Deck 19: Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Osteoclasts are cells that _______.

A) produce bone
B) resorb bone
C) produce blood cells
D) protect bone

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The balanced, appropriate internal environment is referred to as _______.

A) homeostasis
B) metabolism
C) catabolism
D) positive feedback

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Bones are held together at joints by bands of connective tissue called _______.

A) tendons
B) lacunae
C) ligaments
D) osteons

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Cellular respiration takes place within organelles called _______.

A) mitochondria
B) Golgi complexes
C) lysosomes
D) ribosomes

Question 5

Smooth muscle tissue would most likely be found _______.

A) attached to bones
B) in the wall of the intestine
C) in the heart
D) in loose connective tissue

Question 6

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by a broad muscle, the _______, which forms the floor of the thoracic cavity.

A) deltoid
B) diaphragm
C) trapezius
D) soleus

Question 7

Physiology is the science that studies _______.

A) body structure
B) the chemical processes that take place in the body
C) metabolism
D) body function

Question 8

Fibroblasts are most likely to be found in _______ tissue.

A) connective
B) nervous
C) muscle
D) epithelial

Question 9

A plane that divides the body into right and left parts is a _______ section.

A) transverse
B) frontal
C) sagittal
D) cross

Question 10

Sweat glands _______.

A) help regulate body temperature
B) generate heat
C) help protect against sunburn
D) secrete sebum

Question 11

Compact bone consists of spindle-shaped units called _______.

A) lacunae
B) marrow
C) metaphyses
D) osteons

Question 12

Most of the skull bones are joined by immovable joints called _______.

A) fontanelles
B) lambdoids
C) sutures
D) osteons

Question 13

The outer layer of the skin is the _______.

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) subcutaneous tissue
D) melanin layer

Question 14

_______ are the basic building blocks of the body.

A) Organelles
B) Cells
C) Atoms
D) Organs

Question 15

Cells pump sodium ions out by the process of _______.

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) phagocytosis
D) active transport

Question 16

The process by which a cell nucleus divides and a complete set of chromosomes is distributed to each end of a cell is called _______.

A) mitosis
B) phagocytosis
C) cellular respiration
D) telophase

Question 17

Epithelial tissue _______.

A) is specialized to contract
B) covers body surfaces
C) contains collagen fibers
D) contains glial cells

Question 18

The chemical processes that take place in the body are collectively referred to as its _______.

A) organelles
B) metabolism
C) catabolism
D) physiology

Question 19

Ductless glands that release hormones are most closely associated with the _______ system.

A) integumentary
B) respiratory
C) digestive
D) endocrine

Question 20

The appendicular skeleton includes the _______.

A) skull, vertebral column, and ribs
B) sternum, pectoral girdle, and bones of the upper and lower extremities
C) bones of the upper and lower extremities, pectoral girdle, and part of the pelvic girdle
D) bones of the upper and lower extremities, pectoral girdle, and sternum

Question 21

A muscle used in chewing is the _______.

A) quadriceps femoris
B) masseter
C) zygomatic
D) frontalis

Question 22

The diaphragm _______.

A) increases the volume of the chest cavity during inspiration
B) elevates the ribs during expiration
C) depresses the ribs during inspiration
D) decreases the volume of the chest cavity during inspiration

Question 23

A muscle that extends and rotates the thigh is the _______.

A) quadriceps femoris
B) deltoid
C) gracilis
D) gluteus maximus

Question 24

The CNS consists of the _______.

A) brain and cranial nerves
B) spinal cord and spinal nerves
C) brain and spinal cord
D) spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and sense organs

Question 25

The bending of a joint is known as _______; movement of a limb away from the midline of the body is _______.

A) adduction; abduction
B) flexion; adduction
C) flexion; abduction
D) extension; flexion

Question 26

The bone that articulates with occipital condyles is the _______.

A) atlas
B) axis
C) sphenoid
D) ethmoid

Question 27

Glial cells _______.

A) support cells of nervous tissue and have regulatory functions
B) are located mainly in muscle tissue
C) transmit neural impulses
D) contain numerous, specialized neurotransmitters

Question 28

Myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges. What happens next?

A) Acetylcholine is released.
B) Calcium ions stimulate a process that leads to exposure of active sites.
C) Filaments slide past each other and muscle fiber shortens.
D) Myosin becomes energized.

Question 29

The metacarpals are found in the _______.

A) hand
B) foot
C) vertebral column
D) skull

Question 30

A muscle that flexes the trunk is the _______.

A) external oblique
B) quadriceps femoris
C) rectus abdominis
D) gastrocnemius

Question 31

The ribs are attached to the _______vertebrae.

A) cervical
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) sacral

Question 32

A muscle that extends the elbow is the _______.

A) triceps brachii
B) biceps brachii
C) deltoid
D) brachialis

Question 33

Cords of connective tissue that connect muscles to bones are called _______.

A) ligaments
B) tendons
C) fibers
D) cross bridges

Question 34

The nucleus of a neuron is located within the _______.

A) dendrite
B) cell body
C) axon
D) most closely associated glial cell

Question 35

The lower jawbone is the ________.

A) atlas
B) maxilla
C) ethmoid
D) mandible

Question 36

An action potential in muscle is caused by _______.

A) repolarization of the axon
B) acetylcholinesterase in the synapse
C) release of stored calcium
D) a change in the distribution of electric charge across the membrane of the muscle fiber

Question 37

The striations in striated muscle result from _______.

A) ATP
B) the overlapping of actin and myosin filaments
C) the pattern of isometric contractions characteristic of these muscles
D) the intersection of Z lines with A bands

Question 38

Blood vessels and nerves would most likely pass through a ________.

A) sinus
B) lamina
C) fissure
D) fossa

Question 39

The foramen magnum is a passageway for the _______.

A) tendons
B) spinal cord
C) ligaments
D) lymph vessels

Question 40

The immediate source of energy for muscle contraction is _______.

A) ATP
B) creatine phosphate
C) glycogen
D) lactic acid

Question 41

The brain stem is made up of the _______.

A) medulla, pons, and midbrain
B) hypothalamus, pons, and midbrain
C) thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons
D) medulla, pons, and thalamus

Question 42

Which of the following is not required for a withdrawal reflex?

A) Ascending tract
B) Afferent neuron
C) Efferent neuron
D) Interneuron

Question 43

The part of the brain that controls voluntary movement is the _______.

A) medulla
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) cerebrum

Question 44

The first step in any type of neural action is _______.

A) transmission of impulses to the spinal cord
B) integration in the brain
C) transmission to the brain
D) receptors receive a stimulus

Question 45

Receptors that transduce light energy are ________.

A) chemoreceptors
B) photoreceptors
C) mechanoreceptors
D) thermoreceptors

Question 46

The _______ system, which is most active during periods of calm, helps return the body to resting conditions.

A) parasympathetic
B) peripheral
C) sympathetic
D) central nervous

Question 47

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
C) Sodium
D) Nitric oxide

Question 48

In the autonomic division, ________.

A) all postganglionic fibers emerge from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
B) norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic fibers
C) two efferent neurons are found between the CNS and the muscle or gland it innervates
D) ventral branches of spinal nerves form plexuses

Question 49

In a neuron, an action potential is _______.

A) a change in charge that helps maintain the resting potential of a neuron
B) a wave of depolarization that moves along the axon
C) active release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
D) the process of stimulus reception

Question 50

The part of the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems is the _______.

A) pons
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) amygdala

Question 51

The part of the brain that helps maintain posture and equilibrium is the _______.

A) medulla
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) cerebellum

Question 52

A spinal ganglion would be found on the ________.

A) terminal end of a preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system
B) ventral branch of a spinal nerve
C) cervical plexus
D) dorsal root of a spinal nerve

Question 53

The central canal of the spinal cord is surrounded by an area of ________.

A) white matter
B) gray matter
C) pia mater
D) dura mater

Question 54

Visual information is integrated in the _______ lobe.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) parietal

Question 55

The outermost of the meninges is the ________.

A) arachnoid
B) cortex
C) dura mater
D) pia mater

Question 56

The junction between two neurons is called a _______.

A) synapse
B) ganglion
C) synaptic terminal
D) neurotransmitter receptor

Question 57

The vagus nerve _______.

A) is cranial nerve VIII
B) innervates muscles of the tongue
C) innervates certain eyeball muscles
D) sends branches to the heart, stomach, and small intestine

Question 58

Sodium-potassium pumps _______.

A) help maintain the resting potential of a neuron
B) pump potassium ions out of the neuron
C) are activated by neurotransmitters
D) help maintain the hyperpolarized state of the resting neuron

Question 59

Neurons that release acetylcholine are referred to as ________.

A) adrenergic
B) cholinergic
C) terminal
D) dopaminergic

Question 60

The sciatic nerve is _______.

A) the smallest nerve in the body
B) the main branch of the sacral plexus
C) a part of the brachial plexus
D) cranial nerve II

Question 61

The inner ear contains _______ that convert sound waves to nerve impulses.

A) proprioceptors
B) thermoreceptors
C) mechanoreceptors
D) audioreceptors

Question 62

The main function of thyroid hormones is to _______.

A) lower the concentration of glucose in the blood
B) stimulate the rate of metabolism
C) regulate the cortisol level in the blood and tissue fluid
D) help regulate fluid balance

Question 63

Epinephrine and norepinephrine _______.

A) stimulate blood vessels in the skin to dilate
B) lower glucose concentration in the blood
C) reduce inflammation
D) increase cardiac output

Question 64

The _______ are responsible for daytime and color vision.

A) rods
B) cones
C) occipital cells
D) polar cells

Question 65

Taste buds are found mainly _______.

A) in papillae on the tongue
B) in the olfactory epithelium
C) within the utricle
D) along the olfactory nerve

Question 66

Cyclic AMP functions as _______.

A) the first messenger that transmits information to a receptor
B) a second messenger that activates one or more enzymes
C) a hormone that activates DNA
D) one of the principal negative feedback regulators

Question 67

The part of the eye that brings light to a focus on the retina is the ________.

A) sclera
B) cornea
C) pupil
D) lens

Question 68

The basilar membrane vibrates. What happens next?

A) The tympanic membrane vibrates.
B) The semicircular canals are stimulated.
C) The perilymph vibrates.
D) Hair cells in the organ of Corti are stimulated.

Question 69

_______ stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus and stimulates release of milk from the breast.

A) ADH
B) Prolactin
C) Oxytocin
D) Growth hormone

Question 70

The breakdown of rhodopsin _______.

A) leads to blindness
B) leads to the transduction of light
C) can result in presbyopia
D) inhibits signals in the optic nerve

Question 71

The _______ is called the emergency gland of the body because it prepares us to cope with threatening situations.

A) adrenal medulla
B) adrenal cortex
C) thyroid
D) hypothalamus

Question 72

The _______ is the colored part of the eye which regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

A) iris
B) cornea
C) lens
D) pupil

Question 73

When the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high, _______.

A) beta cells secrete more insulin
B) alpha cells secrete more glucagon
C) the adrenal medulla releases more cortisol
D) the hypothalamus responds to positive feedback by secreting more releasing hormones

Question 74

The main disorder associated with pancreatic hormones is ________.

A) diabetes mellitus
B) diabetes insipidus
C) hypothyroidism
D) hyperthyroidism

Question 75

The _______ gland secretes at least seven distinct hormones, including growth hormone.

A) adrenal
B) pituitary
C) pineal
D) thyroid

Question 76

The region of sharpest vision is the _______.

A) optic disk
B) optic chiasm
C) fovea
D) pupil

Question 77

Free nerve endings of certain sensory neurons that respond to temperature extremes or penetration of the skin by sharp objects are _______.

A) proprioceptors
B) mechanoreceptors
C) nociceptors
D) thermoreceptors

Question 78

Information about turning movements is provided to the brain by the ________.

A) saccule
B) utricle
C) cochlear nerve
D) semicircular canals

Question 79

The malleus, incus, and stapes _______.

A) amplify vibrations
B) are located in the inner ear
C) sense the quality of sound
D) contain about 18,000 hair cells

Question 80

The function of ADH is to _______.

A) stimulate release of tropic hormones
B) stimulate the rate of metabolism
C) regulate the calcium level in the blood and tissue fluid
D) help regulate fluid balance