporations to create an export promotion strategy and an international branding strategy for the country.Sociologists classify such corporations as _________ organisations.

A)formal
B)voluntary
C)emerging
D)informal

Question 48

From a global perspective, people who live in _____ have the lowest access to sustainable water, with the equivalent of 9 993 litres available to each person each year.

A)Kuwait
B)the United States
C)Canada
D)Greenland

Question 49

A_________ of climate change is a growing interest in Greenland, the Arctic and Antarctica such that popular films are set in or give prominent attention to these locations

A)manifest function
B)latent function
C)manifest dysfunction
D)latent dysfunction

Question 50

Climate change is fuelling the emergence of two opposing groups (an in-group and an out-group).Those groups are

A)Arctic peoples/tropical islanders versus people who live in highest greenhouse gas producing societies.
B)capitalists versus ecotourists.
C)cold weather versus warm weather peoples.
D)wind versus solar power users.

Question 51

_____ are viewed as coordinating mechanisms, because they bring together people, resources, and technology and then channel social activity toward achieving a specific outcome.

A)In-groups
B)Out-groups
C)Formal organisations
D)Paradigms

Question 52

___________ are particularly interested in ways climate change is affecting interaction among Greenlanders.

A)Functionalists
B)Conflict theorists
C)Symbolic interactionists
D)Structural strain theorists

Question 53

In studying the effects of climate change on Greenland, ________ key in on the many industries that have moved operations to Greenland to exploit its resources for commercial interests.

A)functionalists
B)conflict theorists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)structural strain theorists

Question 54

The unexpected emergence of a working alliance between Inuit Greenlanders and tropical island peoples, both of whom face cultural extinction from rising sea levels associated with climate change is a

A)manifest function.
B)latent function.
C)manifest dysfunction.
D)latent dysfunction.

Question 55

One effect of climate change in Greenland is gradual extinction of marine species that disrupts Inuit hunting - and, by extension - their eating habits.This change directly affects the Inuit's way of life or their

A)paradigm.
B)culture.
C)innovation.
D)cultural lag.

Question 56

Sociologists use the term _________ to describe a group with which people identify and to which they feel closely attached - particularly when that attachment is founded on opposition to another group.

A)primary group
B)in-group
C)out-group
D)secondary group

Question 57

A _________ connected to climate change in Greenland is the loss of status among Inuit elders who can no longer predict the weather.

A)manifest function
B)latent function
C)manifest dysfunction
D)latent dysfunction

Question 58

The anticipated consequences of a growing tourism industry associated with climate change such that the number of tourists visiting Greenland each year overwhelms the resident population of towns visited is a

A)manifest function.
B)latent function.
C)manifest dysfunction.
D)latent dysfunction.

Question 59

_______________ is formed when a substantial number of people organise to change, to resist change, or to undo change in some area of society.

A)A scientific revolution
B)A social movement
C)A basic innovation
D)Resource mobilisation

Question 60

The anticipated economic boom associated with a lengthened shipping season (once four months long and now eight months long due to climate change) allowing goods to move into and out of Greenland is a _________for the business community and consumers.

A)manifest function
B)latent function
C)manifest dysfunction
D)latent dysfunction

Question 61

Sociologists would predict that as Greenland opens its borders to various foreign corporations total fertility will

A)continue to decline further.
B)start to decline.
C)increase.
D)remain the same.

Question 62

Almost every product used in America involves oil.

Question 63

Sociologists expect that climate change will affect the Greenland's sex ratio in which one of the following ways?

A)An increasing imbalance favouring females.
B)An increasing imbalance favouring males.
C)A sex ratio with men equal in numbers to women.
D)An increasing imbalance favouring females in most age categories.

Question 64

With regard to climate change, there appear to be two opposing camps, both of which agree

A)that the planet is warming, that ice sheets are melting, and that greenhouse gas emissions have risen.
B)that the climate change is human-made.
C)that the climate change is part of a natural cycle.
D)that greenhouse gases are dangerous.

Question 65

Greenland's population is most likely to _____________ because of climate change.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)remain the same
D)disappear

Question 66

The point at which the price of petrol is so high that a large number of people change their driving habits is called an anomaly.

Question 67

The major religions of Greenland are

A)Islam and Catholicism.
B)Lutheran Christianity and Shamanism.
C)Protestant and Catholicism.
D)Buddhism and Catholicism.

Question 68

Which one of the following statements best describes the plight of polar bears in connection to global warming?

A)Polar bears are stranded on ice floes with nowhere to go.
B)The number of polar bears has increased due to warming climate.
C)The polar bears of Greenland are migrating to Canada.
D)Polar bears must make riskier and longer swims to reach a solid platform.

Question 69

__________ about Greenland occurs when audiences who do not consciously seek out stories on Greenland are exposed to related news stories.

A)Informal education
B)Formal education
C)Schooling
D)Hidden curriculum

Question 70

Sociologists focusing on climate change would be interested in the factors that trigger change in response to climate change.

Question 71

The origins of US military presence in Greenland can be traced to which one of the following conflicts/wars?

A)September 11
B)Cold War
C)World War I
D)World War II

Question 72

_____ is the average number of live children women bear in their lifetime.

A)The crude birth rate
B)The age-specific birth rate
C)Total fertility
D)Family size

Question 73

When audiences hear on the nightly news that Santa Claus has left his North Pole home and is crossing Greenland and heading to the United States to deliver presents, they come to associate Greenland with the North Pole.This kind of learning process is known as

A)informal education.
B)formal education.
C)schooling.
D)hidden curriculum.

Question 74

Sociologists focusing on climate change would be most interested in determining whether or not climate change is real.

Question 75

Sociologists define _______ as a critical set of potential social advantages, including everything from the chances that a person will survive through the first year of life to the chances that a person will live a long life.

A)social status
B)life chances
C)rationalisation
D)an anomaly

Question 76

The sex ratio imbalance in Greenland favouring males is likely caused by

A)immigration patterns.
B)lack of employment opportunities.
C)the extreme cold weather environment.
D)the higher cultural value placed on women.

Question 77

Because of their modest lifestyle, Buddhist monks produce no carbon emissions.

Question 78

The Inuit do not build sacred buildings known as churches.They consider nature sacred and themselves as children of nature.For the Inuit everything has a soul and is spiritually connected.The universe is in harmony, and the powers of nature are neutral toward humans.When evil (which can take such forms as bad hunting, bad weather or illness) occurs, the source is almost always people's bad behaviour.This description corresponds to which one of the following religions?

A)Buddhism
B)Islam
C)Lutheran Christianity
D)Shamanism

Question 79

The few people who occupy such high positions in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions affect millions, even billions, of people worldwide are known as

A)the bourgeoise.
B)proletariat.
C)power elite.
D)bureaucrats.

Question 80

'Earn a college degree in 24 months' falls under the McDonaldisation principle of quantification.