Deck 4: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides and _____

A)amylose
B)amylopectin
C)disaccharides
D)pectins

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Your diet soda is sweetened with a compound composed of phenylalanine plus aspartic acid The sweetener is:

A)saccharin.
B)aspartame.
C)acesulfame K.
D)sucralose.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The most abundant monosaccharides found in food include glucose, _____, and _____

A)lactose, fructose
B)sucrose, maltose
C)sucrose, lactose
D)fructose, galactose

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which type of starch is linear in appearance?

A)Amylose
B)Amylopectin
C)Glycogen
D)Dietary fiber

Question 5

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is derived from corn and consists of almost equal amounts of:

A)fructose and galactose.
B)fructose and glucose.
C)glucose and maltose.
D)glucose and galactose.

Question 6

Currently, high-fructose corn syrup accounts for what percentage of the total energy intake in the US?

A)3%
B)5%
C)7%
D)9%

Question 7

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose all include the monosaccharide:

A)glucose.
B)fructose.
C)galactose.
D)raffinose.

Question 8

What is the consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (in pounds per year per person) by Americans estimated by the USDA?

A)12
B)22
C)35
D)44

Question 9

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are bonded together as a result of a _____ reaction

A)hydrolysis
B)condensation
C)glycosidic
D)synthesis

Question 10

Oligosaccharides can be found in which of the following foods?

A)Apples, oranges, and/or grapes
B)Cereal, rice, and/or potatoes
C)Dried beans, soybeans, peas, and/or lentils
D)Hamburger, chicken, and/or pork

Question 11

Which monosaccaride is often called "blood sugar" and is the most abundant sugar in our bodies?

A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Sucrose

Question 12

The polysaccharides include starch, _____, and _____

A)sucrose, amylose
B)glucose, glycogen
C)glycogen, dietary fiber
D)sucrose, dietary fiber

Question 13

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?

A)Galactose
B)Amylose
C)Raffinose
D)Glycogen

Question 14

Which of the following artificial sweeteners contains phenylalanine and thus poses a potential risk to people who have the genetic condition phenylketonuria?

A)Equal
B)Sugar Twin
C)Sweet One
D)Splenda

Question 15

Which monosaccharide is the preferred energy source for the nervous system and the sole source for the red blood cells?

A)Sucrose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Glucose

Question 16

What is the major food source of galactose?

A)Fruit
B)Whole grains
C)Vegetables
D)Milk

Question 17

What determines whether a carbohydrate is digestible or indigestible?

A)The type of glycosidic bond
B)The amount of carbohydrate eaten at the same time
C)Whether or not the food is cooked
D)Whether or not the food contains monosaccharides

Question 18

How many monosaccharides are contained in an oligosaccharide?

A)3-10
B)10-50
C)>50 but less than 100
D)>100

Question 19

What foods represent the most significant sources of fructose in the typical US diet?

A)Honey and fruits
B)Fruits and vegetables
C)Fruit drinks and fruit beverages
D)Foods and beverages sweetened with HFCS

Question 20

What is the primary function of glucose?

A)To facilitate synthesis of some amino acids
B)To provide a ready source of glycosidic bonds
C)To provide a source of energy to cells
D)To facilitate synthesis of glycogen

Question 21

The fiber in oats, rice, bran, psyllium seeds, soy, and some fruits consists mostly of _____

A)insoluble fiber
B)lignin
C)endosperm
D)soluble fiber

Question 22

Glycogen is highly branched, just like which other polysaccharide?

A)Amylose
B)Amylopectin
C)Dietary fiber
D)None of the above

Question 23

What type of dietary fiber is most prevalent in whole-grain flour, seeds, carrots, and peppers?

A)Cellulose
B)Hemicellulose
C)Lignin
D)Pectin

Question 24

The enzymes involved in the digestion of starches include various _____

A)condensers
B)amyloses
C)amylases
D)cofactors

Question 25

Dietary fiber is not:

A)a plant polysaccharide.
B)digested or absorbed by the human intestine.
C)composed of glucose units bonded together by beta-glycosidic bonds.
D)found in whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.

Question 26

Amy got up late this morning so she skipped breakfast and went straight to her soccer practice Which fuel source is her body relying upon to supply the glucose that her brain needs to function?

A)Fatty acids
B)Liver glycogen
C)Glycolysis
D)Muscle glycogen

Question 27

Because humans lack the _____ needed to digest two of the oligosaccharides commonly found in dried beans, soybeans, peas, and lentils, these foods are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine

A)enzymes
B)gastric acid
C)raffinose
D)stachyose

Question 28

With long-term constipation, areas along the colon wall can become weak and develop protruding pouches What is this condition called?

A)Diverticulosis
B)Flatulence
C)PKU
D)Diabetes

Question 29

Dietary fiber has been shown to contribute to healthy bowel function and _____

A)diminish blood glucose regulation
B)increase blood cholesterol levels
C)prevent colon cancer
D)promote satiety

Question 30

Which of the following is an FDA-approved health claim for fiber?

A)"Diets low in fat and rich in high-fiber foods reduce the risk of heart disease."
B)"Diets high in whole-grain foods and other plant foods and low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol may help reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers."
C)"Diets low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of most cancers."
D)"Diets low in fat and rich in whole oats and psyllium seed husk reduce the incidence of heart disease."

Question 31

Which component of grain is the best source of fiber?

A)Germ
B)Endosperm
C)Bran
D)All of the above

Question 32

Amylose is _____, unlike amylopectin

A)a branched chain of glucose
B)not absorbed by the body
C)a linear chain of glucose
D)found in the liver

Question 33

Dietary fiber is indigestible because it contains _____ bonds

A)α-glycosidic
B)double
C)β-glycosidic
D)ionic

Question 34

The body stores glycogen primarily in the _____ and _____

A)brain, skeletal muscles
B)liver, central nervous system
C)muscles, central nervous system
D)liver, skeletal muscles

Question 35

Where does the digestion of starch begin?

A)The stomach
B)The large intestine
C)The mouth
D)The small intestine

Question 36

Liam sometimes suffers from constipation What foods might he eat because they are the best sources of fiber with high water-holding capacity, and thus make the fecal matter easier to eliminate?

A)High-pectin fruits
B)Leafy green vegetables
C)Oat bran, barley, and legumes
D)Gelatin salads and grains

Question 37

Diverticular disease:

A)development is associated with a high-fiber diet.
B)is characterized by the presence of pouches that form along the intestinal wall.
C)is always associated with development of diverticulitis.
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 38

The starch can be found in which component of grain?

A)Germ
B)Endosperm
C)Bran
D)All of the above

Question 39

Which starch consists of glucose molecules bonded together in a highly branched arrangement?

A)Amylopectin
B)Soluble fiber
C)Amylose
D)Insoluble fiber

Question 40

Which component of grain is rich in vitamins and minerals?

A)Germ
B)Endosperm
C)Bran
D)All of the above

Question 41

Lactose intolerance is:

A)associated with cramping, diarrhea, and flatulence.
B)not related to insufficient production of lactase.
C)more common among Europeans than African, Native, or Asian Americans.
D)associated with death within 6 months of diagnosis.

Question 42

$$\begin{array}{l}\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Table } 1\\\begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | } \hline \text { Food } & \text { GI } & \text { g CHO per serving } & \text { GL } \\\hline \text { Bagel (70 g) } & 72 & 35 & 25 \\\hline \text { Oat tran bread (30 g) } & 44 & 18 & 8 \\\hline \text { Raisin Bran (30 g) } & 61 & 19 & 12 \\\hline \text { Corn Chex (30g) } & 83 & 30 & 25 \\\hline \text { Apple (22 g) } & 38 & 22 & 8 \\\hline \text { Apple juice (250 mL) } & 39 & 25 & 10 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$$

-Tammy, a type 1 diabetic, would like to reduce the glycemic load of her breakfast because she would like to reduce her blood sugar levels She typically eats the following: ½ cup apple juice, 1 cup Corn Chex with 1 cup whole milk, and ½ bagel with 2 tsp margarine Which of the following would make the biggest improvement in Tammy's breakfast? (Refer to Table 1)

A)Replace the whole milk with 1% milk
B)Replace the apple juice with 1 medium apple
C)Replace the bagel with oat bran bread
D)Replace the Corn Chex with Raisin Bran cereal

Question 43

Suppose that Alicia wants to include foods in her diet that may lower her risk of developing cardiovascular disease To do this, she should choose foods with a glycemic index of _____

A)at least 100
B)75-95
C)60-70
D)less than 55

Question 44

Which monosaccharide, once digested, is absorbed into the enterocytes through facilitated diffusion?

A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Maltose

Question 45

Where does most of the digestion of starch occur?

A)Small intestine
B)Liver
C)Large intestine
D)Stomach

Question 46

Carbohydrate digestion requires a variety of enzymes produced in the salivary glands, ____, and _____

A)small intestine, liver
B)gallbladder, large intestine
C)gallbladder, liver
D)pancreas, small intestine

Question 47

A low-glycemic index (GI) food has a GI rating of:

A)≤55.
B)≤60.
C)≤65.
D)≤70.

Question 48

A person who does not have sufficient lactase will experience difficulty in digesting _____

A)most disaccharides
B)yogurt, cheese, milk, and ice cream
C)foods containing high-fructose corn syrup
D)most monosaccharides

Question 49

Glucose and galactose are absorbed by which transport mechanism?

A)Vesicular active transport
B)Carrier-mediated active transport
C)Facilitated diffusion
D)Diffusion

Question 50

The difference between glycemic index and glycemic load is that glycemic load accounts for the _____

A)amount of carbohydrate in a typical serving
B)body weight of the individual
C)type of carbohydrate consumed
D)timing of the consumption of carbohydrates

Question 51

Which organ is able to convert galactose and fructose into glucose?

A)Muscle
B)Liver
C)Small intestine
D)Large intestine

Question 52

Once absorbed, monosaccharides are first carried in the blood away from the small intestine and to the _____

A)central nervous system
B)liver
C)muscle
D)gallbladder

Question 53

It is important for lactose intolerant individuals to be sure that their diet provides excellent sources of ____, the mineral abundant in milk

A)sodium
B)zinc
C)calcium
D)iron

Question 54

_____ is not associated with the digestion of amylose and amylopectin

A)Salivary alpha-amylase
B)Pancreatic alpha-amylase
C)Maltase
D)Sucrase
E)Alpha-dextrinase

Question 55

Which brush border enzyme is required to accomplish the hydrolysis of α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, completing the digestion of amylopectin?

A)α-amylase
B)maltase
C)α-dextrinase
D)sucrase

Question 56

People who are lactose intolerant may be able to tolerate cheese and yogurt, because during their manufacturing most of the lactose has been converted to _____

A)glucose
B)lactase
C)amylose
D)lactic acid

Question 57

What is the ultimate goal of carbohydrate digestion?

A)To yield maltose, sucrose, and insoluble fiber
B)To yield soluble fiber, lactose, and sucrose
C)To yield glucose, sucrose, and maltose
D)To yield glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 58

What is the term for the impact of different foods on the size and duration of the rise in blood glucose after a meal?

A)Sugar spine
B)Glucagon spike
C)Glycemic response
D)Carbohydrate reaction

Question 59

The glycemic load takes into account the:

A)carbohydrate content of a food and glycemic index of a food.
B)fiber content of a food and glycemic index of a food.
C)carbohydrate and fiber content of a food.
D)calorie content and glycemic index of a food.

Question 60

What is produced as the result of the digestion of amylose and amylopectin?

A)Disaccharides
B)Glucose
C)Sucrose
D)Polysaccharides

Question 61

What is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose called?

A)Glycolysis
B)Glycogenolysis
C)Glycogenesis
D)Gluconeogenesis

Question 62

When are blood glucose levels lowest for most people?

A)In the morning before breakfast
B)Late afternoon
C)Late evening
D)When asleep

Question 63

The body's ability to store excess energy from glucose as fatty acids is _____ and _____

A)limitless, reversible
B)limited, irreversible
C)limitless, irreversible
D)limited, reversible

Question 64

Which hormones work together to maintain the blood glucose level within an acceptable range?

A)Insulin and cholecystokinin
B)Cortisol and epinephrine
C)Glucagon and insulin
D)Amylopectin and glucagon

Question 65

Which hormone is an important regulator of glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle?

A)Glucagon
B)Epinephrine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Insulin

Question 66

Which organ synthesizes the hormone glucagon?

A)Liver
B)Pancreas
C)Gallbladder
D)Large intestine

Question 67

What would happen if Tammy, a type 1 diabetic, routinely decided to skip her evening insulin injection?

A)She would experience hyperglycemia and lose weight.
B)She would experience hypoglycemia and gain weight.
C)Her body would eventually adjust to the lack of insulin.
D)Her body would eventually adjust to the lack of insulin as long as she didn't eat in the evening.

Question 68

Glycogenesis is:

A)the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
B)the synthesis of glucose.
C)the breakdown of glycemia indices.
D)the formation of glycogen from glucose.

Question 69

Which of the following metabolic pathways increases glucose availability?

A)Glycogenesis
B)Ketogenesis
C)Gluconeogenesis
D)None of the above

Question 70

Which two hormones are released by the adrenal glands in the fight-or-flight response?

A)Glucagon and cortisol
B)Insulin and cortisol
C)Cortisol and epinephrine
D)Epinephrine and insulin

Question 71

Sunil finished his evening meal of curried chicken, rice, fruit, salad, cookies, and tea about 30 minutes ago Which of the following best describes what is happening?

A)His blood concentration of glucagon exceeds that of insulin.
B)His blood concentration of insulin exceeds that of glucagon.
C)His blood contains glucagon but no insulin.
D)His blood contains insulin but no glucagon.

Question 72

Which hormone promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen and body fat?

A)Glucagon
B)Cortisol
C)Insulin
D)Epinephrine

Question 73

You are a healthy individual, and you just ate breakfast Therefore:

A)glucagon will be secreted by your pancreas.
B)insulin will be secreted by your pancreas.
C)your liver will break down glucagons.
D)your blood glucose levels will decrease.

Question 74

Insulin stimulates _____ and inhibits _____

A)ketogenesis, glycogenolysis
B)glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
C)glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis
D)glycogenolysis, ketogenesis

Question 75

Ashley experiences nausea, dizziness, lethargy, and irritability within one to four hours after eating foods high in carbohydrates She should be encouraged to eat _____

A)foods with a high glycemic index
B)small, frequent meals throughout the day
C)meals that are high in protein and fat
D)meals that are high in soluble fiber

Question 76

Insulin does not promote:

A)protein synthesis.
B)uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue cells.
C)glycogenolysis.
D)fat synthesis in adipose tissue.

Question 77

What does it mean if a tissue has "insulin-requiring glucose transporters"?

A)The tissue is said to have impaired glucose regulation.
B)The tissue functions less effectively in the presence of insulin.
C)The tissue requires insulin to stimulate the uptake of glucose.
D)The tissue is not dependent on insulin for the uptake of glucose.

Question 78

Glucose enters cells via:

A)endocytosis.
B)osmosis.
C)exocytosis.
D)facilitated diffusion.

Question 79

After she ate her usual dinner, Kamala had an ice cream sundae for dessert Which metabolic process is predominating?

A)Glycogenesis
B)Glucose synthesis
C)Glycogenolysis
D)Gluconeogenesis

Question 80

Why are skeletal muscle cells able to take up glucose without insulin during exercise?

A)Muscle contractions can activate movement of glucose transporters from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
B)The cell membranes of muscle cells contain glucose receptors.
C)Muscle cells can take up glucose without insulin.
D)Muscle cells do not depend on glucose transporters for uptake of glucose.