Deck 14: The Respiratory System

Question 1

E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular in the United States, including among children and teens. We have seen that the cells of the linings of the air tubules are the first cells exposed to environmental substances. They protect us against harmful substances we may inhale. For this reason, researchers wanted to determine the effect of vapor from the liquid in e-cigarettes on cells of the air tubule lining of young people. Using tissue cultures from deceased children who had donated their bodies to research, they exposed epithelial cells from air tubules to vapors from e-cigarettes. After 10 minutes of exposure to the vapors, the cells were damaged and were more susceptible to rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold. The damage occurred whether or not the liquid contained nicotine. The authors concluded: "This is the first study to demonstrate the adverse effects of e-cigarettes on primary airway epithelial functions from young people. Our data suggest that even nicotine-free e-liquid promotes pro-inflammatory response and HRV infection. Moreover, both e-liquid without nicotine and with nicotine inhibits lung innate immunity (e.g., SPLUNC1) that is involved in lung defense against HRV [human rhinovirus] infection." You can read the entire study at: Q. Wu et al., "Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells," PLoS ONE 9(9) [2014]: e108342. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0108342
Use reliable sources to investigate the evidence for and against adverse health effects of e-cigarettes.

Answer 1

NO ANSWER

Question 2

Which structure is specialized to produce the sound of your voice

A) trachea
B) larynx
C) bronchiole
D) epiglottis

Answer 2

After air passes through the pharynx, it is channeled to the larynx and trachea by epiglottal action. Food is channeled to the esophagus. The trachea is simply the connector between the upper and lower respiratory systems. It does not contain the vocal cords. Answer choice a. is incorrect.
The larynx is sometimes referred to as the voice box. It is where the vocal cords are located. Thus, answer choice b. is correct.
A bronchiole is an air tube in the lungs. It is the passage between the bronchi or other bronchioles and the alveoli. Answer choice c. is incorrect.
The epiglottis is a flap between the pharynx and larynx that selectively closes or opens. It channels air to the larynx and trachea, and food to the esophagus. It does not contain the vocal cords. Answer choice d. is incorrect.

Question 3

As a molecule of oxygen enters the body and is delivered to the cells, it passes through many structures. Which sequence shows the correct pathway

A) nose, pharynx, larynx, alveolus, bronchus, trachea
B) pharynx, bronchiole, larynx, alveolus, bronchus, trachea
C) larynx, pharynx, alveolus, trachea, bronchus
D) nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

Answer 3

The oxygen enters the body and delivered to various cells by passing through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus.
Hence, the option d is correct.
The oxygen enters the body and passes through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus in a sequential manner.
Hence, option a is incorrect.
The oxygen passes through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus and reaches the cells.
Hence, option b is incorrect.
The oxygen first enters the nose, then to pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus.
Hence, option c is incorrect.

Question 4

What is the most important cue that prompts you to breathe again after holding your breath

A) the decrease in carbon dioxide levels
B) the increase in carbon dioxide levels
C) the increase in oxygen levels
D) the decrease in oxygen levels

Question 5

What is the reason why we must breathe oxygen

A) Oxygen is broken down to yield energy.
B) Oxygen allows us to get more energy (in the form of ATP) out of the food molecules we break down for energy.
C) Oxygen stimulates enzyme activity.
D) Oxygen is the chemical detected by chemoreceptors that keeps us breathing.

Question 6

Choose the correct statement:

A) Cartilage rings keep the alveoli open.
B) The temperature and humidity of the air are adjusted as the air flows through the nasal cavities.
C) The larynx changes shape as we speak, creating resonance chambers of different sizes.
D) The center of each lung contains a large hollow area in which most of the gas exchange occurs.

Question 7

Choose the incorrect statement about the production of sound called the voice:

A) Speaking sounds are produced when the epiglottis vibrates.
B) Thicker vocal cords produce deeper voice sounds.
C) Laryngitis results when the vocal cords become swollen and thick and cannot vibrate easily.
D) There are only two true vocal cords.

Question 8

When you swallow food, why does it not usually enter the respiratory system

A) The Heimlich maneuver prevents it from doing so.
B) The bronchioles produce mucus.
C) The diaphragm contracts.
D) The epiglottis covers the opening to the respiratory system.
E) The vocal cords block the opening to the respiratory system.

Question 9

In a healthy person, most of the particles that are inhaled into the respiratory system

A) are trapped in the mucus and moved by cilia to the pharynx (toward the digestive system).
B) pass through the alveoli into the circulatory system, where they are engulfed by white blood cells.
C) are caught on the vocal cords.
D) are trapped in the sinuses.

Question 10

Tatyana is a young woman with iron-deficiency anemia, so her blood does not carry enough oxygen. Would you expect this condition to affect her breathing rate or tidal volume Why or why not

Question 11

In emphysema,
a. the number of alveoli is reduced.
b. cartilage rings in the trachea break down.
c. the diaphragm is paralyzed.
d. the epiglottis becomes less mobile

Question 12

E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular in the United States, including among children and teens. We have seen that the cells of the linings of the air tubules are the first cells exposed to environmental substances. They protect us against harmful substances we may inhale. For this reason, researchers wanted to determine the effect of vapor from the liquid in e-cigarettes on cells of the air tubule lining of young people. Using tissue cultures from deceased children who had donated their bodies to research, they exposed epithelial cells from air tubules to vapors from e-cigarettes. After 10 minutes of exposure to the vapors, the cells were damaged and were more susceptible to rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold. The damage occurred whether or not the liquid contained nicotine. The authors concluded: "This is the first study to demonstrate the adverse effects of e-cigarettes on primary airway epithelial functions from young people. Our data suggest that even nicotine-free e-liquid promotes pro-inflammatory response and HRV infection. Moreover, both e-liquid without nicotine and with nicotine inhibits lung innate immunity (e.g., SPLUNC1) that is involved in lung defense against HRV [human rhinovirus] infection." You can read the entire study at: Q. Wu et al., "Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells," PLoS ONE 9(9) [2014]: e108342. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0108342
What problems might there be with applying data from cells in tissue cultures to living people

Question 13

The ________ is the flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering during swallowing.

Question 14

Choose the correct statement.
a. During quiet breathing, expiration does not usually involve the contraction of muscles.
b. Expiration occurs when the diaphragm and the rib muscles contract.
c. Expiration occurs as the chest (thoracic) cavity enlarges.
d. The larynx acts like a suction pump to pull air into the lungs.

Question 15

The enzyme in red blood cells that reversibly converts carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions is ________.

Question 16

Cigarette smoke destroys the cilia in the respiratory system. Explain why the loss of these cilia is a reason that cigarette smokers tend to lose more workdays because of illness than do nonsmokers.

Question 17

E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular in the United States, including among children and teens. We have seen that the cells of the linings of the air tubules are the first cells exposed to environmental substances. They protect us against harmful substances we may inhale. For this reason, researchers wanted to determine the effect of vapor from the liquid in e-cigarettes on cells of the air tubule lining of young people. Using tissue cultures from deceased children who had donated their bodies to research, they exposed epithelial cells from air tubules to vapors from e-cigarettes. After 10 minutes of exposure to the vapors, the cells were damaged and were more susceptible to rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold. The damage occurred whether or not the liquid contained nicotine. The authors concluded: "This is the first study to demonstrate the adverse effects of e-cigarettes on primary airway epithelial functions from young people. Our data suggest that even nicotine-free e-liquid promotes pro-inflammatory response and HRV infection. Moreover, both e-liquid without nicotine and with nicotine inhibits lung innate immunity (e.g., SPLUNC1) that is involved in lung defense against HRV [human rhinovirus] infection." You can read the entire study at: Q. Wu et al., "Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells," PLoS ONE 9(9) [2014]: e108342. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0108342
How would you design the experiment to confirm these data on living people

Question 18

You should be able to hold your breath longer than normal after you hyperventilate (breathe rapidly for a while) because hyperventilating

A) decreases blood oxygen levels.
B) decreases blood carbon dioxide levels.
C) increases blood oxygen levels.
D) increases blood carbon dioxide levels.

Question 19

Vincent is having an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, the bronchioles constrict (get narrower in diameter). Does Vincent have more difficulty inhaling or exhaling Why