Deck 8: Northern Transformations, 1790-1850

Question 1

Easterners described frontiersmen as

A) violent, drunken, filthy "white savages."
B) hard-working, productive yeomen farmers.
C) simple, innocent, childlike primitives.
D) honest, public-minded, democratic citizens.
E) traitors who had joined forces with the French and Indians.

Answer 1

violent, drunken, filthy "white savages."

Question 2

In early American rural neighborhoods

A) most farm families lived in isolation from each other.
B) paper money was widely used.
C) a farmer rarely kept track of debts owed by other farmers.
D) few farmers were self-sufficient.
E) the practice of bartering was considered "un-American."

Answer 2

few farmers were self-sufficient.

Question 3

Most agricultural improvements were directed toward which of the following?

A) indigo
B) grain
C) sugar
D) tobacco
E) cotton

Answer 3

grain

Question 4

Thomas Jefferson saw the ideal American society as one whose economy was dominated by

A) master craftsmen.
B) wage laborers.
C) seaport merchants.
D) rural farmers.
E) an urban working class.

Question 5

Which of the following was true of industrial development in the early constitutional era?

A) There was none.
B) A majority of northern men were industrial workers.
C) The factory system was decentralized.
D) Women and children did not work in factories.
E) Jeffersonians were more in favor of industrial development than Federalists.

Question 6

After 1790, the responsibilities for running American farm households

A) fell more exclusively on women.
B) decreased.
C) were mostly given to the older children.
D) were turned over to servants.
E) were equally shared by all family members.

Question 7

During the 1820s New England storekeepers

A) shipped their goods to England and Europe.
B) depended almost entirely on locally produced goods for their retail sales.
C) depended on a barter exchange of goods and services, rather than cash sales.
D) saw their business decline significantly.
E) increased their stock of consumer goods significantly

Question 8

Which of the following was not a result of rising farm incomes after 1790?

A) the improved appearance of rural houses by painting and planting flowers
B) the purchases of salt, pepper and gunpowder
C) a greater concern with personal and household cleanliness
D) the ownership of mirrors and watches
E) the use of individual place settings for eating

Question 9

In 1815 the largest American city was

A) Philadelphia.
B) Baltimore.
C) Newark.
D) New York City.
E) Boston.

Question 10

During the early republic, Indians living on western lands

A) were generally able to maintain their territorial holdings.
B) received considerable political and military help from Britain.
C) were constantly pushed further west.
D) saw, by 1820, nearly 100,000 white settlers move onto their lands.
E) were never more unified.

Question 11

Which of the following was true of American cities in 1790?

A) There were fifty cities with populations exceeding 10,000.
B) The largest cities were all seaports.
C) International commerce had yet to affect the composition and location of the largest cities.
D) Only twenty percent of the nation's population lived in cities.
E) A city was defined as having at least 10,000 people.

Question 12

After the revolution, land inheritance by farm fathers

A) decreased in frequency and decreased in size of lands.
B) increased in frequency but decreased in size of lands.
C) decreased in frequency but increased in size of lands.
D) increased in frequency and increased in size of lands.
E) remained constant as before the Revolution.

Question 13

As a result of the market revolution

A) Americans began to limit the size of their families.
B) distinctions began to be made regarding men's versus women's work.
C) new kinds of work emerged.
D) the nature of housework changed.
E) all of these choices

Question 14

Farm labor in post-revolutionary America saw

A) women increasingly do the field work.
B) the sickle as the principal harvest tool.
C) work carefully divided by sex.
D) hoes replace ploughs as the primary tool for cultivation.
E) Thomas Jefferson advocate an American adoption of the French peasant labor system.

Question 15

By 1818 the National Road

A) ran from Washington D.C to Atlanta.
B) was a smooth, crushed rock thoroughfare.
C) had dramatically reduced the cost of moving goods inland.
D) signaled the decline in steamboat traffic.
E) all of these choices

Question 16

Urban master artisans during the years of the early republic

A) experienced no change in their social or economic status.
B) were unlikely to enter the emerging business class.
C) lived in a pristine environment free from filth and disease.
D) were able to support their families on their own.
E) increasingly subcontracted their "slop work" work to younger artisans.

Question 17

The federal census of 1790 found that more than ____ of Americans lived in rural areas.

A) 50 percent
B) 60 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 80 percent
E) 90 percent

Question 18

American society in the early nineteenth century

A) became more democratic and individualistic.
B) was authoritarian and paternalistic.
C) witnessed a significant decline in alcohol consumption.
D) slavishly copied European styles and manners.
E) suffered a decline in population.

Question 19

The young, single women who worked under the Waltham system

A) formed a permanent, professional workforce.
B) drank, kept late hours, and generally had bad reputations.
C) supported their parents and paid for the college educations of their brothers.
D) organized unions that violently resisted their exploitation.
E) saved some of their money for dowries and spent some on clothes and books.

Question 20

All of the following were true of farmers after 1790 except

A) they ate most of what they grew.
B) they traded with their neighbors.
C) they sent surplus products to outside markets.
D) they generally raised only one variety of animal or plant.
E) they profited from world markets without becoming dependent on them.

Question 21

In the mid-nineteenth century, new female housework responsibilities included

A) spinning yarn and weaving textiles for the family's clothing.
B) less time spent in child supervision and individualized care.
C) cash-producing activities such as candle making and cheese production.
D) less time spent on planting flower beds and cleaning furniture.
E) more time spent washing, sewing, and ironing.

Question 22

Farm newspapers encouraged farmers to keep records of all of the following except

A) amount of fertilizer used.
B) neighboring.
C) labor costs.
D) per-acre yields.
E) expenses.

Question 23

Eastern visitors described the backcountry as which of the following?

A) clean
B) civilized
C) filthy
D) organized
E) none of these choices

Question 24

The first power-driven spinning mill in the United States was built by ____ in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

A) Richard Arkwright
B) Nathaniel Appleton
C) Francis Cabot Lowell
D) Samuel Slater
E) Thomas Edison

Question 25

Backcountry whites adopted all of the following practices except

A) girdling trees so that they would fall down naturally.
B) depending on game for food and animal skins for trade.
C) leaving their women behind to tend the farms when they hunted.
D) engaging in drunken brawls.
E) cooperating economically with local Indians.

Question 26

The Waltham, or Lowell, system of textile manufacturing primarily employed

A) entire families.
B) immigrants.
C) young men.
D) children.
E) young women.

Question 27

An 1816 Senate report stated that it cost the same to transport one ton of goods across the Atlantic Ocean as it did to move one ton of goods ____ miles inland.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 60
D) 90
E) 150

Question 28

Young women employed in the New England textile mills

A) grew more dependent upon their families because of their experience.
B) grew increasingly independent from their families because of their experience.
C) remained relatively unchanged because of their experience.
D) tended to keep their jobs for many years, and in some cases for life.
E) joined labor unions and led violent strikes against the factories.

Question 29

All of the following statements regarding transportation in 1815 are true except

A) it was easier to transport goods into western settlements than out
B) transportation west of the Appalachians was almost entirely undeveloped
C) transporting goods by boat between Louisville and New Orleans took three to four months
D) the cost of transporting wheat from Buffalo to New York City tripled its price
E) trans-Appalachian settlements were marginal to the market economy

Question 30

In the early nineteenth century, in seaport cities

A) life expectancy was higher than in the countryside.
B) accountants were being replaced by bookkeepers.
C) there was very little poverty.
D) wealth was becoming much more concentrated.
E) epidemics of disease were becoming rare.

Question 31

The main issue for southerners deciding to migrate north involved the issue of

A) available transportation networks.
B) different cultural issues between the north and south.
C) leaving family behind.
D) slavery.
E) differences in climate.

Question 32

Most canals built in the 1830s were built and financed by

A) state governments.
B) private corporations.
C) foreign investors.
D) the federal government.
E) associations of farmers.

Question 33

The National Road linked

A) the Potomac River with the Ohio River.
B) the Mississippi River with the Great Lakes.
C) New York City with Boston.
D) The Ohio River with the Mississippi.
E) Boston with Charleston.

Question 34

Which of the following was not a result of the transformed rural landscape of the Northeast in the 1830s and 1840s?

A) Pastures and cultivated croplands were rare.
B) Forests were reduced.
C) Swamps were drained.
D) Streams and rivers were interrupted by mill dams.
E) Bears, panthers, and wolves disappeared.

Question 35

By the 1830s, northeastern farmers' relationship to the market had

A) strengthened.
B) weakened.
C) remained unchanged.
D) became independent of the international market
E) none of these choices

Question 36

During the period from 1790 to 1815, artisans were losing their independent status; most became

A) master craftsmen.
B) wage laborers.
C) merchants.
D) farmers.
E) soldiers.

Question 37

Mid-nineteenth century New England farmers

A) produced most of the food crops for the entire country.
B) relied on beef and dairy products as cash crops.
C) increased the amount of land set aside for cultivation.
D) used the most inefficient and soil-depleting techniques in the United States.
E) were not integrated into the domestic market economy.

Question 38

Eastbound traffic on the National Road consisted largely of

A) cattle and pigs.
B) wheat and corn.
C) lumber.
D) whiskey.
E) cotton.

Question 39

Which of the following was not an agricultural improvement of the mid-1800s?

A) horse-powered threshing machines
B) cast-iron plows
C) the windmill
D) hand-cranked fanning machines
E) the grain cradle

Question 40

The Erie Canal

A) bankrupted the state of New York.
B) replaced the New York Central railroad as the major means of transportation in the Northeast.
C) opened the interior of New York and transformed the frontier into a prosperous commercial area.
D) had little impact on the economy of the Northeast.
E) made fortunes for its developers without the state deriving any real benefit.

Question 41

Early-nineteenth century New England farms were geared toward subsistence.

Question 42

Commercial agriculture in the Northwest was first made feasible by the

A) railroad.
B) steamboat.
C) turnpike.
D) horse and buggy.
E) telegraph.

Question 43

Between 1820 and 1870 the industrial revolution affected the United States as

A) old seaports experienced a slow decline in population.
B) commercial agriculture became less important.
C) international trade became far more valuable than the domestic market.
D) cities grew faster than ever before or since.
E) older, more established urban areas grew faster than new cities.

Question 44

Under the Rhode Island system

A) textile workers bought their own looms and bargained with merchants to establish prices.
B) mill owners created factory towns that included farmland that was rented to the families of textile workers.
C) factories were located in major seaport cities in order to have access to international markets.
D) Rhode Island banks financed industrial development in other states but charged extremely high interest rates.
E) the factories were government owned.

Question 45

The National Road ran from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and linked the nation along its North-South axis.

Question 46

Women in garrets and tenements manufactured all of the following items except

A) clothing.
B) artificial flowers.
C) men's suits.
D) parasols.
E) fancy-bound books.

Question 47

The building of the Erie Canal raised the cost of transporting western wheat in the early nineteenth century.

Question 48

All the following regarding southern farmers who moved into the Northwest is true except they

A) favored free-range livestock
B) remained tied to the river trade
C) often left the south seeing slavery blocked opportunities for them
D) devoted most of their efforts to developing large cultivated farms
E) did not bring slaves with them.

Question 49

In 1811, Francis Lowell received valuable information on designing a factory town from

A) the United States patent office.
B) industrial espionage while in England.
C) speaking to a German inventor.
D) his wife.
E) an international trade conference.

Question 50

The market revolution did not affect the family.

Question 51

State governments took a more or less "laissez-faire" approach to the building of canals in the early nineteenth century.

Question 52

A "market society" transformed not only the economy but how people looked at the world.

Question 53

Improvements in transportation in 1815 tied old communities together and penetrated previously isolated neighborhoods.

Question 54

The first big market in ready-made clothing was for slaves.

Question 55

By 1830, the primary engine of economic development was the North Atlantic trade.

Question 56

The factory villages where entire families labored for mill owners in the process of cloth production was known as the

A) Lowell system.
B) Waltham system.
C) Rhode Island system.
D) Massachusetts system.
E) Carnegie system.

Question 57

Steamboats reduced the cost of transporting goods by river to approximately ____ per ton.

A) one-third of a cent
B) one and half cents
C) five cents
D) seven cents
E) ten cents

Question 58

Between 1820 and 1840, agricultural exports from the Northwest increased by

A) 15 percent.
B) 25 percent.
C) 50 percent.
D) 75 percent.
E) 90 percent.

Question 59

In the Northeast, the rise of livestock specialization reduced the amount of

A) land under cultivation.
B) woodlands.
C) food crops.
D) grain planted.
E) all of these choices

Question 60

By the 1860s, the railroads had replaced canals and rivers as the major transportation avenues in the Northeast.

Question 61

Between 1815 and 1840, northeastern agriculture became a cash-crop business.

Question 62

The major technological improvements in early American industrial development were stolen from English inventors.

Question 63

"Johnny Appleseed" was a fictional character created by Walt Disney.

Question 64

As a result of the market revolution, old practices and old forms of neighborliness fell into disuse.

Question 65

The canal boom was followed quickly by a boom in railroads.

Question 66

The market revolution occurred only in the North.

Question 67

High costs kept large factories from being located in early nineteenth century cities.

Question 68

Eastern visitors to the backcountry were impressed with the health and industriousness of frontiersmen.

Question 69

Until about 1830, most western settlers were southerners who settled near the tributaries of the Ohio-Mississippi River system.

Question 70

As a result of the market revolution, women spent fewer hours on housework.

Question 71

By 1815, recent economic growth was greatest in seaport cities.

Question 72

Southern farmers were early proponents of the systematic breeding of animals.

Question 73

The status of artisans remained high and did not change.

Question 74

Men and women worked side by side at farm labor in post-revolutionary America.

Question 75

The engine of economic growth in the North and West was international trade.

Question 76

Prior to the rise of the market revolution, bartering was common in farm societies.

Question 77

In general the birth rate declined in areas of greatest commercialization.

Question 78

The market revolution resulted in an increase in the size of the average American family.

Question 79

Thomas Jefferson would have supported an urban "market society".

Question 80

A "razorback" was a southern term for a porcupine.