Deck 14: Crime and Community: Putting It All Together

Question 1

The Justice Reinvestment Initiative channels money from prisons to community-based programs.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The majority of offenders leaving prison return to their old neighborhood.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

By reducing the number of jail days, the Midtown Community Court achieved the anticipated cost savings.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The new community focus on crime control

A) is a liberal crime control strategy
B) is a conservative crime control strategy
C) enjoys a strong consensus among criminologists
D) breeds extensive skepticism among criminologists

Question 5

One aspect of collective efficacy is the ceding of social control.

Question 6

In areas with higher levels of collective efficacy, lower crime rates were only found in the wealthier neighborhoods.

Question 7

Restorative justice is dependent upon informal social control which is not as evident in a diverse and largely anonymous modern society.

Question 8

Restrictions on housing, employment opportunities, and civil disabilities adversely affect those released from prison.

Question 9

Restorative justice sanctions seek to punish the offender and build a bond between the victim and community.

Question 10

The basic operating principles for the community focus on crime control include

A) a get-tough strategy that includes more arrests and mandatory sentences
B) a geographic focus and partnerships between criminal justice and non-criminal justice agencies
C) a shift in power back to criminal justice agencies that uses zero-tolerance policies
D) a desire to find the single crime policy that will promote effective prevention and control

Question 11

Front-loading parole services are hindered by huge caseloads.

Question 12

Even poor communities with __________ , in which there is some capacity to control the neighborhood, have lower crime rates than neighborhoods without it.

A) collective efficacy
B) an offender reentry program
C) embeddedness
D) all of the above

Question 13

Reentry programming embraces the operating principles that guide problem-oriented policing and community prosecution.

Question 14

Trust among residents in a neighborhood and their shared expectations about social control is known as

A) community policing
B) front-loading
C) neighborhood watch
D) collective efficacy

Question 15

An important policy implication of collective efficacy is?

A) impact of environmental issues
B) formal crime reduction strategies
C) trust in local criminal justice agencies
D) distrust in formal social control

Question 16

An innovative policing strategy used in Boston's Gun Project was "pulling levers" and the use of various criminal justice and social service agencies.

Question 17

Prison industries have provided meaningful work for inmates.

Question 18

One of the basic operating principles for effective community-focused crime prevention and control is that it requires the simultaneous application of several policies.

Question 19

Problem-solving courts focus on less serious "disorder" offenses and use alternatives to incarceration.

Question 20

Research conducted by the Urban Institute found that many parolees had no health care and were not employed four to eight months after release.

Question 21

An evaluation of Operation Cease Fire found

A) no change as the policy was not implemented as intended
B) a decrease in the unemployment rate and a reduction in the level of drug activity
C) a decrease in both violent and property crime in the treatment areas
D) a decrease in youth homicides and number of calls to police regarding shots fired

Question 22

Providing post-release services in the first six months after a prisoner's release is known as

A) feedback effect
B) proactive supervision
C) ecometrics
D) front-loading

Question 23

What did an evaluation of the Midtown Community Court find?

A) sentences involving community service were higher than a comparable court
B) jail sentences were less common than a comparable court
C) average arrest-to-arraignment times were faster than a comparable court
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 24

Studies on domestic violence and burglary found that collective efficacy

A) Does not reduce crime in poor neighborhoods
B) Decreases following a crime event in a neighborhood
C) Increases following a crime event in a neighborhood
D) Lowers rates of both domestic violence and burglary

Question 25

American society has ignored recommendations for prison programming because

A) all of the services ex-offenders need are already available
B) of politics and attitudes regarding crime and criminals
C) they have traditionally supported discretionary over mandatory release
D) no research evidence indicates it is important or effective

Question 26

Among the "pulling levers" strategies used in Operation Cease Fire was?

A) using plea bargaining to get defendants to plead guilty
B) arresting gang members with outstanding warrants
C) providing post-release services within the first six months
D) proactive supervision designed to reduce parolee recidivism

Question 27

The ability of community prosecution to reduce serious crime is questionable because

A) it is not implemented as intended
B) it does not get tough on offenders which is what is needed to reduce crime
C) this is a loophole that allows serious offenders to escape prosecution
D) whether focusing on quality-of-life crime reduces serious crime remains unproven

Question 28

Community prosecution applies the basic principles of __________ to the prosecution stage of the criminal process.

A) traditional policing
B) problem-oriented policing
C) offender reentry programs
D) restorative justice

Question 29

Reentry programming embraces the operating principles that guide

A) community prosecution and restorative justice
B) broken windows theory and problem-oriented policing
C) problem-oriented policing and community prosecution
D) community crime control and restorative justice

Question 30

One reason that prison industries have not succeeded is

A) complications involving Social Security and income tax payments
B) inmates' lack of free time
C) inmates' lack of work experience
D) lack of supervision

Question 31

Those who return to the community must overcome a number of issues including?

A) illiteracy
B) physical and mental health issues
C) gainful employment
D) all of the above

Question 32

The war on terrorism has affected community policing innovations by

A) refocusing the attention of the police departments
B) increasing the use of weapons by both civilians and police
C) giving units more staff members
D) improving the police's efforts to target certain criminals

Question 33

The Midtown Community Court grew out of which of the following problems?

A) that punishment as a consequence did not change behavior in the desired direction
B) that there were often no consequences of any sort for committing quality-of-life offenses
C) that offenders were not punished severely enough for their wrongdoing
D) that offenders were punished too severely for their wrongdoing

Question 34

According to Walker, the most important positive result of community courts is

A) that community members become involved in the community
B) that is rehabilitates minor offenders
C) that the attention to disorder can help revitalize neighborhoods
D) that it deters serious crime

Question 35

One concern about innovations in policing, such as the SMART program, is

A) implicit racial discrimination
B) the negative impact on the surrounding neighborhood
C) the continuity of reforms
D) the legality of these innovations

Question 36

The community-focused program that involved a highly focused and multi-agency effort and active participation of community groups in order to reduce youth violence was known as

A) The Boston Gun Project
B) The Chicago Area Project
C) The Midtown Community Court
D) The New York Zero Tolerance Policy

Question 37

For which reason did the Midtown Community Court require sentenced offenders to wear bright blue vests and perform their community service within 24 hours of being sentenced?

A) to make justice visible and swift
B) to promote quick healing through restorative justice
C) to enhance the deterrent effect
D) all of the above
E) a & c only

Question 38

The most important factor in parolees' adjustment to society was found to be

A) a job
B) family support
C) a place to live
D) referral to substance abuse treatment

Question 39

Petersilia makes a persuasive case for investing in prison programs that will provide inmates with

A) meaningful work experience
B) education
C) anger management programs
D) all of the above

Question 40

The purposes of problem-solving courts are to

A) target prosecution efforts on a particular problem, neighborhood or type of offender
B) involve a long-term proactive partnership among the prosecutor's office, law enforcement, the community and private organizations
C) use alternatives to incarceration, strict monitoring of sentence conditions and rapid imposition of sentences
D) all of the above

Question 41

The Justice Reinvestment Initiative brings together several strands of thinking, including

A) that parole is inefficient and poorly managed
B) that our policy of mass incarceration is characterized by severe racial disparities
C) that only "locking up" criminals will reduce crime
D) that longer prison terms will better reduce crime

Question 42

Denying voting rights to convicted offenders may keep them from

A) reducing their likelihood of recidivism
B) holding political office
C) fully reintegrating into the community
D) engaging in the restorative justice process

Question 43

The restorative justice movement draws heavily on

A) community persecution
B) hot spots
C) broken windows theory
D) peacemaking traditions

Question 44

The most serious problem with the idea of restorative justice is that

A) it requires tight-knit families and communities which have largely disappeared
B) it is inappropriate for less serious offenses like property crimes
C) it is too expensive to implement on the scale required for it to reduce crime
D) neither victims nor offenders feel good about the results

Question 45

Why have parole agencies failed to provide adequate services for parolees soon after release from prison?

A) they want to give offenders time to get on their feet first
B) they do not have the staff or resources to handle their caseloads
C) they need time to process post-release paperwork and parole files
D) all of the above

Question 46

Restorative justice may well be appropriate and effective for whom?

A) a repeat drunk driver
B) a person who kills in self-defense
C) the juvenile delinquent in a middle class neighborhood
D) stranger rape

Question 47

Although _______ vocational programs are the most popular training programs at the New York City Reformatory, all states prohibit convicted felons from working as ??????????????__________.

A) car repair; mechanics
B) hair care; barbers
C) nursing; nurses
D) refrigerator repair; refrigerator technicians

Question 48

How has the war on drugs provided ex-offenders with a unique barrier to employment?

A) federal law requires states to revoke their drivers' licenses
B) convicted drug offenders are barred from holding jobs in nursing and as barbers
C) parolees are subjected to urinalysis and lose their job if there is evidence of drug use
D) a drug conviction bars parolees from receiving a job referral from his/her parole officer

Question 49

Many states restrict access for recently released offenders to which of the following?

A) receiving welfare
B) public housing
C) voting
D) all of the above