Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in __________.

A) sensory memory only
B) short-term memory only
C) long-term memory only
D) sensory memory and short-term memory

Answer 1

sensory memory and short-term memory

Question 2

A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which is one reported in your text?

A) repressed memory syndrome
B) tip-of-the-tongue aphasia
C) separating trivial from important memories
D) cognitive penetrance

Answer 2

separating trivial from important memories

Question 3

Which famous memory researcher viewed memory as a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

A) Bartlett
B) Meyer
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Skinner

Answer 3

Bartlett

Question 4

__________ memory is constantly updated.

A) Nondeclarative
B) Semantic
C) Eidetic
D) Episodic

Question 5

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. Which aspect of memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 6

__________ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval
D) Evaluation

Question 7

In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are __________.

A) not physically proximal
B) archaic
C) stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related
D) more subject to rapid decay and decline

Question 8

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________.

A) eidetic images
B) elaborative rehearsals
C) flashbulb memories
D) eyewitness images

Question 9

__________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a usable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Learning
D) Memory

Question 10

The BEST place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in __________.

A) the biology classroom
B) an auditorium to prevent cheating
C) the English classroom
D) the special testing room used for all exams

Question 11

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

A) Yes, because seeing is believing.
B) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest.
C) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony.
D) No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification.

Question 12

People with Alzheimer's disease typically have a memory problem known as __________ amnesia.

A) amygdaloid
B) inferograde
C) retrograde
D) anterograde

Question 13

Declarative memories are to __________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) general knowledge; personal facts
D) personal facts; general knowledge

Question 14

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs __________.

A) within the first hour after learning new material
B) within the first day after learning new material
C) near the end of the retrieval period
D) near the middle of the retrieval period

Question 15

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A) a table
B) a modem
C) a rainbow
D) a photograph

Question 16

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as __________ rehearsal.

A) repetitive
B) imagery
C) elaborative
D) maintenance

Question 17

It's Thanksgiving and your whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of __________.

A) constructive processing
B) hindsight bias
C) adaptation of memory traces
D) flashbulb integration

Question 18

Short-term memories appear to be stored in the __________.

A) occipital lobe
B) cingulate gyrus
C) amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

Question 19

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________.

A) phi phenomenon
B) implicit memory effect
C) serial position effect
D) sequestering effect

Question 20

The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of __________ memory.

A) short-term
B) episodic
C) long-term
D) nondeclarative

Question 21

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called __________.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation

Question 22

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are __________.

A) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage
B) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response
C) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing
D) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

Question 23

Information is simultaneously stored across a series of mental networks "stretched" across the brain in the __________.

A) Craik and Lockhart model of memory
B) multistore model of memory
C) information-processing model of memory
D) parallel distributed processing model of memory

Question 24

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A) Craik and Lockhart's model
B) extinction
C) information-processing model
D) parallel distributed processing model

Question 25

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, __________.

A) information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain
B) information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain
C) information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex
D) processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

Question 26

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A) deeper; shallower
B) shallower; deeper
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 27

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by the levels-of-processing model?

A) recalling an object's function
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 28

The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of __________ model of memory.

A) the information-processing
B) the top-down storage
C) the classical conditioning
D) Tolman's cognitive

Question 29

Darius finished his essay exam in psychology class and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in his essay. Darius's problem was with the __________ component of memory.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) retention

Question 30

Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that __________.

A) the brain has nothing in common with a computer
B) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing
C) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds
D) information flows from one memory system to the next

Question 31

__________ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval
D) Evaluation

Question 32

__________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Learning
D) Memory

Question 33

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________.

A) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
B) CS, UCS, UR, and CR
C) encoding, storage, and retrieval
D) shallow, medium, and deep processing

Question 34

The levels-of-processing model would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?"
C) "Is it written in cursive?"
D) "Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 35

In the __________ model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretched" across the brain.

A) levels-of-processing
B) parallel distributed processing
C) transfer-appropriate processing
D) information-processing

Question 36

The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A) encoding
B) storing
C) retrieving
D) evaluating

Question 37

Which of the following statements is TRUE about retrieval?

A) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
C) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Question 38

Trying to remember the name of someone you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) decoding

Question 39

Jada is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Jada remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Jada is walking down the stairs, she suddenly remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Jada had a problem with __________.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation

Question 40

When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) evaluation

Question 41

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. Which aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 42

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that __________.

A) you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating
B) eidetic images fade in .25 seconds, as Sperling has shown
C) you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it
D) it only helps you remember things from other cultures

Question 43

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in __________ memory.

A) echoic
B) iconic
C) long-term
D) short-term

Question 44

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

A) It is where photographic memories are kept.
B) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from microsaccades.
C) It increases depth of processing.
D) It allows a brief memory of something that was said to you even if you were not paying attention.

Question 45

In the information-processing model of memory, the process of storage would be analogous to which part of a modern computer?

A) a memory stick (or thumb drive)
B) a central processing unit
C) a wireless mouse and keyboard
D) a flat panel monitor

Question 46

The term __________ memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to eidetic imagery.

A) photographic
B) episodic
C) reconstructed
D) affective

Question 47

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

A) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages.
D) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember.

Question 48

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A) a table
B) a modem
C) a rainbow
D) a photograph

Question 49

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report __________.

A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared
B) only one or two of the letters in the cued line
C) the first letter of each line only
D) the middle letter of each line

Question 50

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like __________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 51

In the information-processing model of memory, the process of encoding would be analogous to which part of a modern computer?

A) a memory stick (or thumb drive)
B) a central processing unit
C) a wireless mouse and keyboard
D) a flat panel monitor

Question 52

Meg looks up from her lunch, realizing that Parker has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Meg's ability to retrieve what Parker said is due to her __________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) tactile

Question 53

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as __________.

A) implicit is to explicit
B) auditory is to visual
C) visual is to auditory
D) quick is to slow

Question 54

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 55

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to __________.

A) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could
B) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after the presentation with a very bright light
C) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report
D) test the use of chunking

Question 56

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around __________.

A) four or five items
B) nine or ten items
C) all the letters present
D) one to two items

Question 57

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) semantic
D) working

Question 58

The term photographic memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to __________.

A) affective memory
B) episodic memory
C) reconstructed memory
D) eidetic imagery

Question 59

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 60

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A) iconic memory
B) echoic memory
C) distributed memory
D) procedural memory

Question 61

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

A) 11
B) nine
C) seven
D) five

Question 62

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of __________.

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) automatic encoding
D) selective attention

Question 63

If a person wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of __________.

A) chunking
B) decoding
C) rote rehearsal
D) data compression

Question 64

Catalina finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called __________.

A) codes
B) cues
C) chunks
D) stores

Question 65

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of __________.

A) Broadbent's forgetting theory
B) the homecoming-queen party phenomenon
C) selective attention
D) intimacy

Question 66

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of selective attention?

A) Thorndike
B) Atkinson
C) Sperling
D) Broadbent

Question 67

Chunking is a means of __________.

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B) combining information into meaningful units
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
D) storing long-term memories

Question 68

Current research finds that younger adults can hold __________ items in short-term (working) memory if they do not use any type of retention strategy.

A) three to five
B) five to seven
C) five to nine
D) nine to 12

Question 69

Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of __________.

A) Broadbent's process of selective memory
B) the phi phenomenon
C) the cocktail-party effect
D) cue-controlled inhibition

Question 70

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of __________.

A) chunking
B) categorizing
C) rote rehearsal
D) cueing

Question 71

Carrie is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of __________.

A) Broadbent's forgetting theory
B) the homecoming-queen party phenomenon
C) selective attention
D) intimacy

Question 72

Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) secondary memory
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 73

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.

A) five, plus or minus four
B) seven, plus or minus two
C) nine, plus or minus three
D) 11, plus or minus one

Question 74

According to Baddeley, which memory system is BEST conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, and auditory action recorder?

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) procedural memory

Question 75

Ivy is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called __________.

A) cueing
B) shadowing
C) rote rehearsal
D) chunking

Question 76

The duration of iconic memory is __________ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably __________.

A) shorter; larger
B) longer; larger
C) longer; about the same
D) shorter; about the same

Question 77

Suppose you are pitching in a softball game and facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck her out with a fastball the last time she was up. You also remember that your coach told you to always try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your __________.

A) central executive
B) fight-or-flight response
C) modality-specific memory
D) long-term potentiation

Question 78

Jamaal is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?

A) the articulatory loop
B) the visuospatial sketchpad
C) the internal executive
D) the control sequence

Question 79

Taye is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the salesclerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Taye is coming up against __________.

A) the decay of numerical memory
B) the extinction of auditory traces
C) George Miller's magic number seven, plus or minus two
D) the limits of procedural memory

Question 80

Suppose Li Min looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again-but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) echoic
D) implicit