Deck 8: Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Process

Question 1

Even if offenders concede that they are about to harm someone or something,they may reason that their target deserves the harm.This is the neutralization technique of _____.

A) denial of the victim
B) denial of injury
C) denial of law
D) appeal to higher loyalty

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Gottfredson and Hirschi argued that all crime stems from one problem: _____,which results from ineffective child rearing and lasts throughout life.

A) poor nutrition
B) excessive television viewing
C) the lack of self-control
D) disorganized neighborhoods

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Social processes such as _____ affect our chances of becoming or not becoming criminal offenders.

A) peer influences, socialization, and social interaction
B) broken windows, poor nutrition, and inequality
C) strain, atavism, and superego
D) brain chemistry, punishment, and media

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following best summarizes differential reinforcement?

A) Some individuals' antisocial behavior is serious and persists adolescence-limited through the life course.
B) Inner containments (e.g., a positive self-concept and tolerance for frustration) and outer containments (e.g., family influences) help prevent juvenile offending.
C) Criminal behavior and attitudes are more likely to be learned if they are rewarded by friends and/or family.
D) People pursue criminal behavior to the extent they identify with members of reference groups who engage in criminal behavior.

Question 5

Perhaps the most important criticism of differential association concerns _____.

A) intimate interactions
B) methodology
C) labeling
D) causal order

Question 6

Which of the following is the dominant learning theory today?

A) Social learning
B) Power-control
C) Life-course
D) Rational choice

Question 7

Regarding family structure,the most studied component is _____ in the form of a household headed by a single parent,usually the mother,because of divorce,birth out of wedlock,or,less commonly,the death of a parent.

A) family bonding
B) family functioning
C) family fostering
D) family disruption

Question 8

Which of the following best describes Sutherland's differential association?

A) People are more likely to engage in deviance when they are either very controlling or very controlled than when they have a balance of control.
B) Techniques of and attitudes regarding criminal behavior are learned within intimate personal groups.
C) Some individuals' antisocial behavior is serious and persists adolescence-limited through the life course.
D) Inner containments (e.g., a positive self-concept and tolerance for frustration) and outer containments (e.g., family influences) help prevent juvenile offending.

Question 9

According to Sutherland:

A) crime results due to economic inequality and a lack of self-control.
B) an individual will choose crime when he/she lives in relative deprivation.
C) people pursue criminal behavior to the extent they identify with members of reference groups who engage in criminal behavior.
D) a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law.

Question 10

Matza argued that delinquents are not constantly delinquent and instead _____ into and out of delinquency.

A) spin
B) turn
C) drift
D) fall

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding schools and social bond?

A) Youths who are homeschooled are more likely to engage in criminal behavior, particularly violent behavior.
B) Crime amongst juveniles has decreased since the advent of the school lunch program.
C) Students with high grades are less likely to bond with their peers or teachers.
D) Adolescents who are less involved in school extracurricular activities are also more likely to be delinquent.

Question 12

Belief refers to:

A) an individual's investment of energy and emotion
B) getting a good education.
C) the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit.
D) acceptance of the norms of conventional society.

Question 13

Family interaction or _____ refers to the nature of the interaction and relationships within the family.

A) family disorder
B) family functioning
C) family bonding
D) family setting

Question 14

Which of the following supports Tittle's control balance theory?

A) People with a control surplus, such as corporate executives, tend to commit crime.
B) People with a control deficit, such as corporate executives, tend to commit crime.
C) People with low self-control, such as the urban poor, tend to commit crime.
D) People with unbalances testosterone levels, such as the urban poor, tend to commit crime.

Question 15

Which is the most important social bond element and refers to the degree to which we care about the opinions of others,including parents and teachers?

A) Judgment
B) Commitment
C) Involvement
D) Attachment

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the principles of Sutherland's differential associations?

A) Criminal behavior is learned.
B) Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
C) Crime is the result of a lack of serious punishments for deviant behavior.
D) Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

Question 17

Burgess and Akers argued that criminal behavior and attitudes are more likely to be _____ if they are reinforced,or rewarded,usually by friends,family,or both.

A) innate
B) learned
C) biological
D) institutional

Question 18

In explaining its low rate,several scholars emphasize the Japanese culture,in particular the value it places on _____.

A) group-belonging
B) discordance
C) anomie
D) karate

Question 19

Which of the following is a neutralization technique?

A) Denial of hope
B) Denial of truth
C) Denial of participation
D) Denial of responsibility

Question 20

Attachment,commitment,and involvement are elements of _____.

A) neutralization
B) social bond
C) power-control
D) rational choice

Question 21

The _____ theory is similar to integrated strain-control theory,as it emphasizes that strong childhood bonds to parents reduce the risk for delinquency and weak bonds raise this risk,in particular by increasing associations with delinquent peers.

Question 22

Hirschi's 1969,_____ is the most influential control theory.

A) control imbalance
B) neoclassical theory
C) social bonding theory
D) broken windows theory

Question 23

Techniques of and attitudes regarding criminal behavior are _____ within intimate personal groups.

Question 24

Matza argued that delinquents are not constantly delinquent and instead _____ into and out of delinquency.

Question 25

Many scholars favor theoretical _____ because they feel that neither a social process nor a structural approach can adequately explain crime by itself.

A) limiters
B) integration
C) separation
D) hyperbole

Question 26

Low _____,including the tendency to act impulsively and to care about oneself more than others,develops during childhood and results from inadequate parenting.

Question 27

Criminologists have begun to pay attention to the onset and termination of antisocial behavior,delinquency,and crime at different stages over the _____: infancy,childhood,adolescence,young adulthood,and beyond.

A) life course
B) power ages
C) personality stages
D) time cycle

Question 28

Social controls concern attachments to and involvement in _____,such as the family,schools,and religion.

A) unconventional subcultures
B) adolescent attachment groups
C) juvenile boundary enforcers
D) conventional social institutions

Question 29

_____ is the most important social bond element and refers to the degree to which we care about the opinions of others,including parents and teachers.

Question 30

Differential association may vary in _____,duration,priority,and intensity.

Question 31

Before committing delinquent acts,adolescents develop techniques of _____,or rationalizations,to minimize any guilt they might feel from breaking the law.

Question 32

In the 1950s and 1960s,sociologist Walter C.Reckless developed his _____ theory of delinquency,which stressed that inner and outer restraints help prevent juvenile offending.

Question 33

Family _____ refers to the way the family is set up or organized.

Question 34

_____ refers to an individual's investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits,such as getting a good education.

Question 35

______ has long had the lowest crime rate in the industrialized world,or nearly so.

Question 36

Which of the following assumes that antisocial behavior is restricted to childhood?

A) Adolescence-limited theory
B) Youth-development theory
C) Persistent-threat theory
D) Teen-choice theory

Question 37

Even if offenders concede that they are about to harm someone or something,they may reason that their target deserves the harm.This is known as denial of _____.

Question 38

They learn these deviant norms and values from their delinquent _____ and immediate environments,and perhaps also from the mass media.

Question 39

My parents used marijuana when they were my age,so why can't I? This would be an example of condemnation of the _____.

Question 40

Tittle's control balance theory states that deviance results when people are very _____ or very controlled.

Question 41

Commitment is the most important social bond element and refers to the degree to which we care about the opinions of others,including parents and teachers.

Question 42

Identify and explain 3 key elements of Sutherland's social learning theory.

Question 43

Edwin Sutherland is the author of differential association theory.

Question 44

Have you ever utilized neutralization techniques as a part of committing a criminal offense (e.g.,illegally downloaded music)?

Question 45

Sociologists believe most behavior is learned.

Question 46

Differential association may vary in frequency,duration,priority,and intensity.

Question 47

Albert Bandura argued that aggressive tendencies are inborn.

Question 48

Family functioning refers to the nature of the interaction and relationships within the family.

Question 49

How do we utilize "neutralization" as a means of justifying criminal behavior?

Question 50

Many scholars favor theoretical integration because they feel that neither a social process nor a structural approach can adequately explain crime by itself.

Question 51

Denying injury occurs when adolescents say they are not responsible for the delinquent acts they intend to commit.

Question 52

Weak personal controls often result from strong social controls.

Question 53

Sociologists have long considered religion an important force for social stability.

Question 54

How does social bond theory explain crime?

Question 55

Do you think that dropping out of school promotes of reduced delinquency?