Deck 4: Individual Values, Perceptions and Reactions

Question 1

When a person first encounters a stressor, the first stage is called alarm.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Stress is defined as an individual's adaptive response to a stimulus.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Because stress is harmful, it should be eliminated.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In the workplace, stress is sometimes a positive factor.

Question 5

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to a stressor without resolution.

Question 6

Basic perceptual processes include selective perception and stereotyping.

Question 7

A person who screens out information because he or she is uncomfortable with the information or the information contradicts his or her belief is affected by stereotyping.

Question 8

The two most significant forms of withdrawal behaviour are absenteeism and quitting.

Question 9

Supervision is not considered to be an important institutional role in managing workplace stress.

Question 10

Two basic organisational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programmes and individual coping mechanisms.

Question 11

Stress in organisational settings is not influenced by events that take place outside the organisation.

Question 12

Organisational consequences of stress include a decline in performance, heart disease and headaches.

Question 13

Distress is known as the positive form of stress.

Question 14

The use of support groups is an effective organisational strategy for adapting to and managing stress.

Question 15

Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when a person simultaneously experiences too much pressure and has too few sources of satisfaction.

Question 16

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is congruence among attitudes, perceptions and behaviours.

Question 17

Task demands include group pressures, leadership and interpersonal conflict.

Question 18

Stimuli that cause stress are called stressors.

Question 19

Better managing a daily schedule through effective time management can reduce stress on the job.

Question 20

Temperature can create stress in the organisational environment.

Question 21

Trade-offs between extreme demands are usually needed when balancing work-life linkages.

Question 22

Stressors are defined as

A) stress on the job.
B) the result of mismanagement.
C) stress that accompanies negative events.
D) anything that induces stress.
E) situations that should be avoided.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT true about the general adaptation syndrome model?

A) Everyone has a stress threshold.
B) Some people cannot tolerate much stress at all.
C) Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress.
D) Some people can tolerate a great deal of stress.
E) Each person has a normal level of resistance to stressful events.

Question 24

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people wonder how to cope with stressors?

A) Resistance
B) Exhaustion
C) Realisation
D) Emotion
E) Alarm

Question 25

Which of the following is a basic cause of stress in organisations?

A) Life change
B) Life trauma
C) Intrinsic demands
D) Extrinsic demands
E) Physical demands

Question 26

A person who generally sees things in a positive light and seems to be in a good mood most of the time has a high level of

A) locus of control.
B) self-efficacy.
C) conscientiousness.
D) positive affectivity.
E) Machiavellianism.

Question 27

Task demands that are too low can cause a person to

A) develop healthy coping techniques.
B) become bored.
C) be healthy and pleased with life.
D) feel invigorated.
E) become anxious about time pressures.

Question 28

One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that

A) attitudes are more difficult to assess than personality attributes.
B) attitudes are stronger than personality attributes.
C) attitudes are more deeply rooted than personality attributes.
D) attitudes are less important than personality attributes in predicting behaviour.
E) attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes.

Question 29

After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for your college tuition, you vowed never to work in a restaurant again.But after graduation the only job offer you receive is a managerial job at a local restaurant.Your acceptance of this job may result in __________ dissonance.

A) attitudinal
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) affective
E) intentional

Question 30

Tumi is generally pessimistic and usually sees things in a negative light.Tumi has a relatively high degree of

A) self-criticism.
B) negative affectivity.
C) locus of control.
D) Machiavellianism.
E) self-efficacy.

Question 31

When a large-scale layoff is announced in Raaif's company, all the workers including Raaif begin to complain.According to attribution theory, we would evaluate Raaif's behaviour as exhibiting

A) high consistency.
B) high distinctiveness.
C) low consistency.
D) low consensus.
E) high consensus.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of distress?

A) Excessive pressure to perform
B) Mental preparations before playing a sport
C) Giving a speech
D) Getting married
E) Getting a promotion

Question 33

__________ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.

A) Perceived reality
B) Person-job fit
C) Selective perception
D) Complementary congruence
E) Objective reality

Question 34

A moderate degree of workload-related stress can

A) stimulate energy and motivation.
B) overload the nervous system.
C) weaken the physical system.
D) result in apathy.
E) increase anxiety.

Question 35

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people give up because they can no longer cope with the stressor?

A) Deflation
B) Exhaustion
C) Realisation
D) Resistance
E) Alarm

Question 36

The __________ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation.

A) cognition
B) intention
C) perception
D) affect
E) intellect

Question 37

The __________ component of an attitude guides an individual's behaviour in a situation.

A) cognition
B) intellect
C) expectation
D) affect
E) intention

Question 38

A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a(n) ____ organisational stressor.

A) physical demand
B) personal demand
C) task demand
D) role demand
E) interpersonal demand

Question 39

If you are satisfied with your job because you are given good benefits, this is a(n) __________ component of your attitude.

A) affect
B) intention
C) intellect
D) behaviour
E) cognition

Question 40

George is highly committed and has an attachment to the organisation where he works.He feels he is a true member of the company.George is demonstrating

A) organisational citizenship.
B) organisational commitment.
C) job identification.
D) job satisfaction.
E) job involvement.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress?

A) Making a to-do list
B) Sitting quietly with eyes closed
C) Taking a rest break
D) Taking a vacation
E) Taking a nap

Question 42

Which of the following types of value reflects our long-term life goals?

A) Intrinsic
B) Extrinsic
C) Primary
D) Terminal
E) Instrumental

Question 43

Which of the following types of value reflects how we want to accomplish what we want to accomplish?

A) Intrinsic
B) Extrinsic
C) Primary
D) Terminal
E) Instrumental

Question 44

Usually, high work stress results in __________ job performance.

A) equal or better
B) decreased
C) no effect on
D) increased
E) usually increased, but sometimes decreased

Question 45

Intrinsic work values are defined as

A) values related to your education.
B) values related to the work itself.
C) values not related to the work.
D) values related to your family.
E) values related to the outcome of doing the work.

Question 46

Behavioural consequences of organisational stress include all of the following EXCEPT

A) smoking.
B) alcohol abuse.
C) negative changes in attitudes.
D) aggression.
E) appetite disorders.

Question 47

Work-life relationships that are separate from work include all of the following EXCEPT

A) a person's spouse.
B) career goals.
C) dependants.
D) personal life interests.
E) friendship networks.

Question 48

All of the following are signs of burnout except

A) putting in long hours, but getting little accomplished.
B) dreading going to work.
C) mental exhaustion.
D) physical exhaustion.
E) strenuous exercise.

Question 49

Medical, psychological and behavioural responses to stress are primarily

A) eustress.
B) burnout.
C) hardiness adjustments.
D) individual consequences.
E) organisational consequences.

Question 50

Smoking and alcohol abuse are __________ consequences of too much stress at work.

A) psychological
B) medical
C) behavioural
D) physiological
E) cognitive

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested steps for time management?

A) Impression management
B) Make a list every morning
C) Work on tasks in order of importance
D) Identify critical activities
E) Identify trivial activities

Question 52

All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT

A) leadership style.
B) personalities.
C) group norms.
D) job security.
E) group acceptance.

Question 53

All of the following are direct organisational consequences of stress EXCEPT

A) accident proneness.
B) poor work quality.
C) turnover.
D) absenteeism.
E) lower productivity.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral programme?

A) Career development
B) Employee fitness
C) Health promotion
D) Stress management
E) Shift work

Question 55

Common dimensions of a person's life that are not tied specifically to work include all of the following EXCEPT

A) hobbies.
B) spouse or life companion.
C) religious affiliations.
D) dependents.
E) working hours.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a type of value?

A) Intrinsic
B) Extrinsic
C) Primary
D) Terminal
E) Instrumental

Question 57

A(n) ____ is a set of expected behaviours associated with a particular position in a group or organisation.

A) information node
B) stressor
C) role
D) catalyst
E) demand

Question 58

Burnout

A) is most frequently found among high achievers.
B) occurs when the worker enrols in stress management programmes.
C) occurs when a worker puts too little of himself or herself into the job.
D) is more common among women than men.
E) is found more often in Type B personalities.

Question 59

Medical consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT

A) strokes.
B) ulcers.
C) accident proneness.
D) heart attacks.
E) headaches.

Question 60

Psychological consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT

A) depression.
B) sleeping too much.
C) not sleeping enough.
D) headaches.
E) family problems.

Question 61

Interpersonal value conflict occurs when

A) highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict.
B) highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel.
C) two different people hold contradictory values.
D) two different people hold parallel values.
E) None of these are correct.

Question 62

Which of the following statements most clearly embodies continuance commitment?

A) 'I work here because it would be wrong of me to quit.'
B) 'I work here because I'm afraid to quit.'
C) 'I work here because I want to.'
D) 'I work here because I have to work somewhere.'
E) 'I work here because I don't have a choice.'

Question 63

Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance?

A) Change your behaviour
B) Change your attitude
C) Reason about the situation
D) Search for additional information
E) All of these are correct.

Question 64

__________ workers do not perform close to their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort.

A) Introverted
B) Efficient
C) Inefficient
D) Engaged
E) Disengaged

Question 65

An employee who just earned an MBA paid for by an organisation's tuition reimbursement programme might feel a moral obligation to stay with the employer for at least a few years to repay the debt.This person would be classified by which of the following types of commitment?

A) Dysfunctional
B) Continuance
C) Affective
D) Normative
E) None of these are correct.

Question 66

Employees who find intrinsic value in their work are doing what is

A) important to them.
B) important to their spouse.
C) not important to them.
D) obligatory.
E) None of these are correct.

Question 67

An example of an intrinsic work value is

A) health insurance.
B) social contact with friends.
C) having lots of time to spend with family.
D) challenging work.
E) financial gain.

Question 68

Individual-organisation value conflict occurs when

A) an employee's values conflict with the values of the organisation.
B) an employee's values conflict with the values of another employee.
C) a friend's values conflict with the values of the organisation.
D) family values conflict with the values of a friend.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 69

__________ is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for his/her job, organisation, manager, or co-workers that, in turn, influences him or her to apply additional discretionary effort to his or her work

A) Normative commitment
B) Affective commitment
C) Community engagement
D) Employee engagement
E) Job satisfaction

Question 70

__________ is a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions.

A) Psychology
B) Creativity
C) Intelligence
D) Affectivity
E) Personality

Question 71

Extrinsic work values are defined as

A) values related to your family.
B) values related to the types of work you do.
C) values that give you a lot of job responsibility.
D) values related to the outcomes of the work.
E) values that give you challenging opportunities at work.

Question 72

Engagement is enhanced when employees

A) have clear goals and roles.
B) have the resources needed to do a good job.
C) get meaningful feedback on their performance.
D) are able to use their talents.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 73

__________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organisation and strong identification with its values and goals.

A) Dysfunctional
B) Continuance
C) Affective
D) Normative
E) None of these are correct.

Question 74

__________ commitment is defined as feeling obliged to stay with an organisation for moral or ethical reasons.

A) Dysfunctional
B) Continuance
C) Affective
D) Normative
E) None of these are correct.

Question 75

__________ commitment is defined as staying with an organisation because of perceived high economic and/or social costs involved with leaving.

A) Dysfunctional
B) Continuance
C) Affective
D) Normative
E) None of these are correct.

Question 76

As a manager, if you want to increase your subordinates' job satisfaction, focus first on

A) improving their after-work activities.
B) improving the nature of the work itself.
C) locating the office in a nice place.
D) locating the break room in a nice place.
E) ensuring that the work area is always pulsing with sweet jams.

Question 77

Our job satisfaction tends to __________ over time, __________ when we change jobs or employers.

A) increase, especially
B) decrease, especially
C) fluctuate randomly, including
D) stay constant, even
E) stay constant, except

Question 78

Which of the following are two types of affectivity?

A) Positive and negative
B) High and low
C) Distress and eustress
D) Anxious and relaxed
E) Odd and even

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that have the greatest influence on job satisfaction?

A) Values
B) Personality
C) The work itself
D) Alma mater
E) Attitudes

Question 80

Intrapersonal value conflict occurs when

A) highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict.
B) highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel.
C) two different people hold contradictory values.
D) two different people hold parallel values.
E) None of these are correct.