Deck 8: Vitamins

Question 1

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
No designated storage site

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

A

Question 2

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Vitamin D

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Answer 2

B

Question 3

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
Stored in adipose cells

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Classify vitamins and describe their general and specific roles.

Question 5

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Vitamin A

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 6

Compare and contrast vitamins A, C, and E, particularly their antioxidant functions.

Question 7

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
Greater potential for toxicity

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 8

Explain how the Dietary References Intakes (DRI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) should be interpreted.

Question 9

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
Daily intake more critical to ensure adequate tissue concentrations

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 10

Evaluate the need for vitamin supplements based on food intake.

Question 11

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Vitamin C

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 12

Explain how vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and blood formation and summarize the results of studies conducted with athletes.

Question 13

Describe if, and how, exercise increases the need for or accelerates the loss of a particular vitamin.

Question 14

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
Excess generally excreted via the urine

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 15

Compare and contrast the average intake of vitamins by sedentary adults in the United States and by athletes, particularly those who restrict energy intake.

Question 16

Compare and contrast vitamins based on their source-naturally occurring in food, added to foods during processing, and found in supplements.

Question 17

Differentiate between a clinical and subclinical vitamin deficiency.

Question 18

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
Absorbed into the lymph system

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 19

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic.
Generally requires a protein carrier for transport

A) Water-soluble vitamins
B) Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 20

Explain how vitamin inadequacies and excesses can occur and why either might be detrimental to performance and health.

Question 21

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Vitamin B12

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 22

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 23

The vitamin associated with amino acid metabolism is:

A) Vitamin B1.
B) Vitamin B2.
C) Vitamin B3.
D) Vitamin B6.

Question 24

The vitamin contained in coenzymes necessary for oxidation-reduction reactions in the production of ATP is:

A) thiamin.
B) riboflavin.
C) vitamin B6.
D) vitamin B12.

Question 25

Which question is best answered by using the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?

A) How much of a vitamin is too much?
B) Is the amount in this vitamin supplement safe?
C) Is the amount in this vitamin supplement effective?
D) How much of a certain vitamin do I need daily?

Question 26

The vitamin that is part of NAD and NADP is:

A) pantothenic acid.
B) vitamin B1 (thiamin).
C) vitamin B2 (riboflavin).
D) vitamin B3 (niacin).

Question 27

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Pantothenic acid

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 28

Which of the following functions is shared by beta-carotene and vitamin E?

A) Prevention of anemia
B) Carbon dioxide removal
C) Inhibition of oxidation
D) Inhibition of bone calcium loss

Question 29

According to the current body of scientific research, what effect does exercise have on an athlete's vitamin requirements?

A) Increases the need substantially, making vitamin supplementation necessary
B) Increases the need substantially, but supplementation not necessary
C) Increases the need slightly, but supplementation not necessary
D) Increases the need slightly, making vitamin supplementation necessary

Question 30

The vitamin that acts like a hormone is:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin E.

Question 31

The vitamin(s) associated with anemia are:

A) thiamin and riboflavin.
B) riboflavin and niacin.
C) pantothenic acid and biotin.
D) vitamin B12 and folic acid.

Question 32

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Beta-carotene

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 33

The main function of vitamin E is to act as a(n):

A) coenzyme.
B) free radical.
C) fat.
D) antioxidant.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes average vitamin intakes by sedentary adults in the U.S.?

A) Inadequate
B) Adequate
C) Excessive

Question 35

The need for which vitamin increases with age?

A) Vitamin B1
B) Vitamin B2
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D

Question 36

indicate whether each vitamin is classified as water or fat soluble.
Vitamin E

A) Water-soluble vitamin
B) Fat-soluble vitamin

Question 37

What vitamin is contained in coenzymes necessary for the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain?

A) Thiamin
B) Riboflavin
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin B6

Question 38

The vitamins associated with metabolism in the Krebs Cycle are:

A) thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.
B) thiamin, folic acid, and niacin.
C) riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6.
D) riboflavin, folic acid, and niacin.

Question 39

Which vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?

A) Thiamin
B) Riboflavin
C) Folic acid (folate)
D) Pantothenic acid

Question 40

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?

A) Antiviral agent
B) Antifungal agent
C) Anticancer agent
D) Antioxidant agent

Question 41

Night blindness is associated with a clinical deficiency of:

A) vitamin E.
B) vitamin A.
C) thiamin.
D) folic acid.

Question 42

The intake of which vitamin is likely to be low in both sedentary and athletic populations?

A) Thiamin
B) Riboflavin
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin E

Question 43

Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?

A) Attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme
B) Attaches to cell membranes to assist in the uptake of an enzyme
C) Attaches to an enzyme, which allows for the activation of the enzyme
D) Attaches to an enzyme, which allows for the transportation of the enzyme

Question 44

To provide a sufficient amount of thiamin for increased ATP production, athletes should make sure that they have sufficient _____ in their diets.

A) carbohydrate
B) protein
C) fat

Question 45

At what point do enzymes and coenzymes function at maximum velocity?

A) 75% of tissue saturation
B) 100% of tissue saturation
C) 110% of tissue saturation
D) 125% of tissue saturation

Question 46

According to the current body of scientific research, what is known about vitamin A toxicity?

A) No reports in industrialized countries
B) Number of cases is extremely small
C) Number of cases is moderate and increasing
D) Number of cases is large but effects are minor

Question 47

Which of the following poses the greatest health risk when consumed as a high-dose supplement?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin E
D) Niacin

Question 48

Overconsumption of which vitamin is most likely to result in toxicity?

A) Vitamin A (retinol)
B) Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
C) Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
D) Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Question 49

The athlete who is most likely to manifest a clinical vitamin B12 deficiency is:

A) one who is vegetarian.
B) one who is lactose intolerant.
C) one with no or low exposure to UV light.
D) one with hypervitaminosis A.

Question 50

Which statement best explains why severe B vitamin deficiencies can lead to fatigue?

A) B vitamins are a source of energy (calories).
B) Absorption of carbohydrate is decreased.
C) Oxygen needed for energy metabolism cannot be transported to the cells.
D) Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts.

Question 51

Why is half of the thiamin (vitamin B1) found in the body found in skeletal muscle?

A) Thiamin is needed to catalyze reactions involved in ATP production.
B) Thiamin is needed to release glucose from glycogen stores.
C) Thiamin is needed to store glucose as glycogen.
D) Thiamin is needed to transaminate amino acids.

Question 52

The athlete who is most likely to manifest a clinical vitamin deficiency is:

A) a body builder.
B) a wrestler.
C) one with a low percentage of body fat.
D) one with a severe eating disorder.

Question 53

The vitamin supplement that is considered to have the lowest risk but highest benefit is:

A) vitamin A.
B) retinol.
C) folic acid.
D) vitamin B12.

Question 54

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is found in coenzymes that are needed to:

A) prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins.
B) release glucose from glycogen stores.
C) store glucose as glycogen.
D) reduce muscle soreness.

Question 55

Low thiamin intake in athletes is associated with:

A) energy restriction.
B) high dietary fat intake.
C) high intake of low-fiber, high-sugar carbohydrates.
D) a and c
E) all of the above

Question 56

In general, when an athlete's energy intake is adequate, vitamin intake is usually:

A) inadequate.
B) adequate.
C) excessive.

Question 57

Athletes generally consume sufficient thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin if they also consume sufficient:

A) iron-containing foods.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) fat.
D) energy.

Question 58

In general, how long does it take vitamin toxicities to develop?

A) Several days to a few weeks
B) Several weeks to a few months
C) Several months to a few years
D) Many decades

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true about B-complex vitamins?

A) These vitamins contain energy and are directly associated with fatigue.
B) These vitamins play an indirect role in energy production.
C) Studies show that sub-clinical deficiencies typically result in fatigue.
D) Athletes generally improve performance when they take a low-dose supplement.

Question 60

When supplemented at high doses, the vitamin that may be toxic to nervous tissue is:

A) thiamin.
B) riboflavin.
C) niacin.
D) vitamin B6.

Question 61

Some surveys suggest that dietary vitamin E intake is low in endurance athletes because they consume a:

A) low-fat diet.
B) low-protein diet.
C) high percentage of carbohydrates as whole grains.
D) diet high in nuts and seeds.

Question 62

Which antioxidant vitamin is most crucial to consume on a daily basis?

A) Vitamin A as retinol
B) Vitamin A as beta-carotene
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin E

Question 63

Which vitamins are associated with red blood cell formation?

A) Folic acid and vitamin B12
B) Vitamins D and B12
C) Thiamin, folic acid, niacin
D) Riboflavin, folic acid, niacin

Question 64

According to the current body of scientific research, what effect do antioxidant vitamin supplements have on exercise-induced oxidative stress in endurance athletes?

A) Most of the studies showed that oxidative stress was decreased.
B) Most of the studies showed no effect.
C) Most of the studies showed that oxidative stress was increased.
D) Study results are equivocal and it is difficult to make definitive conclusions.

Question 65

read the paragraph below and indicate whether the athlete's statements are correct or incorrect:
A distance athlete explains why he is taking a vitamin E supplement. He states: "Most people don't realize it but oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects. I try to counter the harmful effects by taking a vitamin E supplement. Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance. Besides, recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements. I'm concerned that my vitamin E intake may be low since I purposefully keep my calorie intake low so I don't gain any body fat and I follow a low-fat diet. Someone told me that when you take high levels of vitamin E it actually has an opposite effect and it is no longer works as an antioxidant, but I don't think that is true."
Vitamin E intake may be low when calorie and fat intakes are low.

A) Correct statement
B) Incorrect statement

Question 66

What effect does vitamin C supplementation have on colds?

A) Reduces the risk for the onset of a cold
B) Reduces the duration of a cold
C) Reduces the severity of a cold
D) b and c

Question 67

The amount of energy (kcal) provided by the B-complex vitamins is:

A) 4 kcal/g.
B) 7 kcal/g.
C) 9 kcal/g.
D) 0 kcal/g.

Question 68

What effect do vitamin B12 injections have in healthy athletes?

A) Increase red blood cell production
B) Increase oxygen delivery to cells
C) Delay the onset of fatigue
D) None of the above

Question 69

What is oxidative stress?

A) Damage that occurs due to the imbalance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants
B) The additional burden put on the lungs to deliver oxygen during intense exercise
C) A series of oxidation/reduction reactions necessary for the production of ATP
D) The result of a subclinical or clinical B-complex vitamin deficiency

Question 70

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and the consumption of an adequate amount of vitamin A from food?

A) Vitamin A is a difficult vitamin to obtain from food.
B) Low vitamin A intake from food is rare.
C) Vitamin A intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake.
D) Vitamin A intake generally reflects energy intake.

Question 71

The formation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) is related to:

A) the amount of antioxidants circulating in the blood.
B) the amount of antioxidants consumed as supplements.
C) exercise intensity and duration.
D) lack of cardiovascular fitness.

Question 72

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and the consumption of an adequate amount of vitamin C from food?

A) Vitamin C is a difficult vitamin to obtain from food.
B) Low vitamin C intake from food is rare.
C) Vitamin C intake generally reflects fruit and vegetable intake.
D) Vitamin C intake generally reflects energy intake.

Question 73

Ascorbic acid is another name for:

A) folic acid.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin K.
D) niacin.

Question 74

read the paragraph below and indicate whether the athlete's statements are correct or incorrect:
A distance athlete explains why he is taking a vitamin E supplement. He states: "Most people don't realize it but oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects. I try to counter the harmful effects by taking a vitamin E supplement. Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance. Besides, recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements. I'm concerned that my vitamin E intake may be low since I purposefully keep my calorie intake low so I don't gain any body fat and I follow a low-fat diet. Someone told me that when you take high levels of vitamin E it actually has an opposite effect and it is no longer works as an antioxidant, but I don't think that is true."
High levels can actually have an opposite effect and the vitamin E no longer works as an antioxidant.

A) Correct statement
B) Incorrect statement

Question 75

read the paragraph below and indicate whether the athlete's statements are correct or incorrect:
A distance athlete explains why he is taking a vitamin E supplement. He states: "Most people don't realize it but oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects. I try to counter the harmful effects by taking a vitamin E supplement. Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance. Besides, recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements. I'm concerned that my vitamin E intake may be low since I purposefully keep my calorie intake low so I don't gain any body fat and I follow a low-fat diet. Someone told me that when you take high levels of vitamin E it actually has an opposite effect and it is no longer works as an antioxidant, but I don't think that is true."
Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance.

A) Correct statement
B) Incorrect statement

Question 76

read the paragraph below and indicate whether the athlete's statements are correct or incorrect:
A distance athlete explains why he is taking a vitamin E supplement. He states: "Most people don't realize it but oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects. I try to counter the harmful effects by taking a vitamin E supplement. Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance. Besides, recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements. I'm concerned that my vitamin E intake may be low since I purposefully keep my calorie intake low so I don't gain any body fat and I follow a low-fat diet. Someone told me that when you take high levels of vitamin E it actually has an opposite effect and it is no longer works as an antioxidant, but I don't think that is true."
Recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements.

A) Correct statement
B) Incorrect statement

Question 77

How are vitamin C and vitamin E related?

A) Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E after it has been oxidized.
B) Vitamin E regenerates vitamin C after it has been oxidized.
C) Both are antioxidants involved in reactions in extracellular tissue.
D) Both are antioxidants involved in intracellular reactions.

Question 78

read the paragraph below and indicate whether the athlete's statements are correct or incorrect:
A distance athlete explains why he is taking a vitamin E supplement. He states: "Most people don't realize it but oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects. I try to counter the harmful effects by taking a vitamin E supplement. Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance. Besides, recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements. I'm concerned that my vitamin E intake may be low since I purposefully keep my calorie intake low so I don't gain any body fat and I follow a low-fat diet. Someone told me that when you take high levels of vitamin E it actually has an opposite effect and it is no longer works as an antioxidant, but I don't think that is true."
Oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects.

A) Correct statement
B) Incorrect statement

Question 79

Which antioxidant vitamin listed depends on vitamin C for regeneration after it has been oxidized?

A) Vitamin A as retinol
B) Vitamin A as carotenoids
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E

Question 80

Beta-carotene is a form of:

A) folic acid.
B) vitamin A.
C) vitamin C.
D) vitamin E.