Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

____ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.

A) Concepts
B) Heuristics
C) Schemas
D) Perspectives

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Myers' discussion on self-esteem and success, research suggests that self-esteem comes from

A) praise, and learning from one's mistakes.
B) praise, and learning from one's failures.
C) praise, and learning from one's achievements.
D) praise alone.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Kitayama and Markus (2000) found that, for American students, happiness comes from feeling

A) close, friendly and respectful.
B) effective, superior and proud.
C) like part of a successful group.
D) included and wanted.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Baumeister and Exline (2000), both _______ and muscular strength are weakened after exertion, replenished with rest, and strengthened by exercise.

A) dieting
B) self-esteem
C) self-improvement
D) self-control

Question 5

If your initial efforts to lose weight, stop smoking, or improve your grades are successful, it is likely that your self-efficacy will

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) stay the same.
D) eventually become stable.

Question 6

Which saying reflects the false consensus effect?

A) The devil made me do it.
B) We're all in this together.
C) Everyone does it!
D) No one is better than me.

Question 7

The self-reference effect refers to the tendency to quickly process and remember well the information that

A) is relevant to our self-concepts.
B) is inconsistent with our self-concepts.
C) is irrelevant to our self-concepts.
D) contributes to our self-concepts.

Question 8

Compared to those with low self-esteem, people with a sense of self-worth are

A) more competitive.
B) kinder.
C) smarter.
D) happier.

Question 9

According to the text, self-esteem typically _____ in Japanese exchange students after they spend several months at a Canadian university. This suggests that self-concepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

A) decreases
B) increases
C) peaks and then drops sharply
D) remains constant

Question 10

A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one's

A) self-esteem.
B) self-aggrandizement.
C) self-worth.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 11

According to the text, attempts to improve a child's self-esteem through unconditional praise leads to

A) increased academic performances.
B) increased memory and attention.
C) increased social skills.
D) a devaluing of praise.

Question 12

The false uniqueness effect is

A) the anticipation of problems to motive effective action.
B) unrealistic optimism about future life events.
C) the tendency to see our talents and moral behaviors as relatively unusual.
D) the tendency to see oneself as superior to others.

Question 13

Being a musician in a band, you seem to pay attention when other people are discussing music and easily remember their musical preferences. This tendency is referred to as the

A) attention phenomenon.
B) personally noteworthy phenomenon.
C) self-reference effect.
D) self-consistent effect.

Question 14

The habit of using how we imagine another person perceiving us, as a mirror for perceiving ourselves, is referred to as

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) low self-esteem.
C) a social comparison.
D) the looking-glass self.

Question 15

As an example of how people misread their own minds, Nisbett and Schachter (1966) found that people who took a fake pill tolerated four times as much shock as those who did not take the placebo pill. When asked why they tolerated so much shock, the people who took the fake pill

A) mentioned the influence of the pill.
B) denied the influence of the pill.
C) forgot to initially mention the pill, but brought it up later.
D) said it didn't hurt.

Question 16

Researchers reported a _______ correlation between persistence and self-efficacy.

A) positive
B) negative
C) moderate
D) zero

Question 17

Our sense of self-worth is also called our

A) self-concept.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-value.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the self-serving bias is adaptive?

A) It helps protect from depression.
B) It makes us feel less vulnerable to risks such as AIDS.
C) It can motivate us to achieve.
D) It helps to buffer stress.

Question 19

According to the results of the Kahan and Johnson (1992) study mentioned in the text, two days after a conversation with someone our recall is best for what

A) the other person said about himself or herself.
B) the other person said about us.
C) we said about the other person.
D) we said about ourselves.

Question 20

In Kitayama's (1996) study of cultural differences in the praise that friends give to one another, the results indicated that Americans are ¬¬_______ likely to complement others when compared with the Japanese.

A) significantly less
B) slightly less
C) not
D) more

Question 21

Which statement about predicting your own behaviors or relationships isTRUE?

A) You are the best predictor of your own behaviors.
B) You can predict the fate of your relationships but not your behaviors.
C) The people who know you can probably predict your behaviors better than you.
D) Neither you nor the people who know you can predict your behaviors or the fates of your relationships.

Question 22

You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework. She rarely claims that she is unable to complete an assignment, and is academically successful. You would be correct in speculating that she likely has _______ feelings of self-efficacy.

A) strong
B) weak
C) average
D) variable (depending on if it is related to school or not)

Question 23

According to Dawes (1994; 1998), teen gang leaders, extreme ethnocentrists and terrorists have

A) high self-esteem.
B) low self-esteem.
C) high self-efficacy.
D) low self-efficacy.

Question 24

Assuming that other people are as prejudiced against a certain group as we are can easily be explained by

A) unrealistic optimism.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) the false uniqueness effect.
D) the false consensus effect.

Question 25

Your English Literature professor is helping you to remember a character from a story when he/she asks you to compare ____ to this character.

A) your mother
B) your best friend
C) yourself
D) your dog

Question 26

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is a definition of

A) high self-esteem.
B) low self-esteem.
C) individuality.
D) individualism.

Question 27

According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting _______ of their emotions.

A) the intensity
B) the duration
C) both the intensity and the duration
D) neither the intensity nor the duration

Question 28

Researchers reported that both anxiety and depression are ______ correlated with self-efficacy.

A) positively
B) negatively
C) moderately
D) slightly

Question 29

Baumeister (1996) reported that people who tend to be obnoxious, interrupt others and talk at people rather than with them, also tend to possess

A) high self-esteem.
B) low self-esteem.
C) high self-efficacy.
D) low self-efficacy.

Question 30

John is nervous about his tennis match, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night's sleep the night before the match. This could be an example of

A) self-handicapping.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) impression management.
D) self-presentation.

Question 31

The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the _____ effect.

A) transparency
B) audience
C) spotlight
D) headlight

Question 32

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future are called our

A) hoped-for selves.
B) transparent selves.
C) possible selves.
D) eventual selves.

Question 33

Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?

A) Two heads are better than one.
B) To thine own self be true.
C) Father knows best.
D) It takes a village to raise a child.

Question 34

According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001), women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexually harassing questions during a job interview. When actually asked such questions, women more often experienced

A) anger.
B) rage.
C) fear.
D) submission.

Question 35

Self-efficacy is similar to self-esteem in that both _______ our accomplishments.

A) increase with
B) decrease with
C) are independent of
D) contribute to

Question 36

Heatherton and Vohs (2000) found that when threatened with failure on an aptitude test, people with _______ became significantly more antagonistic than before they were threatened.

A) high self-esteem
B) low self-esteem
C) high self-efficacy
D) low self-efficacy

Question 37

Self-monitoring is

A) protecting one's self-image by creating an excuse for later failure.
B) disparaging oneself (false modesty) to elicit reassurance.
C) attempting to present a favorable image to an external audience.
D) adjusting one's behavior in response to external situations to create the desired impression.

Question 38

Assuming that everyone else is staring at the pimple on your chin is an example of the

A) transparency effect
B) audience effect
C) spotlight effect
D) headlight effect

Question 39

After seeing a billboard for the lottery, you imagine a life of the rich and famous for yourself. This future self-schema you imagine is an example of a

A) hoped-for self.
B) feared self.
C) possible self.
D) eventual self.

Question 40

Giving priority to the goals of one's group, such as one's family or workplace, and defining one's identity accordingly is called

A) cooperation.
B) communality.
C) collectivism.
D) groupthink.

Question 41

When it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of our future emotions, research indicates that most people

A) excel.
B) experience great difficulty.
C) perform moderately well.
D) either excel or fail, depending on the situation.

Question 42

The extent to which we perceive outcomes as a result of our own efforts or as a result of chance refers to

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) locus of control.
D) social comparison.

Question 43

According to the research reviewed in the text, college students who experience more stress, anger, relationship problems, drug and alcohol use, and eating disorders than others are more likely to have a self-worth contingent upon

A) internal sources.
B) external sources.
C) their hoped-for possible selves.
D) their feared possible selves.

Question 44

What is the spotlight effect? Provide an example.

Question 45

A study by Gilovich, Medvec and Savitsky (2000) had undergraduate students enter a room wearing Barry Manilow t-shirts. This study explored which concept mentioned in the text?

A) transparency effect
B) audience effect
C) spotlight effect
D) headlight effect

Question 46

According to Myers, when our social group is the _______, we think _______ about it.

A) minority; less
B) minority; more
C) majority; less
D) majority; more

Question 47

A person from a(n) _____ culture is more likely to say, "Went to the movies," and a person from a(n) _____ culture, is more likely to say, "I went to the movies."

A) individualistic; collectivistic
B) collectivistic; individualistic
C) self-centered; other-centered
D) other-centered; self-centered

Question 48

Studies of "affective forecasting" required participants to predict their future

A) school performance.
B) family situation.
C) income.
D) emotions.

Question 49

Your best friend earned a grade of "F" on her latest physics exam, and believes it was because the professor wrote a very difficult exam. She therefore has a(n) _______ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) high
D) low

Question 50

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) the self-deprecating bias.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 51

How is the spotlight effect related to the illusion of transparency?

Question 52

A study by Gilovich, Medvec and Savitsky (2000) had undergraduate students enter a room wearing Barry Manilow t-shirts. Those wearing the t-shirts

A) thought no one would notice them.
B) overestimated how many peers would notice them.
C) underestimated how many peers would notice them.
D) were correct about how many peers would notice them.

Question 53

The extent to which we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others is called

A) a hoped-for possible self.
B) a feared possible self.
C) social rank.
D) social comparison.

Question 54

In the U.S., those living in Hawaii and the deep south exhibit more _______ than those living in the western mountain states.

A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) self-esteem
D) self awareness

Question 55

You just broke up with someone that you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the

A) type of their future emotions.
B) duration of their future emotions.
C) frequency of their future emotions.
D) intensity of their future emotions.

Question 56

You attend a self-help discussion group, where the leader is encouraging people to think of themselves as the writers, directors, and actors of their own lives. The group leader is hoping people will adopt a(n) _______ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) high
D) low

Question 57

According to the self-serving bias, we tend to attribute our successes to _______ and our losses to _______.

A) chance; skill
B) skill; chance
C) hoped-for possible selves; feared possible selves
D) feared possible selves; hoped-for possible selves

Question 58

Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and locus of control.

Question 59

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of

A) transparency.
B) an audience.
C) the spotlight.
D) the headlight.

Question 60

High school students who finished near the top of their class are more likely to experience a threat to their academic self-esteem if they attend a

A) small, selective university.
B) small, non-competitive university.
C) large, selective university.
D) large, non-competitive university.

Question 61

Political conservatives tend to be economic _______ and moral ¬¬_______.

A) individualists; collectivists
B) collectivists; individualists
C) progressives; traditionalists
D) traditionalists; progressives

Question 62

According to Myers, professions of love during lust are often

A) anticipated even when one is not sexually aroused.
B) anticipated even when one is sexually aroused.
C) unanticipated when one is not sexually aroused.
D) unanticipated when one is sexually aroused.

Question 63

People who successfully stop smoking and do well in school tend to have a(n) _______ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) high
D) low

Question 64

Blaming the tree for getting in your way after you crashed the car is an example of

A) poor self-control.
B) poor self-efficacy.
C) poor self-esteem.
D) a self-serving bias.

Question 65

Review the evidence that supports the "dark side of high self-esteem."

Question 66

Assuming that everyone thinks you are a jerk because you forgot to show up at a dinner party with a gift for the host can be considered an example of the _____ effect.

A) transparency
B) audience
C) spotlight
D) headlight

Question 67

You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number), rather than returning them individually. It makes you feel better to see how you did in comparison to other students. This is an example of what social psychology phenomenon?

A) social rank
B) social comparison
C) social ratings
D) social contrast

Question 68

Political liberals tend to be economic ¬¬¬¬_______ and moral _______.

A) individualists; collectivists
B) collectivists; individualists
C) progressives; traditionalists
D) traditionalists; progressives

Question 69

According to Myers, we are prone to "impact bias", or _______ the impact of emotion-causing events (such as finding out the results after being tested for HIV).

A) failing to appreciate
B) denying
C) underestimating
D) overestimating

Question 70

After much contemplation, you decide to decline an invitation to a really great party, as you need to study for an exam. Doing well on this exam will help you meet your long-term goal of graduating with a strong grade point average, which will help you obtain a desirable job. You likely have a(n) _______ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) high
D) low

Question 71

Wilson and Ross (2001) found that when describing their old pre-college selves, university students offered _______ negative _______ positive statements.

A) more; than
B) less; than
C) as many; as
D) double as many; compared to

Question 72

Give an example of false consensus and an example of false uniqueness. Clearly label which is which.

Question 73

The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how

A) self-interest colors social judgment.
B) social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
C) self-concerns motivate our social behavior.
D) social relationships help to define our self.

Question 74

According to Myers' discussion on social comparison, people typically _______ the standards by which they evaluate their own attainments when they experience a(n) _______ in affluence, status, or achievement.

A) raise; decrease
B) raise; increase
C) lower; decrease
D) lower; increase

Question 75

You overhear a neighbor say that she believes that gay marriage should be illegal, and that she favors tax cuts for the wealthy. Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism, you can conclude that your neighbor is likely to be a political

A) liberal.
B) conservative.
C) independent.
D) This cannot be determined given the information available.

Question 76

When we accommodate and adjust to personal injuries, romantic breakups and exam failures, we cope more readily than we would expect. Wilson and Gilbert (2003) referred to this phenomenon as

A) immune neglect.
B) our psychological immune system.
C) our psychological denial system.
D) rationalizing.

Question 77

The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated negative events is called

A) depression.
B) low self-esteem.
C) learned hopelessness.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 78

Saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we associate ourselves with

A) failure and distance ourselves from success.
B) success and distance ourselves from failure.
C) rewards and distance ourselves from punishment.
D) punishment and distance ourselves from rewards.

Question 79

What is self-handicapping? Why do people engage in it?

Question 80

According to the author of the text, no topic in psychology today is more researched than

A) relationships.
B) social judgment.
C) the self.
D) social surroundings.