Deck 17: Prosecution and Punishment

Question 1

One aspect that slows the adjudication process is the _____ burdening prosecutors,public defenders and other defense attorneys,and judges alike.

A) prison overcrowding
B) inflexible laws
C) heavy caseloads
D) overabundance of law school graduates

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Some studies even show that homicide actually increases after executions occur.What is this phenomenon called?

A) The electric chair effect
B) The deterrent effect
C) The termination effect
D) The brutalization effect

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Because the collective conscience is weaker in _____,these societies deal with deviance through restitutive law marked by an interest in restoring relationships to their previous state.

A) early, aboriginal societies
B) larger, modern societies
C) small, traditional societies
D) collective, heterogeneous societies

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Women appear _____less likely than men with similar offenses and prior records to be incarcerated.

A) 60-70 percent
B) 40-55 percent
C) 30-40 percent
D) 10-25 percent

Question 5

Racial/ethnic discrimination is more often found for the decision to incarcerate (the ____ decision)than for sentence lengths among those incarcerated.

A) Black/White
B) In/Out
C) Up/Down
D) Left/Right

Question 6

Which of the following statements accurately reflects an element of the criminal justice system?

A) Just over two-thirds of young middle-aged Latino males (ages 35-55) are either in prison, in jail, or on probation or parole.
B) Just over one-third of all women (all ages) nationally are under correctional supervision.
C) Some one-third of young African-American males (ages 20 -29) nationally are under correctional supervision.
D) Some two-thirds of older Caucasians (ages 55-75) are either in prison, in jail, or on probation or parole.

Question 7

Which of the following remains one of the most controversial topics in criminal justice?

A) The death penalty
B) Juvenile probation
C) Women's correctional facilities
D) Medium security prisons

Question 8

Recognizing the burden of heavy caseloads,the _____ formed (consisting of judges,prosecutors and defense attorneys)in order to resolve cases as quickly as possible through a guilty plea.

A) star chambers
B) legal system fraternities
C) American Bar Association
D) courtroom work groups

Question 9

Social inequality affects the exercise of _____ and the extent to which reliance on the criminal justice system can reduce crime.

A) legal discretion
B) legal maxims
C) personal discretion
D) personal maxims

Question 10

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding criminal defense?

A) Criminal defendants who are poor are much more able than wealthy defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators.
B) Criminal defendants who are African-American are much more able than white defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators.
C) Criminal defendants who are women are much more able than male defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators.
D) Criminal defendants who are wealthy are much more able than poor defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators.

Question 11

Although the cost of death-penalty cases varies by state,each capital case on the average costs _____ beyond the cost of a noncapital case ending with a life sentence.

A) $1 million to $2 million
B) $100,000 to $200,000
C) $400,000 to $500,000
D) $12,000,000 to $22,000,000

Question 12

Approximately what percent of cases end in a plea bargain?

A) 12
B) 67
C) 75
D) 90

Question 13

The United States has long had a system modeled after combat.By what term is this system better known?

A) The inquisitorial model
B) The adversary model
C) The fencing model
D) The quandary model

Question 14

In the wake of Furman v.Georgia (408 U.S.238),states revised their death-penalty laws and procedures to reduce _____ in the application of the death penalty.

A) articulation
B) deliberation
C) demarcation
D) arbitrariness

Question 15

Which of the following reflects a liberation hypothesis?

A) The idea is that in the most misdemeanor cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.
B) The idea is that in the most juvenile cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.
C) The idea is that in the most serious cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.
D) The idea is that in the most civil cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.

Question 16

Some studies find that defendants accused of killing _____victims are more likely to be indicted for first-degree murder than those accused of killing members of other races.These defendants are also more likely to receive the death penalty.

A) white
B) Latino
C) African-American
D) Asian

Question 17

All but two states,Maine and Vermont,prohibit prison inmates from _____ if they were convicted of a felony.

A) voting
B) driving
C) working
D) smoking

Question 18

What type of strategy does a society adopt when it protects society by keeping dangerous criminals behind bars?

A) Rehabilitation
B) Incapacitation
C) Just Desserts
D) Restitution

Question 19

Mistakes do occur in criminal justice,either out of honest errors or downright prejudice.It is estimated that between 1 percent and 6 percent of all felony convictions are mistaken.These are called:

A) wrongful indictments
B) exclusionary indictments
C) wrongful convictions.
D) exclusionary convictions

Question 20

When deviance occurs,which type of societies engage in repressive law marked by harsh physical punishment of deviants?

A) Large, modern societies
B) Early, aboriginal societies
C) Small, traditional societies
D) Collective, heterogeneous societies

Question 21

Mistakes do not occur in the criminal justice system and thus wrongful executions are not a concern.

Question 22

The vast majority of criminal cases go to trial.

Question 23

The possibility of wrongful convictions and executions and other problems in the application of the death penalty have led:

A) the Texas state assembly to call for the end of the use of death penalty in all states.
B) the United Nations to condemn all nations that utilize the death penalty.
C) the American Bar Association to call for a moratorium on executions.
D) the National Corrections Officer Association to call for a strike on any maximum security facility.

Question 24

O.J.Simpson's legal defense was provided by a public defender.

Question 25

The defendant is a member of the courtroom work group.

Question 26

Women are less likely than men with similar offenses and prior records to be incarcerated.

Question 27

Once the decision is made to incarcerate,_____ does not appear to affect the length of prison terms.

A) race
B) age
C) ethnicity
D) gender

Question 28

More so than the US,Europe favors probation and community service to prison.

Question 29

The lynching of African-American in the South decreased dramatically immediately after the Civil War.

Question 30

African-Americans are more likely than whites to be incarcerated.

Question 31

The United States has long been said to have an adversary system of criminal justice.

Question 32

Approximately,one-third of young Asian males (ages 20 to 29)nationally are under correctional supervision.

Question 33

Only Maine and Vermont prohibit prison inmates from voting if they have been convicted of a felony.

Question 34

Most criminal arrests will end in a plea bargain.

Question 35

Heavy caseloads burden prosecutors,defense attorneys,and judges.

Question 36

Restitutive law is marked by an interest in restoring relationships to their previous state.

Question 37

In large,modern societies,the collective conscience,or society's shared norms and values,is extremely strong.

Question 38

Which of the following is the last Western nation to utilize the death penalty?

A) Canada
B) United States
C) Mexico
D) France

Question 39

Which of following is not one of the arguments made by proponents of the death penalty?

A) People convicted of heinous murders deserve to be executed.
B) People convicted of status offenses can only be stopped from reoffending by a death sentence.
C) The death penalty saves the money that would be spent on years of confinement were the offender to serve a life sentence.
D) The death penalty sends a message to potential murderers and thus has a general deterrent effect on homicide.

Question 40

At the end of 2010,there were _____ people on death row.

A) 3,158
B) 5,541
C) 7,931
D) 10,028

Question 41

The _____ hypothesis is the idea that in the most serious cases,there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.

Question 42

In small,traditional societies,the collective _____,or society's shared norms and values,is extremely strong.

Question 43

Heavy _____ burden,prosecutors,defense attorneys and judges.

Question 44

The_____ actually costs more than life imprisonment in constant dollars.

Question 45

The courtroom _____ consists of defense attorneys and judges.

Question 46

Reflecting the classical school,the "get tough" approach reflects the widespread belief among the public and politicians alike that harsher and more certain punishment _____ crime.

Question 47

The United States has long been said to have a(n)_____ system of criminal justice.

Question 48

Identify the members of the courtroom work group and how it affects the adjudication process.

Question 49

The vast majority of cases end in _____.

Question 50

The _____ holds the dubious honor of having a high crime rate even though it also has the highest imprisonment rate of all Western nations.

Question 51

Does use of plea bargain deny accused individuals their right to justice? Would a more just system demand more cases go to trial?

Question 52

Explain the philosophy behind the brutalization effect.

Question 53

In the wake of Furman,states revised their death-penalty laws and procedures to reduce _____ in the application of the penalty.

Question 54

Address the important difference between repressive law and restitutive law.

Question 55

Do you think use of the death penalty makes society more brutal?