Deck 3: Energy Systems and Exercise

Question 1

Explain the response of oxygen consumption to steady state, sub-maximal exercise

Answer 1

not answer

Question 2

Evaluate creatine supplements based on legality, ethics, safety, and effectiveness

Answer 2

not answer

Question 3

Which of the following is a true statement regarding creatine supplementation?

A) Has been shown to be beneficial for both strength and endurance athletes
B) Has a direct effect on improving strength, speed, and power for strength athletes
C) Causes dehydration and muscle cramping in strength athletes
D) Allows strength and power athletes to sustain high-intensity training

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Those who respond to creatine supplementation could expect that muscle creatine phosphate concentrations would increase by approximately ____%.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 37
D) 50

Question 5

What is the major factor that limits the use of the creatine phosphate energy system?

A) The pH of the cell increases
B) Creatine phosphate can be depleted
C) Muscle glycogen can be depleted
D) Increased oxygen consumption

Question 6

How many chemical steps are required for the rephosphorylation of ATP by creatine phosphate?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 18
D) 124

Question 7

Compare and contrast the three energy systems and give examples of physical activities, exercise, or sports in which each is the predominant energy system.

Question 8

What is the effect on muscle ATP and creatine phosphate (CrP) when an athlete performs very-high-intensity exercise for a very short period of time (e.g., 10 seconds)?

A) ATP and CrP both decline rapidly and in concert with each other.
B) Neither ATP nor CrP decline much because of the very short duration of exercise.
C) CrP declines rapidly but there is virtually no decline in ATP.
D) ATP declines then plateaus while CrP declines substantially.

Question 9

Explain the concept of respiratory exchange ratio and describe the process of determining the percentage of fat and carbohydrate fuel utilization.

Question 10

In healthy strength and power athletes, creatine supplements are considered to be:

A) safe and effective.
B) safe but ineffective.
C) unsafe but effective.
D) unsafe and ineffective.

Question 11

Outline the process of carbohydrate, fat, and protein (amino acid) oxidation.

Question 12

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the function of creatine phosphate (CrP)?

A) It functions in exactly the same way as ATP; there is just less CrP in cells
B) CrP directly powers muscle contraction
C) CrP rapidly replenishes ATP
D) All of the above

Question 13

If creatine phosphate is nearly depleted in skeletal muscle by high-intensity exercise, how is it rephosphorylated?

A) By consuming creatine as a dietary supplement
B) By consuming ATP as a dietary supplement
C) From ATP generated anaerobically by glycolysis
D) From ATP generated aerobically by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

Describe the characteristics of the creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation energy systems.

Question 15

Explain the concept of maximal oxygen consumption and become familiar with relative values of VO2 max.

Question 16

In a well-designed study, a statistically significant increase in maximal strength with creatine supplementation was detected at 12 weeks but not at 1 week. What is the likely explanation?

A) Creatine supplementation allowed athletes to complete more weight lifting repetitions and sets, but the effects of the training are not seen immediately.
B) It takes time (about three months) for the body to increase the total amount of ATP stored in muscle.
C) Time was needed to maximize carbohydrate stores because creatine storage and function are directly related to the size of muscle glycogen stores.
D) Hormonal balance is altered, but the changes are slow and subtle and not detectable for approximately 12 weeks.

Question 17

Based on dietary intake only, whom would you expect to have the lowest amount of muscle creatine?

A) Vegetarians
B) Red meat eaters
C) Fish eaters
D) No differences would be expected based on dietary intake

Question 18

If creatine phosphate is nearly depleted in skeletal muscle by high-intensity exercise, approximately how long does it take to restore creatine phosphate levels?

A) 1-2 seconds
B) 1-2 minutes
C) 1-2 hours
D) 1-2 days

Question 19

What is creatine phosphate (CrP)?

A) An amino acid
B) A nitrogen-containing compound made from amino acids
C) A phosphate-containing protein
D) A byproduct of the breakdown of creatinine

Question 20

Which of the following is a true statement regarding creatine supplementation?

A) The usual daily dose is 3 to 5 g
B) Some people do not respond to creatine supplementation
C) An increase in muscle cell water is expected
D) All of the above

Question 21

Which of the following is a true statement about lactate?

A) It is a waste product that "poisons" muscle and other tissues.
B) It is produced by muscle only during high-intensity exercise.
C) It is metabolized via aerobic metabolism.
D) It is a metabolic waste product.

Question 22

Why is pyruvate considered a "key glycolytic compound"?

A) It can be metabolized either anaerobically or aerobically.
B) It has the simplest chemical structure of all the substrates used for energy.
C) It is the entry point for aerobic metabolism of all carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
D) It is more stable than acetyl CoA.

Question 23

The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to:

A) degrade glucose or glycogen to lactate and produce ATP.
B) oxidize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and ready them for ATP production.
C) generate large amounts of ATP and related compounds.
D) produce carbon dioxide and water for use in other energy-yielding systems.

Question 24

The primary function of the electron transport chain is to:

A) initiate the glycolysis reaction and produce ATP.
B) oxidize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
C) produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.
D) shuttle electrons from NADH and FADH to rephosphorylate ATP.

Question 25

Why is there a difference between the amount of ATP produced by glucose and by glycogen?

A) The breakdown of glycogen requires many more steps thus more ATP is produced along the way.
B) The breakdown of glycogen requires less ATP in the energy investment phase.
C) Glucose and glycogen use very different metabolic pathways to yield pyruvate and that accounts for the difference in ATP production.
D) Less water is produced when glucose is the starting compound and that directly affects ATP production.

Question 26

The energy source preferred by exercising muscle for the process of anaerobic glycolysis is:

A) glucose.
B) glycogen.
C) glycerol.
D) creatine.

Question 27

The rate-limiting enzyme associated with the Krebs cycle is:

A) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
B) creatine kinase (CK).
C) phosphofructokinase (PFK).
D) isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH).

Question 28

A total of _____ ATP are produced by the aerobic breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle.

A) 35
B) 36
C) 37
D) 38

Question 29

Why does the amount of ATP produced in skeletal muscle differ from the amount produced in other tissues?

A) Skeletal muscle is more efficient than other tissues in the production of ATP.
B) Skeletal muscle transfers electrons via FAD while other tissues use NAD.
C) Skeletal muscle completely oxidizes carbohydrates while other tissues do not.
D) Skeletal muscle has fewer rate-limiting enzymes than do other tissues.

Question 30

The purpose of beta-oxidation is to:

A) insure that oxidation-reduction reactions remain coupled.
B) stabilize unstable molecules in the mitochondria.
C) add oxygen molecules to the oxidative phosphorylation process as needed.
D) remove two-carbon segments from fatty acids and convert them to acetyl CoA.

Question 31

Anaerobic glycolysis is an energy system that uses:

A) carbohydrate only.
B) carbohydrate preferentially, but fat or protein if necessary.
C) carbohydrate, protein, or fat based on availability.
D) carbohydrate, protein, fat, or alcohol .

Question 32

How does the amount of ATP produced from the breakdown of one molecule of carbohydrate compare to that from the breakdown of one molecule of a fatty acid?

A) The amount produced is about the same.
B) The amount produced via carbohydrate is about 2 times as much.
C) The amount produced via fat is about 3.5 times as much.
D) The amount produced via fat is about 5 times as much.

Question 33

The most important carriers for electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions are:

A) ADP and ATP.
B) CrP and ATP.
C) NAD and FAD.
D) GDP and GTP.

Question 34

The process of giving up electrons is called:

A) oxidation.
B) reduction.
C) dehydrogenation.
D) hydrogenation.

Question 35

The duration of the anaerobic glycolysis energy system is approximately:

A) 30 seconds.
B) 1-2 minutes.
C) 1-2 hours.
D) 1-2 days.

Question 36

Anaerobic production of ATP can occur in the:

A) mitochondria via glycolysis.
B) mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation.
C) cytoplasm/sarcoplasm via glycolysis.
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum via resoporification.

Question 37

The current recommendations made regarding the safety and effectiveness of creatine are based on:

A) weak epidemiological research.
B) strong epidemiological research.
C) weak experimental research.
D) strong experimental research.

Question 38

The net (final) ATP production from anaerobic glycolysis is:

A) 2 ATPs if beginning with glycogen.
B) 3 ATPs if beginning with glucose.
C) 3 ATPs if beginning with glycogen.
D) 38 ATPs if beginning with glucose.

Question 39

The term aerobic energy system refers to:

A) the creatine phosphate energy system.
B) anaerobic glycolysis.
C) oxidative phosphorylation.
D) all of the above

Question 40

The rate of glycolysis in muscle is controlled primarily by:

A) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
B) myosin ATPase.
C) creatine kinase (CK).
D) phosphofructokinase (PFK).

Question 41

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on endurance capacity:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 42

arrange the 4 energy sources named in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Adipose tissue triglyceride

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 43

What is the slowest and most complex energy system used to produce ATP?

A) Anaerobic glycolysis
B) Creatine phosphate
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Glycogenolysis

Question 44

Even under severe conditions during exercise, protein metabolism makes up at most approximately _____% of total energy expenditure.

A) 1
B) 10
C) 25
D) 30

Question 45

Metabolism of one molecule of which of the following produces the highest number of ATPs?

A) Glucose via anaerobic glycolysis
B) Glucose via oxidative phosphorylation
C) Amino acid metabolism (e.g. alanine)
D) Fat metabolism (e.g. palmitate)

Question 46

arrange the 4 energy sources named in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Muscle glycogen

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 47

Metabolism of one molecule of which of the following produces the lowest number of ATPs?

A) Creatine phosphate
B) Glucose via anaerobic glycolysis
C) Glucose via oxidative phosphorylation
D) Amino acid metabolism (e.g. alanine)

Question 48

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on endurance capacity:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Anaerobic glycolysis

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 49

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
slowest fastest
Oxidative phosphorylation (fat)

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 50

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Oxidative phosphorylation (fat)

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 51

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Creatine phosphate

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 52

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
slowest fastest
Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 53

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Anaerobic glycolysis

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 54

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
slowest fastest
Anaerobic glycolysis

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 55

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
slowest fastest
Creatine phosphate

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 56

The fastest and least complex energy system used to produce ATP is:

A) anaerobic glycolysis.
B) creatine phosphate.
C) oxidative phosphorylation.
D) glycogenolysis.

Question 57

Which nutrient is NOT metabolized by the body to produce energy?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Fats
D) Vitamins

Question 58

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on endurance capacity:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Creatine phosphate

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 59

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on endurance capacity:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Oxidative phosphorylation (fat)

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 60

arrange the 4 energy systems named in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 61

When an individual is in a fed state (the time when nutrients are being absorbed), which hormone exerts the most influence?

A) Epinephrine (adrenaline)
B) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
C) Insulin
D) Glucagon

Question 62

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is a way of determining the body's metabolism of:

A) creatine phosphate and ATP.
B) amino acids.
C) carbohydrate and fat.
D) lactate.

Question 63

The elevated oxygen consumption during recovery from an exercise bout is called EPOC or:

A) oxygen debt.
B) oxygen deficit.
C) anaerobic threshold.
D) fat burning zone.

Question 64

arrange the 4 energy sources named in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Liver glycogen

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a true statement of nutrient metabolism in the post-absorptive state?

A) Fat is released from adipose cells for use as energy
B) Storage of muscle glycogen is enhanced
C) Liver glycogen is broken down to maintain blood glucose concentration
D) Amino acids are unlikely to be used as energy

Question 66

Which of the following does NOT occur as a result of low-intensity, steady state exercise lasting more than 20 minutes?

A) The energy system that predominates is oxidative phosphorylation
B) The percentage of energy from fat decreases
C) The percentage of energy from fat increases
D) There is an increase in fatty acid release from adipocytes and uptake by muscle

Question 67

The rephosphorylation of ATP is an endergonic reaction.

Question 68

When alcohol consumption is moderate, the primary pathway for the metabolism of alcohol is the:

A) alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway.
B) microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS).
C) acetyl CoA overflow pathway.
D) aldosterone-retinol system.

Question 69

The average O2 max for young adults is approximately _____ ml/kg/min:

A) 25-30 for both females and males
B) 35-40 for females and 40-45 for males
C) 45-50 for females and 55-60 for males
D) > 50 but < 80 for both females and males

Question 70

The lack of muscle glycogen stores will limit which of the following energy systems?

A) Creatine phosphate
B) Anaerobic glycolysis
C) Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)
D) Oxidative phosphorylation (fat)

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding the influence of insulin in the fed state?

A) Favors cellular uptake of glucose
B) Favors the storage of glycogen
C) Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen
D) Inhibits the storage of fat

Question 72

Under anaerobic conditions, which of the following can be used to form ATP?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Fats
D) a and c

Question 73

Which of the following is true as exercise intensity increases?

A) At a certain point aerobic metabolism is shut off and anaerobic metabolism is turned on.
B) When the anaerobic threshold is reached muscles stop getting oxygen and suddenly begin producing lactate, which can be measured in the blood.
C) There is a point in ultraendurance activities where fat metabolism stops completely and protein metabolism supplies nearly all of the energy.
D) Energy is supplied in a smooth continuum where one system may predominate depending upon the intensity.

Question 74

Of the following individuals, which one is most likely to convert excess carbohydrate molecules to fatty acid molecules?

A) Well-trained ultraendurance athlete
B) Well-trained endurance athlete
C) Well-trained strength athlete
D) Sedentary individual

Question 75

Which of the following respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values would indicate metabolism of pure carbohydrate?

A) 0.70
B) 0.85
C) 1.00
D) 1.15

Question 76

Which energy system is least likely to be affected by dietary intake?

A) Creatine phosphate
B) Anaerobic glycolysis
C) Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)
D) Oxidative phosphorylation (fat or protein)

Question 77

The greatest influence on maximal oxygen consumption is:

A) age.
B) genetics.
C) gender.
D) aerobic exercise training.

Question 78

Which of the following respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values would indicate metabolism of pure fat?

A) 0.70
B) 0.85
C) 1.00
D) 1.15

Question 79

What happens to the rate of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway when alcohol consumption is rapid and large?

A) Rate increases in response to greater volume
B) Rate decreases in response to greater volume
C) Rate is virtually unchanged

Question 80

arrange the 4 energy sources named in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…..A…..B…..C…..D…..
least greatest
Blood glucose

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest