Deck 22: Exercise and Pulmonary Disease

Question 1

List the general guidelines for exercise during pregnancy.

Answer 1

During pregnancy, several anatomical and physiological changes occur, which influences the ability to do various exercises. The changes affecting exercise are a few during the early pregnancy.
Pregnant women are more likely to tire quickly than normal women. In some of the pregnant women, morning sickness affect their ability to exercise. During pregnancy, more body weight is gained, and postural changes occur, which require more amount of energy. Certain movement such as sudden and rapid movements, and altering the direction are difficult.
The joints in the pelvic region, such as the symphysis pubis become less stable due to the release of hormone, "relaxin." It makes the mothers to walk with "widely spread legs."
Exercise during pregnancy does not reduce the placental blood supply, but is likely to cause dehydration and excessive heart generation. Excessive heat generation during the early pregnancy is associated with neural tube defects. Lactation is not affected by exercise, however, the women have to wear a bra with good support. The fetus is not affected by moderate physical activity (those with normal pregnancy). Low or moderate level of exercise plan is recommended for pregnant women that provide physical and psychological benefits. However, the following guidelines should be followed:
1. Take plenty of water and avoid dehydration.
2. Heart rate must not become too rapid as it affects blood flow to the fetus.
3. Avoid exercises that need lying down, because it decreases blood supply to fetus.
4. Exercises that involve deep flexing and extension of joints, jumping must be avoided as they may cause damage to the connective tissue that favours childbirth.
5. Body temperature must be controlled and avoid doing exercises in hot and humid climates for more than 15 minutes. Increased body temperatures also damage the enzymes that in the regulation of fetal development.
6. Immediately avoid exercise if the person feels tired. Exercises that are having chances of causing trauma to the abdomen and abdominal compression must also be avoided.
The benefits of exercise during pregnancy:
• Improved oxygen capacity
• Enhanced sense of well-being
• Greater flexibility of the body

Question 2

What factors should be considered in assessing the riskto-benefit ratio of sports participation for epileptics

Answer 2

Epilepsy may be defined as transient disturbance to brain function. It is characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Loss of consciousness, muscle tremor, and sensory disturbances are the common symptoms.
Epilepsy poses a threat not only to the athletes, but also to normal individuals during many types of their daily activities. The decision if a person with epilepsy should participate in physical training or sports should be taken only after consulting a physician. The physician may consider the benefit-risk ratio which varies from person to person. It depends on the nature of epilepsy and the sport being considered.
A person with mild or minor seizures may participate in most training activities, with the aid of medication. However, a person who experiences frequent and major seizures would better avoid physical activity.

Question 3

Based on present information, what are reasonable guidelines for advising the pregnant athlete concerning the intensity and duration of training

Answer 3

Generally, it is thought that pregnant women should refrain from physical activity. However, women who are physically fit prior to pregnancy can perform regular exercise during pregnancy also. According to the guidelines of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant women need not confine to rest. If there are no complications associated, they can engage in regular physical activity.
Pregnant women shall follow certain guidelines if involved in physical activity. They shall perform low to moderate-intensity exercise. They can participate in athlete training programs, but with care. They should carefully monitor body temperature to prevent hyperthermia. Pregnant women should refrain from high-intensity and long trainng sessions that may raise body temperature.
During exercise, pregnant women should take necessary care to hydrate body through intake of fluids at regular intervals. Exercise intensity and volume should be reduced during pregnancy.
Aquatic exercise like swimming is best activity for a pregnant woman since it allows cardiovascular conditioning along with accelerated heat loss, but without fluid loss.

Question 4

Define the term female athlete triad.

Question 5

Define the female athlete triad.

Question 6

Discuss the possibility that chronic exercise presents a danger to (1) the cardiopulmonary system or (2) the musculoskeletal system of children.

Question 7

What factors contribute to bone mineral loss in the female athlete

Question 8

List those conditions in type 1 diabetics that might limit their participation in a vigorous training program.

Question 9

Discuss the notion that intense exercise might result in permanent damage to (a) the cardiovascular system or (b) the musculoskeletal system in children.

Question 10

Explain the rationale for the selection of an insulin injection site for type 1 diabetics prior to a training session.

Question 11

What is the recommendation for type 1 diabetics with no physical complications for entering a competitive training program

Question 12

Describe the incidence of amenorrhea in female athletes versus the general population.

Question 13

List the precautions that asthmatics should take during a training session.

Question 14

Outline several possible causes of "athletic" amenorrhea.

Question 15

What factors should be considered when advising the diabetic athlete concerning safe participation in athletic conditioning Include in your discussion suggestions concerning meal timing, injection sites for insulin, and the availability of glucose drinks during training sessions.

Question 16

List those factors thought to contribute to "athletic" amenorrhea.

Question 17

Discuss the question "Does exercise promote seizures in epileptics "

Question 18

What is the current recommendation for training and competition during menstruation

Question 19

What is the current opinion concerning the safe participation of asthmatics in competitive athletics

Question 20

Discuss the general recommendations for training during menstruation.

Question 21

Define the term epilepsy.

Question 22

Discuss the role of prostaglandins in mediating dysmenorrhea.

Question 23

Discuss the possibility that exercise increases the risk of seizures for epileptics.