Deck 4: Social Perception

Question 1

Naturalist Charles Darwin (1872)asserted that facial expressions are

A) gender-specific.
B) species-specific.
C) feeling-specific.
D) culture-specific.
E) emotion-specific.

Answer 1

species-specific.

Question 2

Eva and her roommate haven't been getting along lately.Every time Eva enters the room,her roommate looks away and turns her body so that her back is to Eva.This example best illustrates the use of nonverbal behaviour to

A) express emotion.
B) facilitate verbal communication.
C) contradict verbal communication.
D) convey attitudes.
E) communicate personality traits.

Answer 2

convey attitudes.

Question 3

Naturalist Charles Darwin (1872)argued that nonverbal behaviours began as _______ and then became _______.

A) physiological responses; culture-specific.
B) evolutionary adaptations; communicative.
C) physiological responses; evolutionarily adaptive.
D) species-specific; culture-specific.
E) culture-specific; physiological responses.

Answer 3

physiological responses; evolutionarily adaptive.

Question 4

_______ is defined as how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them.

A) Social encoding
B) Covariation
C) Social perception
D) Attribution theory
E) Social inference

Question 5

Professor Axelrod is interested in how others interpret the appearance and behaviours of attractive versus unattractive people.Professor Axelrod is most likely to be interested in

A) personality theory.
B) attribution theory.
C) lie detection.
D) social encoding.
E) social perception.

Question 6

Charles Darwin's interest in _______ led him to believe that facial expressions are _______.

A) anthropology; culture-specific.
B) evolution; species-specific.
C) learning; culture-specific.
D) culture; culture-specific.
E) anthropology; species-specific.

Question 7

On your birthday,you arrive home and are overjoyed to find a large bouquet of flowers from your best friend.Your eyes grow wide and a broad smile crosses your face.You laugh in delight.This example best illustrates _______ as a primary use of nonverbal behaviour.

A) expressing emotion
B) universality
C) communicating one's personality traits
D) facilitating verbal communication
E) conveying attitudes

Question 8

The way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words is called

A) body language.
B) proxemics.
C) nonverbal communication.
D) emotional responsiveness.
E) self-presentation.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from research about gender differences in nonverbal behaviour?

A) Females are more likely than males to mimic other people's smiles.
B) It is easier to detect angry expressions on male faces than on female faces.
C) Subjects were more accurate in detecting happy expressions on female faces than on male faces.
D) A smile is often decoded as pride, especially on a male face.
E) The costs of decoding facial expressions inaccurately will depend on the gender of encoder and decoder.

Question 10

Sheila fancies herself an extravert.She smiles a lot and gestures dramatically as she talks.This example best illustrates the use of nonverbal behaviour to

A) convey attitudes.
B) express emotions.
C) contradict personal beliefs.
D) facilitate verbal communication.
E) communicate personality traits.

Question 11

Padma is on the phone when her roommate enters the room.Padma signals to her roommate to be quiet by pointing to the phone,shaking her head,and placing a raised index finger in front of her mouth.This example illustrates the use of nonverbal communication to _______ verbal communication.

A) contradict
B) duplicate
C) expand
D) substitute for
E) augment

Question 12

The six major facial expressions discussed in the text are widely considered to be

A) universal.
B) developmentally determined.
C) primate-specific.
D) variable across culture.
E) culture-specific.

Question 13

Facial expressions are _______,whereas emblems are _______.

A) universal; species-specific
B) species-specific; culture-specific
C) encoding; decoding
D) nonverbal behaviour; verbal behaviour
E) verbal behaviour; encoding

Question 14

According to the authors,it is not easy to understand and explain other people's behaviour because

A) other people work to hide their motivations and intentions.
B) we only have access to observable behaviours.
C) we overestimate the effect that the situation has on social behaviour.
D) social behaviour is often random.
E) social behaviour is often performed without conscious awareness.

Question 15

Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1971)demonstrated that Fore tribespeople from a preliterate culture in New Guinea were able to decode facial expressions of Westerners and encode emotion easily interpretable by Westerners.Their findings suggest that Darwin was

A) right-facial expressions are species-specific.
B) right-facial expressions are gender-specific.
C) wrong-facial expressions are culture-specific.
D) right-facial expressions are culture-specific.
E) wrong-facial expressions are universal among humans.

Question 16

_______ is to species-specific as _______ are to culture-specific.

A) Gaze; nonverbal behaviours
B) Personal space; verbal behaviours
C) Facial expression; emblems
D) Verbal behaviour; nonverbal behaviours
E) Gaze; emblems

Question 17

Express is to _______ as interpret is to _______.

A) decode; encode.
B) encode; emit.
C) emit; encode.
D) encode; decode.
E) decode; emit.

Question 18

Consider the following quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson (1860): "An eye can threaten like a loaded and leveled gun,or can insult like hissing or kicking; or,in its altered mood,by beams of kindness,it can make the heart dance with joy." Emerson was most likely referring to _______ using nonverbal communication.

A) inhibiting verbal communication
B) conveying attitudes
C) communicating one's personality traits
D) contradicting the spoken word
E) facilitating verbal communication

Question 19

When people communicate using nonverbal behaviour,they typically use

A) multiple channels.
B) their eyes.
C) their mouth.
D) their hands.
E) their tone of voice.

Question 20

According to the authors,why are reality TV shows like Survivor of interest to viewers from a social psychological perspective?

A) They provide a valuable lesson about how you should not trust people's verbal statements.
B) Reality TV allows psychologists a cost-effective way to study causal relationships.
C) They provide an interesting and convenient way to test one's theories of social perception.
D) Unlike real life, it is easy to see what people's true motivations are.
E) It is possible to determine if people are lying to one another.

Question 21

People in Japan seldom smile widely when they are happy,whereas people in North America are encouraged to smile often.This cultural difference reflects the power of _______ to influence nonverbal communication.

A) encoding
B) politeness norms
C) display rules
D) emblems
E) European speakers

Question 22

Although certain facial expressions are easily encoded and decoded across the human species,display rules

A) dictate whether to encode or decode a given expression.
B) signal whether we should be able to determine if someone is being truthful.
C) signal whether we should pay attention to verbal or nonverbal behaviours.
D) suggest that culture is also important.
E) dictate that we should hide our embarrassment.

Question 23

Research on cultural differences in nonverbal behaviour (Masuda et al.,2008)found that when interpreting the facial expressions of a central figure American subjects were influenced by

A) the facial expressions of the surrounding group of people only.
B) the facial expression of the central figure only.
C) the facial expressions of both the central figure and the surrounding group of people.
D) both the facial expressions of the surrounding group of people and the mood of the landscape.
E) a more 'panoramic' view of the scene compared to Japanese subjects.

Question 24

The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008)that examined cultural differences in social perception.They compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character's facial expression.What implications does this study have for the idea of analytic and holistic thinking styles?

A) It implies that holistic thinking styles are better than analytic ones.
B) It implies that analytic thinking styles are more primitive than holistic ones.
C) It implies that holistic thinking leads people to more carefully consider social context.
D) It implies that analytic thinking is erroneous in social contexts.
E) It implies that analytic thinking leads people to take account of more information in a social setting.

Question 25

Based on research in Chapter 4 of the text,which of the following cultures is LEAST likely to discourage displays of anger in facial expressions.

A) Japanese
B) Chinese
C) American
D) Indian
E) Korean

Question 26

Not only do display rules make it difficult to decode what someone is feeling by observing his or her face,but people also frequently display

A) facial masking.
B) affect blends.
C) facial ambivalence.
D) emblems.
E) nonverbal masking.

Question 27

The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008)that compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character's facial expression.Which group of participants spent more time looking at people in the periphery?

A) people from a Western culture
B) people from an Eastern culture
C) people from a European culture
D) women more than men
E) men more than women

Question 28

Sarah,a student at a Canadian university,has just arrived in Bolivia for a study year abroad.When meeting her host parents,she notices that they stand very close to her as they speak.She feels uncomfortable until she realizes that

A) she was just self-conscious.
B) their emblem use differs from her own.
C) she is just nervous about her trip.
D) they have different cultural norms concerning the use of space.
E) social roles are different in Latin America.

Question 29

On a visit to Australia,former President George H.W.Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered peace sign to a crowd.This is an example of how the use of _______,which vary from culture to culture,may lead to confusion or conflict if used outside of the user's culture.

A) emblems,
B) display rules,
C) encoded displays,
D) political gaffe,
E) paralanguage,

Question 30

_______ are culture-specific norms that dictate what kinds of emotional expression are allowed.

A) Nonverbal rules
B) Display rules
C) Expressive norms
D) External rules
E) Encoding rules

Question 31

Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1971)collected convincing evidence that facial expressions are universal.In their research,they studied

A) a preliterate tribe in an isolated part of New Guinea.
B) facial expressions on five different continents.
C) infants before they learned to talk.
D) blind people who smile, even though they have never seen a smile.
E) deaf culture.

Question 32

An implicit personality theory is a type of

A) cultural role.
B) category.
C) schema.
D) gender role.
E) stereotype.

Question 33

Gestures that have a clear meaning within a culture,but which may not be universally understood,are called

A) universality displays.
B) encoded displays.
C) display rules.
D) emblems.
E) decoded displays.

Question 34

According to the text,which of the following is NOT a display rule that governs the expression of emotions?

A) In Canada, it is less appropriate for a man to cry at a sad movie than for a woman.
B) In Japan, it is inappropriate for a woman to smile widely.
C) In Japan, it is appropriate to smile and laugh when you are experiencing a negative emotion.
D) In India, it is inappropriate to express strong feelings of anger in public.
E) In India, it is appropriate to express strong negative emotions in public.

Question 35

_______ refers to a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion and another part of the face registers a different emotion.

A) Dissembling
B) Nonverbal fracture
C) Deception
D) Affect blend
E) Ambivalence display

Question 36

According to research presented in the text,which of the following is true regarding the ability of humans to recognize the emotional expressions of others?

A) Emotional expressions cannot be masked or concealed.
B) If the expression on someone's face doesn't match the social situation that produced the expression, people will generally believe that the emotion the person is really feeling corresponds to their facial expression and not to the social situation.
C) One's interpretation of a person's facial expression can be influenced by the facial expressions of others present in the situation.
D) Across culture, people are generally not very accurate at recognizing emotional expression.
E) People are more accurate at identifying emotions when they have to label the expression themselves, as opposed to choosing from a list of labels that has been provided to them.

Question 37

The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008)in which researchers compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character's facial expression.What were they examining in this study?

A) whether differences in thinking style translate into differences in perception of facial expressions
B) whether differences in culture lead to differences in the accuracy of facial expression interpretation
C) whether cultural differences have an impact on the way people express emotion through facial expressions
D) whether gender differences in interpretation of facial expressions are larger than cultural differences
E) whether there are gender differences in the extent to which context has an impact on the perception of facial expressions

Question 38

Shontel's family is hosting a Japanese exchange student,Yukiko,at their home for a year.Shontel notices that Yukiko hides her smile behind her hands.After reading Chapter 4 (Social Perception),Shontel learns that Yukiko hides her smile because

A) in Japan, smiles signal feelings of superiority.
B) Japanese norms discourage Japanese women from showing broad smiles.
C) she is extremely uncomfortable.
D) Japanese norms discourage men and women from smiling.
E) she wants to conform to American display rules.

Question 39

Identify the six universal facial emotions originally proposed by Ekman.

A) happiness, anger, sadness, fear, embarrassment, and surprise
B) happiness, anger, sadness, shame, fear, and interest
C) happiness, humour, sadness, disgust, fear, and anger
D) happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and surprise
E) happiness, anger, fear, contempt, embarrassment, and interest

Question 40

When we make inferences about someone's personality based on what we already know about some characteristics,we are using a(n)

A) blank-filling procedure.
B) inferential statistic.
C) implicit heuristic.
D) meta-analysis.
E) implicit personality theory.

Question 41

From the point of view of Fritz Heider's (1958)"naive" or "common sense" psychology,people are much like _______ in trying to understand others' behaviour.

A) amateur scientists
B) computers
C) social psychologists
D) physicists
E) cognitive misers

Question 42

"Ellen is always crabby and tense,and that's why she's acting so impatient today," Simone remarked.Simone has just used a(n)_______ attribution to explain the cause of Ellen's impatience.

A) situational
B) external
C) inferential
D) internal
E) referential

Question 43

Computer nerds are widely held to be socially awkward,introverted,unpopular,and obsessed with anything related to technology.This description represents a(n)

A) subjective inference.
B) constructive reality.
C) implicit personality theory.
D) idiosyncratic schema.
E) personality heuristic.

Question 44

"Ahmed's bicycle was stolen yesterday," Jason said,"and that's why he's so cranky today." Jason has just used a(n)_______ to explain the cause of Ahmed's behaviour.

A) external referent
B) external attribution
C) internal attribution
D) internal referent
E) personal referent

Question 45

_______ theory provides a description of how people explain the causes of their own and other's behaviour.

A) Implicit personality
B) Causal identification
C) Dispositional
D) Attribution
E) Contagion

Question 46

Kelley's (1967)covariation model focuses on how people

A) combine situational and cultural information.
B) decide whether to make an internal or an external attribution.
C) use information to revise their causal schemas.
D) combine information to make a noncorrespondent inference.
E) revise their causal inferences in the face of contrary evidence.

Question 47

Curt Hoffman,Ivy Lau,and David Johnson (1986)provided native English-speakers and Chinese-English bilinguals with descriptions of people who fit either an artistic type or a shi gú type.English-speakers filled in gaps in the descriptions with inferences about the artistic type,but not about the shi gú type.In contrast,bilinguals who read the descriptions in English filled in blanks for the artistic type,but not the shi gú type,and bilinguals who read the descriptions in Chinese filled in the blanks for the shi gú type,but not the artistic type.These results suggest that

A) Chinese speakers rely more on nonverbal behaviours than English speakers.
B) Westerners are cognitive misers, whereas Easterners are not.
C) English speakers rely more on implicit personality theories than do Chinese speakers.
D) language and culture shape our implicit personality theories.
E) not all cultures use implicit personality theories.

Question 48

Based on research by Fincham and colleagues on attributions of married couples,consider the following couple: Dean claims that every time Erica does something kind it is just because she wants to impress his mother,and every time she does something rude he says it is because she is a mean person.What kind of relationship are they most likely to have?

A) They are a very satisfied and happy couple.
B) They are a very dissatisfied and troubled couple.
C) There is no way to judge based on attributions.
D) It depends on the gender roles of the society they live in.
E) They have a competitive relationship, due to Dean's self-serving bias.

Question 49

When distinctiveness is _______,consensus is _______,and consistency is high,people are likely to make an external attribution.

A) high or low; low only
B) high; high
C) high; low
D) low; high
E) low; low

Question 50

Hana usually doesn't like movies with violent scenes,but she saw Pulp Fiction,a violent movie,five times and loved it.Everyone else,including critics,also really liked Pulp Fiction.In this example,distinctiveness is _______ and consensus is _______.

A) low; high
B) low; low
C) high; high
D) high; low
E) low only; high or low

Question 51

The attributional perspective that addresses behaviours that occur over time,place and different actors and targets is the

A) fundamental attribution model.
B) covariation model.
C) dissonance model.
D) perceptual salience model.
E) social perception model.

Question 52

Research by Fincham and colleagues has found that couples who are happy in their marriages make very different attributions for their partners' behaviours than couples who are unhappy.Specifically,couples in happy marriages make ________,while couples in unhappy marriages make ________.

A) external attributions for their partners' behaviour; internal attributions for their partners' behaviour.
B) internal attributions for their partners' behaviour; external attributions for their partners' behaviour.
C) external attributions for negative behaviour and internal attributions for positive behaviour; internal attributions for negative behaviour and external for positive.
D) internal attributions for negative behaviour and external attributions for positive behaviour; external attributions for negative behaviour and internal for positive.
E) internal attributions for negative behaviour and internal attributions for positive behaviour; external attributions for negative behaviour and external for positive.

Question 53

_______ attribution is to PERSON as _______ attribution is to SITUATION.

A) Internal; correspondent
B) Extrinsic; intrinsic
C) Individual; collective
D) Internal; external
E) Intrinsic; extrinsic

Question 54

In trying to make sense of the social world,people are much like amateur scientists.This observation is most compatible with Fritz Heider's (1958)classic scholarly work on

A) implicit personality theories.
B) causal attributions.
C) correspondent inferences.
D) common sense psychology.
E) cultural interpretation.

Question 55

When we make note of an actor's personality,attitudes,values,or character,we are forming a(n)

A) speculative attribution.
B) external attribution.
C) causal speculation.
D) internal attribution.
E) implicit personality theory.

Question 56

According to the research by Fincham et al.,a spouse in an unhappy marriage is most likely to make which of the following attributions?

A) My partner was irritable because he is under stress.
B) My wife helped with my work because she is considerate.
C) My husband forgot my birthday because he is so over-worked at the moment.
D) My partner didn't notice my new dress because he loves me whatever I wear.
E) My wife bought me a gift because she wanted to impress our friends.

Question 57

Hana usually doesn't like movies with violent scenes,but she saw Pulp Fiction,a violent movie,five times and loved it.Everyone else also really liked Pulp Fiction.After reading Chapter 4,how would you explain why Hana saw Pulp Fiction so many times?

A) She's in love with Samuel L. Jackson.
B) Pulp Fiction must be a good movie.
C) Although Hana doesn't like the violence, she appreciates good dialogue.
D) Hana actually enjoys movies with violent scenes.
E) Violence is making a comeback in Hollywood.

Question 58

Ben's first impression of Juan is that Juan is kind and friendly.Ben decides that Juan must also be smart and compassionate.Ben's assumption is an example of

A) the distinctiveness effect.
B) an implicit personality theory.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) a defensive attribution.
E) belief in a just world.

Question 59

Political commentator and humorist Molly Ivens made "Bubba" famous.Bubba is a loud,beer-drinking,swaggering man,simple in his tastes and thinking.This constellation of Bubba traits represents a(n)

A) personality type.
B) implicit personality theory.
C) subjective inference.
D) causal attribution.
E) personality trait.

Question 60

The other day Bill was in the coffee shop and Terry looked him right in the eye and gave him a big smile.For an instant Bill thought that perhaps Terry was attracted to him,but then he concluded,"Terry always looks people in the eye and smiles at them." According to Kelley's covariation model,Bill's conclusion is an example of

A) how a lifetime of rejection can produce bitterness and pessimism.
B) low consistency.
C) high distinctiveness.
D) low distinctiveness.
E) high consistency.

Question 61

According to Kelley's covariation model,when consistency is low,people make

A) situational attributions.
B) external attributions as long as consensus is high.
C) internal attributions as long as distinctiveness is low.
D) personal attributions as long as distinctiveness is low.
E) internal attributions.

Question 62

Thomas is constantly searching for employment,but has yet to be hired.While Thomas is outside in the unemployment line,a woman yells at him as she drives by,"Get a job,you lazy bum!" Her assumption about Thomas is an example of the

A) primary attributional fault.
B) cognitive failure error.
C) principal retribution inaccuracy.
D) fundamental intervention error.
E) fundamental attribution error.

Question 63

When observers consider the extent to which different people respond in the same way toward a given stimulus,they are using _______ information.

A) commonality
B) consensus
C) consistency
D) stable
E) distinctiveness

Question 64

Even when participants in an experiment,conducted by E.E.Jones and Victor Harris (1967),were told that people were assigned to write an essay sympathetic to Cuba's Fidel Castro,they still were willing to assume that the essay reflected the writer's true "pro-Castro" attitudes.These findings illustrate

A) the covariation effect.
B) the power of distinctiveness information.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) judgmental heuristics.
E) the power of consistency information.

Question 65

After managing to make it to the final five players on Survivor,a low profile (and somewhat underrated contestant)named Sam expresses loyalty to one player but then votes against him at Tribal Council.If you assume that Sam is a manipulative liar this means that you have probably

A) demonstrated the misinformation effect.
B) fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error.
C) displayed self-serving attributions.
D) overestimated the situational constraints on Sam's behaviour.
E) excused Sam's lying behaviour.

Question 66

Simon laughed long and hard when he saw his mother slip and fall.Neither his sister nor his father laughed when they saw her fall.Simon has seen both his mother and other people fall before,but didn't laugh then.According to Kelley's covariation model,observers privy to this information are likely to assume that

A) the weather makes people behave strangely.
B) there must have been something peculiar about this particular incident that made Simon laugh.
C) Simon doesn't like his mother very much.
D) Simon's mother looked ridiculous when she fell.
E) Simon is under stress and not himself.

Question 67

What kind of attributions do people most often make about others?

A) situational
B) inferential
C) relevant
D) internal
E) external

Question 68

After the tragic,accidental death of Diana,Princess of Wales,public sorrow was mixed with criticism of the Royal Family,whose absence from the public stage was noted.The Queen,Prince Charles,and others were referred to as aloof and uncaring.This historical example illustrates the

A) use of self-serving attributions.
B) covariation model of attribution.
C) hindsight bias.
D) use of consistency information.
E) fundamental attribution error.

Question 69

When people commit the fundamental attribution error,they tend to

A) overestimate the situational constraints on people's behaviour.
B) underestimate the direct causes of people's behaviour.
C) underestimate the situational constraints on people's behaviour.
D) rely on situational information only and disregard personality variables.
E) overestimate the proximal causes of people's behaviour.

Question 70

Rafael has always hated mathematics courses.However,he likes most other courses at the university.Most other students also tend to avoid math courses whenever possible.Given this information about consistency,distinctiveness,and consensus,most people would make a(n)_______ attribution for Rafael's attitude.

A) external
B) situational
C) personal
D) internal
E) biased

Question 71

_______ information addresses the extent to which the same person responds similarly to different stimuli.

A) Consensus
B) Discrimination
C) Distinctiveness
D) Stable
E) Consistency

Question 72

People who commit the fundamental attribution error are most like

A) personality psychologists.
B) social psychologists.
C) clinical psychologists.
D) experimental psychologists.
E) sociologists.

Question 73

Which of the following statements represents updated findings on Kelley's covariation model?

A) People are likely to make situational attributions when consensus is low and distinctiveness is high.
B) Due to the fact that people make up missing information, they are invariably wrong in their attributions.
C) People rely more on consensus and consistency information than they do on distinctiveness.
D) People rely more on consensus information than on either distinctiveness or consistency information.
E) People rely more on consistency and distinctiveness information than they do on consensus information.

Question 74

_______ information addresses the extent to which an actor behaves in a similar way in response to a stimulus across time and circumstances.

A) Uniformity
B) Consensus
C) Distinctiveness
D) Stable
E) Consistency

Question 75

Jacquie tells me that the latest album by Strapping Young Lad is fantastic.It is her favourite album and I should definitely buy it as soon as possible.Which of the following sets of attributional information constitute the best evidence that the album is actually good,and isn't just due to the fact that sometimes Jacquie is weird?

A) Low consensus/Low distinctiveness/Low consistency
B) Low consensus/High distinctiveness/Low consistency
C) Low consensus/High distinctiveness/High consistency
D) High consensus/High distinctiveness/High consistency
E) High consensus/Low distinctiveness/High consistency

Question 76

The covariation model assumes that

A) causal attributions are biased and self-serving.
B) distinctiveness is relatively unimportant.
C) consistency information is relatively unimportant.
D) the fundamental attribution error is the exception, not the rule.
E) people make attributions in a rational, logical way.

Question 77

After watching a television report about people who pay too much for their cars when they are subjected to "high pressure" sales tactics,you conclude that those people are particularly weak and gullible.According to the text,your conclusion is an example of all of the following EXCEPT

A) the correspondence bias.
B) a dispositional attribution.
C) an internal attribution.
D) a situational attribution.
E) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 78

The tendency to assume that human behaviour is caused by the kind of person who enacts it was labeled by Lee Ross (1977)as "the fundamental attribution error" because it is

A) a frequent occurrence, even when there are clear situational forces that could affect behaviour.
B) culture-specific.
C) species-specific.
D) one of the first attribution theories.
E) acquired so early in life.

Question 79

Kelley's contribution to attribution theory concerns how we

A) develop causal theories about the influences on our feelings and behaviour.
B) gain a better understanding of our own behaviour.
C) examine multiple instances of behaviour in determining whether to make internal or external attributions.
D) overestimate the role of internal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors in making attributions.
E) make decisions under conditions of uncertainty.

Question 80

According to the textbook authors,which of the following statements is NOT one of the recent refinements of Kelley's covariation theory?

A) People are predisposed to make external attributions if situational factors are evident.
B) If they do not have information about all three dimensions, people use the information they do have and proceed with the attributional process.
C) People don't always have the relevant information they need on all three dimensions.
D) People make inferences about missing data if they don't have information on all three dimensions.
E) People rely much more on consistency and distinctiveness information than they do on consensus.