Deck 7: Lock Em up

Question 1

Overall, the Nation's Toughest Drug law had no significant effect on crime and drug use.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The 1970 District of Columbia preventive detention law was

A) the kick off for America's imprisonment boom
B) used by judges to hold all felony defendants for 120 days
C) implemented in all states by 1976
D) nullified by prosecutors by setting bail at a level beyond a defendant's financial means

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Mandatory sentencing, such as three strikes and sentencing guidelines, is not an effective means of reducing serious crime.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

As a result of the 1984 Bail Reform Act

A) the method of detention shifted
B) the overall detention rate increased
C) pretrial crime declined dramatically
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 5

In the 1970s, public opinion about preventive detention began to change, leading to the following:

A) courtroom work groups decided that preventive detention for juveniles was unconstitutional
B) the majority of offenders arrested were not charged
C) courtroom work groups began locking up allegedly dangerous offenders
D) judges started releasing most offenders on bail

Question 6

Pretrial drug testing did not help to predict rearrests for those persons on bail.

Question 7

Selective incapacitation proved to be a better crime control measure than gross incapacitation.

Question 8

Select the most accurate statement regarding crime committed by felony defendants in large urban counties who are released prior to trial.

A) 10% were rearrested for a misdemeanor
B) 11% were rearrested for a felony
C) 60% were rearrested for a felony
D) 45% were rearrested for a misdemeanor

Question 9

By the 1980s public support for preventive detention

A) Was justified by a string of serial killers on the loose
B) had declined
C) Was widespread
D) the public has never supported preventive detention

Question 10

Getting criminals off the street by locking them up is what type of strategy?

A) liberal
B) the standard U.S.strategy
C) traditionally liberal, but now conservative
D) traditionally conservative, but now liberal

Question 11

One of the factors that contributed to the first bail reform movement was

A) the get tough mood
B) the great rise in serious crime
C) an innovative way to release defendants on their own recognizance (ROR)
D) research findings that defendants not released on bail were more likely to be convicted and imprisoned

Question 12

Regarding pretrial drug testing as a method for predicting crime on bail

A) except for marijuana use it did not help predict arrests
B) except for cocaine use it did not help predict arrests
C) except for heroin use it did not help predict arrests
D) it has been found unconstitutional

Question 13

Current sex offender and registration laws focus on the most dangerous sex offenders who engage in the rape and kidnapping of children.

Question 14

One of the major issues with Zedlewski's study was not taking into consideration the replacement factor

Question 15

Incarceration strategies seek to limit the discretion of judges who are viewed by conservatives as lenient bleeding hearts.

Question 16

For what reason was the 1970 District of Columbia preventive detention law rarely used?

A) it was found to be unconstitutional within the first year that it was implemented
B) federal prosecutors chose not to use it and continued setting high bail for defendants they wanted to detain
C) bleeding heart judges continued to release defendants without prosecuting and punishing them
D) it was actually used extensively and resulted in a major increase in our nation's prison population

Question 17

Prosecutors refuse to set bail higher than the minimum amount required in bail guidelines.

Question 18

Accurate estimates of crime reduction due to gross incapacitation should take into consideration the law of diminishing returns as well as the replacement effect.

Question 19

The first bail reform movement resulted in

A) a decrease in the percentage of people held in jail awaiting trial
B) an increase in the percentage of people held in jail awaiting trial
C) the removal of employment status as a criterion for bail
D) the addition of employment status as a criterion for bail

Question 20

Statistics show that the majority of felony defendants released prior to trial return for their court date.

Question 21

Walker proposes that preventive detention __________ reduce __________ crime.

A) (1) will (2) minor
B) (1) will not (2) serious
C) (1) will (2) serious
D) (1) will not (2) minor

Question 22

The political reality is that we have completely ignored ____(1)______ in favor of ____(2)______.

A) (1) mass incarceratoin (2) rehabilitation
B) (1) deterrence (2) incapacitation
C) (1) gross incapacitation (2) mandatory sentences
D) (1) selective incapacitation (2) mass incarceration

Question 23

Zedlewski calculated that

A) it takes 20 years of being on an imprisonment binge before crime will be reduced
B) Each dollar spent imprisoning a criminal saves $17 in total social costs
C) if fully implemented, three-strikes sentencing in California would reduce crime by 15%
D) The financial investment in incarceration is unwise because incarceration does not reduce the crime rate

Question 24

The 2011 U.S.Sentencing Commission report found that

A) the number of offenses carrying a mandatory minimum sentence had halved between 1991 and 2010
B) One third of the convictions with a mandatory sentence involved drug trafficking
C) There are disparities in applying the mandatory minimums
D) a minority of federal judges thought mandatory sentences were "too high"

Question 25

The most current reforms to the Rockefeller drug law impacted penalties in various ways, including ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A) eliminated mandatory sentencing for certain classes of first time drug-related felonies
B) allowed for resentencing of certain offenders incarcerated for drug-related offenses
C) allowed judges to sentence those convicted to probation or alternative treatment programs
D) mandated the incarceration of all persons convicted of felony drug offenses

Question 26

The crime policy of incapacitation

A) seeks to reduce crime by imprisoning offenders
B) seeks to reduce crime by imprisoning offenders and rehabilitating them
C) seeks to reduce crime by imprisoning offenders and seeks to specifically deter them
D) All of the above
E) none of the above

Question 27

One problem with Durlauf and Nagin's proposal to apply the savings from a reduced prison population to innovative police programs is that

A) the police are uncooperative in implementing innovative programs
B) the new incarceration policy bears signs of racial and ethnic disparity
C) Criminologists are unlikely to develop the tools to determine who would benefit from selective incapacitation
D) the plan would require a significant increase in social services costs

Question 28

A cross-state comparison of changes in incarceration rates and crime rates in 17 states showed that

A) As incarceration rates increased crime rates decreased
B) states that spent more money on corrections had lower crime rates
C) increases in incarceration rates reduced crime in the South, but not in the West
D) No clear patterned relationship between incarceration rates and crime rates existed

Question 29

One of the criticisms leveled against Zedlewski's conclusions was that

A) He suggested that a reduction in crime produces a direct reduction in CJS costs
B) He only analyzed data on gross, but not selective incapacitation strategies
C) He was working for a liberal organization at the time of his research
D) He deliberately used incorrect statistical analyses to draw his conclusions

Question 30

Regarding speedy trials, Walker points out that

A) speedy trials can reduce failure to appear
B) speedy trials can reduce crime
C) the courtroom workgroup evades speedy trial laws
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 31

An evaluation of the Rockefeller Drug law found that

A) Heroin dealers were deterred by the nation's toughest drug law
B) due to the mandatory sentencing provisions truth in sentencing was achieved
C) slippage resulted in a decline of arrests leading to indictments and convictions
D) a diffusion of benefits reduced trafficking of cocaine and marijuana as well

Question 32

Three strikes laws are criticized for

A) violating the principle of selective incapacitation
B) not focusing on the most serious offenders
C) being crude instruments in the fight against crime reduction
D) all of the above

Question 33

Which of the following statements about life without parole is accurate?

A) By 2012, one in nine U.S.prisoners was serving a life term
B) Two states account for more than half (58 percent) of all the LWOP prisoners
C) Courtroom work groups have wholeheartedly accepted the LWOP laws
D) LWOP sentences achieve a significant amount of crime reduction

Question 34

The basic concept behind __________ is a mandatory life prison sentence for anyone convicted of a third felony.

A) preventive detention
B) selective incapacitation
C) chronic offenders guidelines
D) three strikes laws

Question 35

Federal Sentencing Guidelines are an example of

A) preventive detention
B) selective incapacitation
C) mandatory sentences
D) arbitrary sentencing

Question 36

The Nation's Toughest Drug Law provides an example of

A) bleeding heart liberal judges who are too lenient with convicted offenders
B) How mandatory sentencing laws lead to early dismissals and increases in sentencing delays
C) a cost-effective way to achieve incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation
D) racial discrimination that can occur in any part of the criminal justice system

Question 37

A natural experiment in predicting the dangerousness of juveniles revealed that

A) some prediction instruments are can effectively identify only high risk offenders
B) there were five true positives for every false positive
C) judges were remarkably inaccurate in identifying which juveniles were high risk and which were low risk
D) judges were reasonably accurate in identifying high risk juveniles at the expense of a high rate of false positives

Question 38

A policy designed to lock up only the few high-rate offenders or career criminals is known as

A) pretrial detention
B) preventive detention
C) selective incapacitation
D) gross incapacitation

Question 39

Locking up large numbers of offenders regardless of their criminal histories is

A) deterrence
B) mandatory sentencing
C) selective incapacitation
D) mass incarceration

Question 40

A strategy for preventing crime that requires a prison sentence or specifies the least amount of time that must be served is known as what?

A) mandatory sentencing
B) specific incapacitation
C) preventive detention
D) truth in sentencing

Question 41

Advocates of sex offender registration and notification laws believe

A) the laws will help police arrest and keep an eye on the sex offenders
B) surveillance will deter sex offenders
C) sex offenders reoffend at a high rate
D) all of the above

Question 42

Walker argues that three strikes laws

A) are a classic example of overreaction to celebrated cases
B) are arbitrary because they are not consistently implemented
C) do not reduce crime
D) all of the above

Question 43

An evaluation of California's three strikes law found that it

A) Sent few people to prison for long terms, but more than expected
B) selectively incapacitated only the most violent repeat offenders
C) did not produce the intended reduction in crime
D) reduced sentencing disparities through its mandatory provisions

Question 44

Registration and notification laws do not protect society from potential sex offenders because

A) the majority of victims know the person who abused them
B) the majority of sex offenders do not reoffend
C) the majority of sex offenders do not register
D) both a and b

Question 45

The three strikes law in California

A) Cost $6.5 billion to implement
B) disproportionately affected people convicted of non-violent offenses
C) reduced Index crimes below levels expected given the downward trend
D) all of the above