Deck 15: The Digestive System and Nutrition

Question 1

We have a greater number of microbes in our gut than we have cells in our whole body, and they do a great deal more for us than produce vitamins and, perhaps, some foul-smelling gas. Changes in the composition and diversity of the community of microbes can have health ramifications. For example, the results of several studies suggest that microbial populations of gut bacteria (microflora) help regulate weight control. Professor Timothy Spector from Kings College London has published a book titled The Diet Myth: The Real Science behind What We Eat.1 You can read the entire blog article-D. R. Costa, Fast food kills gut bacteria that can keep you slim, book claims, PBS News Hour blog The Rundown, May 10, 2015-at: http:// www.pbs.org In his book, Spector describes a study he undertook on his 23-year-old son, Tom. He required that Tom eat nothing but fast food from McDonald's (burgers, chicken nuggets, fries, and Coca- Cola) for 10 days. Before he began this diet, Tom had 3500 species of bacteria inhabiting his gut. At the end of the 10-day period, Tom had lost 1300 species of bacteria and the dominant type of bacteria had changed. A PBS NewsHour blog called The Rundown titled its article about Spector's book as follows: "Fast food kills gut bacteria that can keep you slim, book claims."
This study has one subject. Is one subject sufficient Why or why not

Answer 1

NO ANSWER

Question 2

___________ is a liquid mixture of food and gastric juices found in the stomach.

Answer 2

The stomach has surrounding muscle tissue that allows it to churn the food in three directions; it acts like a food mixer, using gastric juices to assist. The resulting soupy mixture is called chyme.

Question 3

Why is it is possible to swallow while standing on one's hands

A) Valves in the digestive system keep food from moving backward.
B) Peristalsis pushes food along the digestive tract in the right direction.
C) Bacteria clog the digestive tube and prevent food from moving in the wrong direction.
D) A wave of muscle contraction called emulsification prevents food from moving backward.

Answer 3

Peristalsis is the muscular action that keeps food in the digestive system going in the correct direction for processing. Thus, a person who is upside-down can still swallows and move food in the correct direction. Answer b. is correct.
There are no valves in the digestive system to keep food from moving backward. While the epiglottis closes to keep food from entering the respiratory system, this is not a valve action to keep food from moving backward. Answer choice a. is incorrect.
When you are upside down, there is no clogging of bacteria in any tube of the digestive system. Answer choice c. is incorrect.
Emulsification is not a wave of muscle contraction; it is the breakdown of fat globules by bile to make them smaller and thus easier to be digested by the body. It is the peristaltic muscle action that keeps food going in the correct direction. Thus, answer choice d. is incorrect.

Question 4

The ___________ is the organ that produces bile.

Question 5

A 35-year-old man sporting a tattoo visits the dermatologist to have the tattoo removed. Noticing that the patient's skin has a yellowish tint, the dermatologist strongly recommends that the patient visit his primary care physician. Why What is the dermatologist concerned about

Question 6

Saliva contains an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of ___________.

Question 7

We have a greater number of microbes in our gut than we have cells in our whole body, and they do a great deal more for us than produce vitamins and, perhaps, some foul-smelling gas. Changes in the composition and diversity of the community of microbes can have health ramifications. For example, the results of several studies suggest that microbial populations of gut bacteria (microflora) help regulate weight control. Professor Timothy Spector from Kings College London has published a book titled The Diet Myth: The Real Science behind What We Eat.1 You can read the entire blog article-D. R. Costa, Fast food kills gut bacteria that can keep you slim, book claims, PBS News Hour blog The Rundown, May 10, 2015-at: http:// www.pbs.org In his book, Spector describes a study he undertook on his 23-year-old son, Tom. He required that Tom eat nothing but fast food from McDonald's (burgers, chicken nuggets, fries, and Coca- Cola) for 10 days. Before he began this diet, Tom had 3500 species of bacteria inhabiting his gut. At the end of the 10-day period, Tom had lost 1300 species of bacteria and the dominant type of bacteria had changed. A PBS NewsHour blog called The Rundown titled its article about Spector's book as follows: "Fast food kills gut bacteria that can keep you slim, book claims."
Find a study demonstrating that weight control and gut microflora are linked. What was the experimental design Were the conclusions valid based on the design Was the study done on animals or humans What bearing does that have on the validity of applying the conclusions to humans What was the sample size Why is this important information Was the study published in a peer-reviewed journal Why is this significant

Question 8

___________ is a hormone produced by the small intestine that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile.

Question 9

What is the most important function of the stomach

A) absorption of nutrients
B) chemical digestion
C) mucus secretion
D) storage of food

Question 10

T or F___ The gallbladder produces bile.

Question 11

You go out with your friends to celebrate your birthday and share a sausage pizza. Where does the digestion of the oil begin

A) in the mouth
B) in the esophagus
C) in the stomach
D) in the small intestine

Question 12

T or F___ Dietary carbohydrates and fats yield the same amount of energy, 4 calories per gram

Question 13

You are a pediatrician. A woman brings in her 1-year-old son, who has severe diarrhea. You would be most immediately concerned about the child's loss of __________ due to the diarrhea.

A) water
B) fiber
C) fat
D) protein

Question 14

For the child in question 17, you prescribe an antidiarrhea medicine, which

A) speeds up peristalsis in the small intestine.
B) speeds up peristalsis in the large intestine.
C) kills all bacteria in the large intestine.
D) increases the amount of water absorbed from the large intestine.

Question 15

What is the longest part of the gastrointestinal tract

A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

Question 16

Eating which of the following is most helpful in lowering your blood level of LDL cholesterol

A) fiber
B) protein
C) saturated fats
D) carbohydrates

Question 17

After a meal of greasy fries, which of the following digestive secretions would you expect to be most active

A) salivary amylase
B) bile and lipase
C) pepsin
D) HCl

Question 18

Which of the following is not a function of saliva

A) begins the chemical breakdown of starches
B) helps clean the mouth
C) contains fluoride to harden the tooth enamel
D) moistens food and helps stick it together to make it easier to swallow

Question 19

Barbara is a 20-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus. The thick mucus sometimes blocks the pancreatic duct that allows pancreatic juice to enter the small intestine. Explain why cystic fibrosis has caused Barbara to be malnourished.

Question 20

Which of the following soups contains a complete protein

A) lentil
B) chunky chicken
C) tomato
D) cream of mushroom

Question 21

We have a greater number of microbes in our gut than we have cells in our whole body, and they do a great deal more for us than produce vitamins and, perhaps, some foul-smelling gas. Changes in the composition and diversity of the community of microbes can have health ramifications. For example, the results of several studies suggest that microbial populations of gut bacteria (microflora) help regulate weight control. Professor Timothy Spector from Kings College London has published a book titled The Diet Myth: The Real Science behind What We Eat.1 You can read the entire blog article-D. R. Costa, Fast food kills gut bacteria that can keep you slim, book claims, PBS News Hour blog The Rundown, May 10, 2015-at: http:// www.pbs.org In his book, Spector describes a study he undertook on his 23-year-old son, Tom. He required that Tom eat nothing but fast food from McDonald's (burgers, chicken nuggets, fries, and Coca- Cola) for 10 days. Before he began this diet, Tom had 3500 species of bacteria inhabiting his gut. At the end of the 10-day period, Tom had lost 1300 species of bacteria and the dominant type of bacteria had changed. A PBS NewsHour blog called The Rundown titled its article about Spector's book as follows: "Fast food kills gut bacteria that can keep you slim, book claims."
Fast food makes you gain weight. Fast food kills gut bacteria. Is the conclusion that killing certain gut bacteria causes weight gain a valid one

Question 22

Which of the following statements about vegetarian diets is incorrect

A) A vegetarian diet is likely to contain fewer calories than is a diet that contains meat.
B) A vegetarian diet is likely to be lower in saturated fats than is a diet that contains meat.
C) Vegetarians must consume milk products for a source of complete proteins.
D) A vegetarian diet is likely to be high in complex carbohydrates.

Question 23

The villi in the wall of the small intestine function to

A) increase the surface area for absorption.
B) help mix the food with digestive enzymes.
C) secrete bile.
D) secrete digestive enzymes.

Question 24

A fast-food hamburger

A) is deficient in protein.
B) is deficient in fats.
C) is high in salt and fats.
D) supplies all the vitamins you need.

Question 25

Dehydration occurs when too much body fluid is lost. It can be a serious, even fatal, condition. Doctors worry about dehydration if a person, especially an infant, has severe diarrhea lasting several days. Why

Question 26

To reduce the amount of fat in your diet, it would be best to reduce your consumption of

A) baked potatoes.
B) hamburgers.
C) spaghetti.
D) bread.