Deck 11: Human Development

Question 1

Chelsey is pregnant and she is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies.She should be MOST concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the

A) placental stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) foetal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Answer 1

embryonic stage.

Question 2

A one-celled organism formed by the union of the sperm and egg is known as

A) zygote.
B) germinal.
C) embryo.
D) foetus.

Answer 2

zygote.

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?

A) respiratory and digestive systems mature
B) sex organs start to develop
C) brain cells multiply at a rapid rate
D) a layer of fat is deposited under the skin

Answer 3

sex organs start to develop

Question 4

The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through birth, is referred to as the

A) post-germinal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) foetal stage.
D) post-natal stage.

Question 5

The prenatal period refers to

A) the period from conception to implantation.
B) the nine months before birth.
C) the period of time immediately after birth.
D) the time period before conception takes place.

Question 6

Premature babies who survive are typically born during the

A) germinal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) foetal stage.
D) post-natal stage.

Question 7

The stage of prenatal development during which most miscarriages are likely to occur is the

A) zygotic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) foetal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Question 8

Both Amy and Barbara are pregnant.Currently Amy's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Barbara's is in the longest stage.Amy's pregnancy is in the ____ stage and Barbara's is in the ____ stage.

A) germinal; foetal
B) embryonic; foetal
C) germinal; embryonic
D) foetal; germinal

Question 9

The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to

A) the formation of a zygote.
B) the implantation of the fertilised egg into the uterine wall.
C) the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development.
D) the last seven months of the pregnancy.

Question 10

The structure that allows both oxygen and nutrients to pass into the foetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother's bloodstream is the

A) uterine wall.
B) zygote.
C) placenta.
D) proximodistal organ.

Question 11

If a baby is born with a small head, heart defects, and retarded mental and motor development, the mother is MOST likely to have

A) had smallpox early in her pregnancy.
B) been an alcoholic.
C) continued to work during pregnancy.
D) smoked during pregnancy.

Question 12

The cell mass that develops from the fertilised egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____ stage of prenatal development.

A) fertilisation
B) foetal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 13

Anna is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus.If Anna can feel her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in the

A) embryonic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) foetal stage.
D) neonatal stage.

Question 14

The age of viability, referring to the age at which the foetus ____, is reached ____.

A) can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
B) can survive if born prematurely; between 23 and 26 weeks
C) first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
D) experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks

Question 15

Developing structures generally are most vulnerable to damage from environmental factors during the ____ of prenatal development.

A) germinal stage
B) embryonic stage
C) foetal stage
D) last two months

Question 16

The correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development are

A) germinal, foetal, embryonic.
B) embryonic, foetal, germinal.
C) germinal, embryonic, foetal.
D) foetal, germinal, embryonic.

Question 17

Severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk of

A) heart defects and irritability.
B) birth complications and neurological defects.
C) mental retardation.
D) delayed motor and mental development.

Question 18

During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?

A) post-natal
B) placental
C) foetal
D) embryonic

Question 19

Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago, and does not yet know she is pregnant.His wife's pregnancy is currently in the

A) germinal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) foetal stage.
D) placental stage.

Question 20

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death is known as

A) maturation.
B) the perinatal period.
C) development.
D) childhood.

Question 21

Maturation is

A) the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.
B) the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.
C) development that reflects experience and learning.
D) development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint.

Question 22

Young Benny can reach for his sweets with his arm, but cannot yet pick them up with his fingers and hands.Benny's behaviour best illustrates the ____ trend of motor development.

A) proximodistal
B) proximocaudal
C) cephalocaudal
D) cephalodistal

Question 23

Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm the developing foetus are known as

A) opiates.
B) teratogens.
C) pathogens.
D) prenatals.

Question 24

New research into the process of motor development suggests that

A) development gradually unfolds in a sequence of pre-programmed physical changes.
B) progress is attributed to infants' experimentation and learning the consequences of their activities.
C) motor development progresses as children gain control over their hips and legs and then their shoulders and arms.
D) genetically programmed physical changes determine when a child crawls and walks.

Question 25

Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy.As a result, her baby is MOST likely to have

A) malformations of the arms and legs.
B) a small head, heart defects, and irritability.
C) attention deficit disorder and die from sudden infant death syndrome.
D) complications at birth and neurological deficits.

Question 26

As children grow older and acquire specialised motor skills, which of the following becomes increasingly critical?

A) maturation
B) experience
C) genetic predispositions
D) nutrition

Question 27

Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy.He has a regular schedule, and his parents know that he will sleep through the night without waking, even when he stays overnight with his grandparents.Using the temperament categories outlined, Gary would most likely be considered to have

A) a difficult temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) an uninhibited temperament.
D) an easy temperament.

Question 28

The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____.

A) vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
B) vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
C) do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor development
D) do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development

Question 29

Cultural variations in the emergence of basic skills such as sitting and walking demonstrate that environmental factors

A) do not affect early motor development.
B) can accelerate or slow early motor development.
C) can accelerate early motor development.
D) can slow early motor development.

Question 30

The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

A) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
C) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.

Question 31

When Fred's mother was pregnant with him, she lived in an area with very high levels of air pollution.Based on research, Fred will be at increased risk for which of the following at age 5?

A) lung cancer
B) heart disease
C) impaired cognitive development
D) asthma

Question 32

Children gain control of their movements in a head-to-foot direction according to the ____ trend and they gain control in a centre-outward direction according to the ____ trend.

A) cephalodistal; proximocaudal
B) cephalocaudal; proximodistal
C) proximocaudal; cephalodistal
D) proximodistal; cephalocaudal

Question 33

The proximodistal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

A) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.
C) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.

Question 34

The full-blown foetal alcohol syndrome is produced by

A) heavy drinking during the first three months of pregnancy.
B) heavy drinking during the final three months of pregnancy.
C) one drunken binge at any time during pregnancy.
D) heavy drinking throughout pregnancy.

Question 35

A diet rich in __________ can reduce the risk of many birth defects.

A) vitamin A
B) folic acid
C) omega 3 fatty acids
D) teratogens

Question 36

Developmental norms indicate

A) the mean age at which individuals display behaviours and abilities.
B) the median age at which individuals display behaviours and abilities.
C) the modal age at which individuals display behaviours and abilities.
D) the exact age at which individuals display behaviours and abilities.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

A) increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth
B) heart defects
C) slower than average cognitive development
D) increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Question 38

According to the basic progression of motor maturation, which of the following body structures should take the longest to come under effective control?

A) torso
B) shoulders
C) arms
D) fingers

Question 39

According to the ____ trend, you would expect your newborn niece to be able to raise her head before she can sit.

A) maturational
B) developmental
C) cephalocaudal
D) proximodistal

Question 40

In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs.This motor development sequence is an example of

A) the cephalocaudal trend.
B) the proximodistal trend.
C) the cephalopedal trend.
D) encephalitis.

Question 41

In the middle childhood years, the children who have healthier strategies for coping with stress and fewer problems with hostility to be children who

A) had several siblings close to their own age.
B) had secure attachments during infancy.
C) started full-time day care before the age of two.
D) have no same-sexed siblings.

Question 42

How do children develop special attachments to their mothers, according to John Bowlby?

A) The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.
B) The infant is biologically programmed to emit behaviour that triggers a protective response from adult females.
C) The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the reinforcing act of being fed.
D) Maternal attachment behaviour is the result of reproductive fitness.

Question 43

The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called

A) attachment.
B) dependency.
C) imprinting.
D) identification.

Question 44

Jasmin takes her one-year-old son, Randy, to visit a day-care centre where she plans to enroll him.Randy eagerly explores the playroom, and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms he shows no signs of concern.When Jasmin returns, he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected.This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

A) share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
B) share a secure attachment relationship.
C) have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
D) share an avoidant attachment relationship.

Question 45

Mandy takes her one-year-old son, Justin, to visit a day-care centre where she plans to enroll him.Justin eagerly explores the playroom as long as Mandy is present.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Justin becomes somewhat upset, but when Mandy returns, he quickly calms down.This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

A) share an avoidant attachment relationship.
B) share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
C) share a secure attachment relationship.
D) have not yet developed an attachment relationship.

Question 46

Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum, erratic in sleep and eating, and resistant to change as

A) an easy child.
B) a slow-to-warm-up child.
C) a mixed temperament child.
D) a difficult child.

Question 47

Which of the following statements concerning temperament is false?

A) approximately one-third of the children studied by Thomas and Chess could not be easily classified as having one of the three basic styles of temperament
B) temperament is not influenced by heredity
C) temperament is generally stable over time
D) a child's temperament may be influenced by social experiences

Question 48

Sarah is four months old, she actively resists change, has failed to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule, and is generally irritable and unhappy, Sarah is BEST described as temperamentally

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow to warm up.
D) mixed.

Question 49

Typically infants with ____ attachments exhibit little, if any, distress when their mothers leave the room.

A) especially strong
B) secure
C) anxious-ambivalent
D) avoidant

Question 50

The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant refers to the infant's

A) attachment.
B) behavioural qualities.
C) personality.
D) temperament.

Question 51

Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment to caregivers is known as the __________ procedure.

A) secure-avoidant
B) shared inhibition
C) attachment probing
D) strange situation

Question 52

You are in a discussion on attachment behaviour and your friend says that she believes that infants are biologically programmed to emit behaviour that triggers a protective response from adult females.Which theorist is MOST likely to agree with Shari's views?

A) Harry Harlow
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) John Bowlby
D) Jay Belsky

Question 53

If an infant is temperamentally easy, what would be the best prediction to make about the child's temperament at age 10?

A) The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament.
B) The child is likely to overcompensate by becoming "difficult" later on.
C) No reasonable prediction can be made.
D) By the age of 10, the child is likely to develop whatever temperament the primary caregiver has.

Question 54

If the only information you have concerning one-year-old Jessica is that she is wary or hesitant when having a new experience, MOST likely you should predict that Jessica has

A) an anxious temperament.
B) a difficult temperament.
C) an easy temperament.
D) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.

Question 55

Kathy takes her one-year-old son, Dylan, to visit a day-care centre where she plans to enroll him.Dylan appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom, even though Kathy is close by.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Dylan becomes extremely upset.When Kathy returns he clings to her leg, but does not calm down and continues to sob.This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

A) share a secure attachment relationship.
B) share an avoidant attachment relationship.
C) have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
D) share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic styles of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) anxious
C) difficult
D) easy

Question 57

Assumptions of stage theorists of development include all of the following EXCEPT

A) individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order.
B) each stage builds on the previous stage.
C) progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation.
D) development is marked by discontinuities that guide in dramatic changes in behaviour.

Question 58

Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) greater curiosity.
B) better peer relationships.
C) higher levels of moral reasoning.
D) more self-reliance.

Question 59

Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung, and who protests loudly every time her parents try to change her routine in any way.Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Ruby would MOST likely be considered to have

A) an easy temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) a difficult temperament.
D) an uninhibited temperament.

Question 60

Mikaela is a quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot, but who also seldom cries.She seems cautious and wary of changes in her surroundings, but eventually she adapts to the change.Using the temperament categories outlined, Mikaela would MOST likely be considered to have

A) a difficult temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) an easy temperament.
D) an uninhibited temperament.

Question 61

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to function well in the broader social structure of the neighborhood and school.As a result, the child should gain a sense of competence.This stage occurs from

A) birth-1 year of age.
B) 1-3 years of age.
C) 3-6 years of age.
D) 6 years of age through puberty.

Question 62

Jerry is eight months old.Based on Erikson's theory of personality development, the fundamental question that Jerry is dealing with at this point in his life is

A) "Is my world predictable and supportive?"
B) "Can I do things myself, or must I always rely on others?"
C) "Am I good or am I bad?"
D) "Am I competent or am I worthless?"

Question 63

During the third stage of psychosocial development, the crisis that must be resolved is initiative versus guilt.By this Erikson meant that the child must learn

A) who to trust or not trust.
B) how to deal with peers and adults.
C) how to pursue his or her own interests and also get along with others.
D) how to become self-sufficient.

Question 64

The challenge of learning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson's childhood stage of

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) trust versus mistrust.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 65

The major shortcoming of Erikson's psychosocial stages theory of development is that

A) he failed to look at adult development.
B) he placed too little emphasis on social forces in the development of personality.
C) like many stage theories, it pays little attention to explaining individual differences.
D) it fails to account for continuity in personality development.

Question 66

A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquire

A) an ability to initiate one's own activities.
B) self-sufficiency.
C) a sense of competence.
D) optimism and trust toward the world.

Question 67

The challenge of learning to function, take personal responsibility for feeding and dressing, marks Erikson's childhood stage of

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) trust versus mistrust.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 68

Keith is nine years old and he likes to draw and paint.However, he doesn't receive very good grades on his art projects and several times his friends have laughed at the pictures Keith has created.Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Keith will develop

A) feelings of guilt.
B) feelings of inferiority.
C) a sense of despair.
D) a sense of industry.

Question 69

Craig is two years old, and he likes to put on his own coat and shoes.However, his mother often becomes impatient waiting for him to get ready, and she usually finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for him.Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Craig will develop

A) a general sense of mistrust.
B) feelings of shame and doubt.
C) a sense of inferiority.
D) feelings of autonomy.

Question 70

Anne is five years old, and she likes to help with jobs around the house.Tonight, when she was clearing the dishes from the table, she dropped a stack of plates and broke them all.Her father scolded her and told her that she could help more by staying out of the way and letting her older brothers clear the table.If her father's reaction is typical of the interactions she has with him, Erikson would suggest that Anne is likely to develop

A) feelings of guilt.
B) feelings of inferiority.
C) a general sense of mistrust.
D) a sense of initiative.

Question 71

Charlie Brown of the "Peanuts" cartoon strip is always trying to kick the football; however, he never seems to succeed.According to Erikson, Charlie will most likely develop the basic characteristic of

A) guilt.
B) autonomy.
C) inferiority.
D) role confusion.

Question 72

Stage theories of development assume that

A) individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage.
B) environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and return to them later.
C) progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age.
D) there are few, if any, discontinuities in development.

Question 73

For Erikson, the stage during which toilet training occurs is

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) initiative versus guilt.

Question 74

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organised around potential turning points called

A) fixation points.
B) psychosocial crises.
C) developmental tasks.
D) psychosexual crises.

Question 75

During Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a child should begin to take some responsibility for his feeding and dressing.As a result, the child should gain a sense of self-sufficiency.This stage occurs from ____ years of age.

A) birth - 1
B) 1-3
C) 2-5
D) 3-6

Question 76

To Piaget, cognitive development involves

A) stages that are characterised by fundamentally different thought processes.
B) increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age.
C) passive reception of environmental stimuli.
D) age-related changes in attention and memory.

Question 77

The elementary school-age child who does well in school and who receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense of

A) industry.
B) superiority.
C) generativity.
D) trust.

Question 78

Five-year-old Steve gets along well with his parents and siblings, has self-confidence and believes that he is a good boy.Steve has MOST recently successfully resolved the crisis of

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 79

Shawn is concerned with how he compares to his peer group.For example, he is always trying to kick the football farther than his friends and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as the other boys in his second grade class.According to Erikson, Shawn is most likely in the stage of

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) identity versus role confusion.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 80

If an infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life, the infant will, most likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____ stage.

A) industry versus inferiority
B) trust versus mistrust
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) initiative versus guilt