Deck 12: Prejudice

Question 1

Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype?

A) Nicole avoids homeless people on the street.
B) Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding.
C) Cindy does not have any friends outside of her sorority.
D) Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted.
E) Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him.

Answer 1

Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted.

Question 2

_______ is to affect as _______ is to cognition.

A) Prejudice; discrimination
B) Stereotype; prejudice
C) Discrimination; prejudice
D) Discrimination; stereotype
E) Prejudice; stereotype

Answer 2

Prejudice; stereotype

Question 3

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they

A) exist.
B) are based on experience.
C) are overgeneralized to members of a group.
D) require cognitive effort.
E) reduce cognitive effort.

Answer 3

are overgeneralized to members of a group.

Question 4

Prejudice is to discrimination as _______ is/are to _______.

A) affect; cognition.
B) cognition; stereotypes.
C) cognition; affect.
D) affect; behaviour.
E) behaviour; attitudes.

Question 5

Stereotyping is a way of _______ the complex information around us,and thus is sometimes _______.

A) justifying; reassuring.
B) fully analyzing; slow.
C) simplifying; adaptive.
D) judging; decisive.
E) coding; destructive.

Question 6

Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known.Which of the following is true about the scope of the experience of prejudice?

A) Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination.
B) Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice.
C) Any group can experience prejudice.
D) Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore.
E) Racism is the only form of prejudice that creates true harm in society.

Question 7

_______ refers to a negative attitude towards a distinguishable group of people,based solely on their group membership.

A) Stereotypes
B) Racism
C) Prejudice
D) Modern racism
E) Discrimination

Question 8

_______ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group,regardless of within-group variations.

A) Schemas
B) Stereotypes
C) Negative stereotypes
D) In-group schemata
E) In-group biases

Question 9

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they

A) are selectively applied.
B) minimize differences within a group of people.
C) simplify a complex social world.
D) are generally accurate.
E) are reserved for ambiguous situations.

Question 10

Although psychologists usually refer to prejudice only in a _______ sense,it is possible for a person to have a _______ prejudice about a particular group.

A) diffuse; specific
B) positive; negative
C) specific; diffuse
D) benign; destructive
E) negative; positive

Question 11

The term _______ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922),who referred to these phenomena as "the little pictures we carry around in our heads."

A) stereotype
B) heuristics
C) cognitive focus
D) generalization
E) prejudgments

Question 12

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of "prejudice" as typically used by social psychologists?

A) Barbara believes that women are smarter than men.
B) At parties Lynne tends to seek out people who, like her, are psychology majors.
C) Glen believes that high school dropouts are unlikely to succeed.
D) Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East.
E) Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic.

Question 13

Vorauer and Sasaki (2010)provided students with information that promoted multiculturalism.In response,________ students communicated ________ to an Aboriginal student who sent them a message than comparable students who did not receive the information.

A) low-prejudice; less warmly
B) high-prejudice; less warmly
C) low-prejudice; more frequently
D) high prejudice; more warmly
E) low-prejudice; less frequently

Question 14

When Gordon Allport (1954)described stereotyping as "the law of least effort," he was suggesting that stereotypes arise

A) to help us conserve cognitive energy.
B) from personal experience.
C) because we are not motivated to fully think through important issues.
D) to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily.
E) at the service of the ego.

Question 15

Prejudice is an attitude.Attitudes include __________,cognitive,and behavioural components.

A) affective
B) dominant
C) social
D) procedural
E) illustrative

Question 16

Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people.

A) cognitive
B) specific
C) behavioural
D) denotative
E) affective

Question 17

Social psychologist Gordon Allport referred to stereotyping as "the law of least effort." By this he meant that

A) stereotyping is a way to simplify a complex world.
B) people are cognitively lazy.
C) negative stereotypes are motivated, but positive stereotypes are not.
D) it takes a tremendous amount of effort to abandon our stereotypes.
E) lazy people tend to hold the most stereotypes.

Question 18

Based on research by Dion and colleagues (1999),which of the following would receive the most negative rating just based on their names and titles.

A) Mrs. Evans
B) Miss Jones
C) Ms. Barnes
D) Mr. Green
E) J. Taylor, Esq.

Question 19

Gaucher and colleagues (2011)found that advertisements for male-dominated jobs had more masculine stereotypical words (e.g.,competitive,dominate)than advertisements for female-dominated jobs.They also found that women were reluctant to apply for such jobs because

A) they expected sexism in the workplace.
B) they felt they would not belong in the workplace.
C) they found the language offensive.
D) they thought they could earn more elsewhere.
E) they felt they didn't have the right skills for the job.

Question 20

Shane believes that women are more dependent,more nurturing,more intuitive,and less rational than men.These are examples of Shane's _______ women.

A) stereotypes about
B) negative affect toward
C) negative behaviour toward
D) prejudice toward
E) discrimination against

Question 21

_______ refers to the idea that because people have learned to hide negative attitudes to avoid allegations of racism,they reveal their bias in more subtle and indirect ways.

A) Scapegoating
B) Reactance
C) Realistic conflict theory
D) Displacement
E) Modern prejudice

Question 22

Tajfel's social categorization perspective suggests that we are motivated to show in-group bias for two reasons.These are

A) quicker information processing and a more coherent world view.
B) social identity benefits and self-esteem enhancement.
C) the need to perceive the world accurately and conform to in-group demands.
D) ensuring survival of our group and of ourselves.
E) a desire to express our negative energy and experience the catharsis that follows.

Question 23

British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982)divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether their artistic taste represented a "Klee style" or a "Kandinsky style." Tajfel designed such experiments to determine

A) how to reduce the effects of prejudice.
B) the minimal conditions for establishing in-group bias.
C) how to minimize competition between in-groups and out-groups.
D) when existing stereotypes will overshadow the effects of minimal categorization.
E) the effects of minimal categorization on people's implicit personality theories.

Question 24

From a social cognitive perspective,the first step toward prejudice is

A) identification with similar others.
B) the categorization of people into groups.
C) the preference we give to in-groups.
D) our tendency to disparage out-groups.
E) identification with the out-group.

Question 25

Marc and Barbara are part of a study group that gathers for lunch.They like sushi,but the other two members of the study group do not.Over time,Marc and Barbara come to feel that the other members do not work as hard as they do and are less friendly.This may be an effect of Marc and Barbara forming a(n)

A) base group.
B) clique.
C) out-group.
D) minimal group.
E) focus group.

Question 26

What distinguishes an in-group from an out-group?

A) the location of the group
B) the size of the group
C) the similarity of group members
D) a person's identification with the group
E) the cohesiveness of the group

Question 27

Which of the following is not one of the recently developed measures of modern prejudice discussed in your text?

A) the neosexism scale
B) the implicit association test (IAT)
C) the modern racism scale
D) the modern homonegativity scale
E) the associative attitude test (AAT)

Question 28

Tougas and her colleagues at the University of Ottawa developed the "Neosexism Scale" in order to

A) measure sexist attitudes in school children.
B) measure sexism in the workplace.
C) measure anti-male attitudes as well as anti-female attitudes.
D) measure attitudes towards lesbians and gay men.
E) measure negative attitudes towards women that people might not want to express overtly.

Question 29

Modern prejudice is _______ than "traditional" prejudice.

A) less insidious
B) less obvious
C) less serious
D) more explicit
E) more blatant

Question 30

The definition of ___________ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group."

A) affirmative action
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) racism
E) in-group bias

Question 31

The tendency to favour the in-group and discriminate against the out-group is

A) a result of the need to perceive the world accurately.
B) an automatic product of information processing.
C) more likely in people who are "cognitive misers."
D) more likely in people who are high in the need for cognition.
E) motivated at least in part by the desire to enhance self-esteem.

Question 32

Discrimination is the _______ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people.

A) dominant
B) cognitive
C) affective
D) behavioural
E) pejorative

Question 33

The fact that one gives overly positive evaluations to targets of prejudice is one of the indicators of

A) modern prejudice.
B) racism.
C) stereotyping.
D) meta stereotypes
E) outgroup bias.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about group membership is true according to your text?

A) If you strongly identify with your social group, you feel less threatened by out-group members.
B) Discriminating against members of other groups can make you like your own group more.
C) If you strongly identify with your social group, you are less likely to discriminate against members of other groups.
D) Discriminating against other groups is more likely to occur if you have been assigned to a group than if you have chosen it.
E) Favouring your own group is more likely to occur if you have been assigned to a group than if you have chosen it.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

A) Luke thinks all women are manipulative.
B) Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews.
C) Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
D) Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish and can cook terrific Tex-Mex food.
E) Joe believes that all rich people are snobs who have acquired their money dishonestly.

Question 36

When the identity of a group was threatened by absorption into an out-group (Wohl et al.,2011)(e.g.,if Canada were about to become part of the US),the response of those who strongly identify with their group was

A) increased prejudice towards the out-group.
B) endorsement of measures to protect in-group sovereignty.
C) increased ratings of out-group superiority.
D) increased desire to leave the in-group and join the out-group.
E) a decrease in self-esteem.

Question 37

"Klee style" versus "Kandinsky style," blue eyes versus brown eyes,and tall versus short all represent meaningless criteria with which to

A) enhance group harmony.
B) create in-groups and out-groups.
C) reduce prejudice.
D) minimize the effects of group membership.
E) perpetuate stereotypes.

Question 38

Which of the following concepts is most closely related to a social cognition approach to prejudice?

A) contagion and frustration
B) realistic conflict
C) self-justification processes
D) the frustration-aggression link
E) social categorization

Question 39

A well-developed measure of modern prejudice is ________ which asks participants to respond to works paired with pictures of faces,then measures speed of response.

A) the neosexism scale
B) the implicit association test (IAT)
C) the modern racism scale
D) the modern homonegativity scale
E) the associate attitude test (AAT)

Question 40

Maria is a member of a chess team.Her ratings of the other members of her team are likely to be __________ her ratings of members of another chess team.

A) the same as
B) less varied than
C) more positive than
D) more negative than
E) more varied than

Question 41

Correll and colleagues (2002)had white participants play a video game in which they were supposed to hit the "shoot" button when they saw photographs of young men who had guns,but were supposed to hit the "don't shoot" button when the young men did not have a gun.They made the most errors when ____________,and made the least errors when ____________.

A) when a Black male was not holding a gun; when a White male was holding a gun
B) when a Black male was not holding a gun; when a Black male was holding a gun
C) when a White male was not holding a gun; when a White male was holding a gun
D) when a White male was holding a gun; when a Black male was not holding a gun
E) when a Black male was holding a gun; when a White male was holding a gun

Question 42

Clément and colleagues (2001; 1996)compared cultural group identification of bilingual francophone and anglophone students at the University of Ottawa.They found that

A) English-speaking francophones identified with anglophones but French-speaking anglophones did not identify with the francophone group.
B) the anglophones showed identification with the francophone culture.
C) even though students felt competence with the other language, it did not lead to cross identification with the other group. They only identified with their own cultural group.
D) as the minority group, francophones strongly identified only with their own culture.
E) competence within the other cultural group's language facilitates identification with the other group for both anglophones and francophone students.

Question 43

As a researcher you know that,in general,members of a certain society are very prejudiced against gay people.If you want to predict the attitudes of specific group members towards gay people,the best question you could ask would be,

A) "How do you feel about gay marriage?"
B) "What kinds of experiences have you had in your interactions with gay people?"
C) "What emotions do you feel when you think about gay people?"
D) "In what ways do you think the values promoted by the gay community contradict your own personal values?"
E) "What kinds of personality traits do you think gay people possess?"

Question 44

Belinda is thinking of joining the women's hockey team at the University.She is,however,concerned that the players on the men's team will mock them because 'girls can't play hockey'.Belinda's beliefs can best be described as

A) a stereotype threat.
B) an attribution error.
C) disengagement.
D) a meta-stereotype.
E) disidentification.

Question 45

Applying the results of Clément and colleagues' research on cultural identity of anglophone and francophone students,which scenario is most likely?

A) Since Jim began learning French, he identifies more with francophones than he did before.
B) Alain no longer identifies with his francophone culture due to extensive experience with English culture.
C) Sarah's identification with anglophone culture has come in conflict with her francophone identity now that she is learning English.
D) Laura's increasing identification with francophone culture has come in conflict with her anglophone identity.
E) Even though Marie-Eve has become much more proficient in English she feels no connection to anglophone culture.

Question 46

Research by Corenblum and Stephan (2001)concerning the role of emotions as a predictor of the prejudice that minority groups feel toward majority groups revealed that

A) negative emotions did not predict prejudice for either group.
B) negative emotions influence prejudice levels for minority groups but not for majority groups.
C) negative emotions were less predictive of prejudice than individual differences.
D) the more negative emotion people expect to feel while interacting with members of another group, the greater their prejudice towards that group.
E) negative emotions influence prejudice levels for majority groups but not for minority groups.

Question 47

Patricia Devine's (1989)research indicates that both low-prejudiced and high-prejudiced people's stereotypes are _______,but low-prejudiced people want to _______ their stereotypes.

A) common; use
B) suspended; activate or use
C) known; reveal
D) known; activate
E) accessible; refute or ignore

Question 48

According to research conducted by Vorauer and her colleagues,if you expect to interact with someone you believe holds a negative stereotype of your group,you will

A) experience a loss of self-esteem.
B) compensate by anticipating more positive emotions during the interaction.
C) anticipate that the interaction will be unpleasant.
D) experience a loss of self-worth.
E) work harder than usual to overcome that negative stereotype.

Question 49

Marianne has grown up believing that all Native Canadians are unintelligent and lazy.One day she attends a lecture by Judge Murray Sinclair,an educated and articulate Native Canadian.Research conducted at the University of Waterloo by Kunda and Oleson (1997)would predict that,on the basis of this encounter it is most likely that

A) she will conclude that Murray Sinclair is not really intelligent, but became a judge because he received preferential treatment.
B) she will reevaluate her opinions of Native Canadians and conclude that they must be wrong.
C) she will conclude that Murray Sinclair is a different and unusual "type" of Native Canadian.
D) she will try even harder to think of Native Canadians that are like her stereotype in order to hang on to it.
E) she will not pay attention during the lecture.

Question 50

The two steps in Devine's (1989)model of cognitive processing of stereotypes are

A) negative feelings and negative behaviours.
B) negative thoughts and negative feelings.
C) automatic processing and controlled processing.
D) activation of the stereotype and engaging in discrimination.
E) negative thoughts and negative behaviours.

Question 51

Patricia Devine (1989)argues that even though we all hold _______ stereotypes,_______ can influence whether we believe and act on them.

A) automatically activated; controlled processing
B) gender; interacting with others
C) simple; complex contradictory information
D) negative; experience
E) specific; our moods

Question 52

Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001)paired up Aboriginal and white Canadians in conversation.Each person made ratings of his or her own partner and predicted how his or her partner perceived them.The conclusion for the study was that

A) high-prejudice white people believed that they were stereotyped by their Aboriginal conversation partner, even though they were not.
B) high-prejudice white people were targets of stereotyping as much as Aboriginal participants.
C) the white Canadians were stereotyped while the Aboriginals were not.
D) the minority group stereotyped the majority group and vice versa.
E) the Aboriginals were stereotyped while the white Canadians were not.

Question 53

Even nonprejudiced participants in research by Patricia Devine (1989)can recognize such negative stereotypes as "Jews are money-hungry" or "homosexual men are effeminate." Still,nonprejudiced participants do not endorse those stereotypes.This is because the activation of stereotypes is _______,whereas the refutation of stereotypes is _______.

A) difficult; effortless.
B) distressing; a relief.
C) controlled; automatic.
D) learned; automatic.
E) automatic; controlled.

Question 54

One source of prejudice and discrimination lies in our attempts to understand not only why individuals behave as they do,but also why groups of people act as they do.This statement best reflects the _______ to understanding the causes of prejudice.

A) realistic conflict approach
B) attributional approach
C) out-group homogeneity approach
D) in-group approach
E) minimal group

Question 55

Research by Haddock,Zanna,and Esses (1993,1994)assessed attitudes towards different ethnic groups and towards gays and lesbians.Their findings suggest that _____________________ are the best predictor of attitudes for the group toward which participants were least prejudiced,whereas _____________________ best predicted attitudes for the groups towards which participants were most prejudiced.

A) symbolic beliefs; emotions
B) symbolic beliefs; in-group bias
C) emotions; symbolic beliefs
D) outgroup identifications; in-group bias
E) emotions; in-group bias

Question 56

Michael is a police officer.During one of his shifts,he is chasing a suspect down an alleyway.The suspect turns around and pulls something from his pocket.Michael has half a second to decide whether the object is a gun or something else,like the suspect's wallet.According to research by Correll and colleagues (2011),Michael is most likely to infer a threat and shoot the suspect if

A) the suspect is wearing jeans and a hoodie.
B) the suspect is a Hispanic man.
C) the suspect is a White man.
D) the suspect is a Black man.
E) the suspect is wearing a suit.

Question 57

The authors of the text suggest that ________ can have an ironic effect in that it involves taking the perspective of an out-group member,usually see as a prejudice decreasing strategy.But in this case it often leads to an increase in negative feelings about the out-group.

A) stereotype threat
B) realistic conflict
C) meta-stereotyping
D) in-group bias
E) the ultimate attribution error

Question 58

Which of the following has been found to be the strongest predictor of prejudiced attitudes?

A) how negative our experiences with members of an out-group have been
B) how much interaction we have with the out-group
C) how well-defined our stereotypes about an out-group are
D) how much we believe an out-group hinders values that we cherish
E) how strong the emotions elicited by an out-group are

Question 59

Research by Sinclair and Kunda (1999)found that people are most likely to inhibit the activation of their racial stereotypes if

A) they received a negative evaluation by a member of a different racial group.
B) they received no evaluation by a members of a different racial group.
C) they received a positive evaluation by a member of their own racial group.
D) they received a negative evaluation by a member of their own racial group.
E) they received a positive evaluation by a member of a different racial group.

Question 60

Your beliefs about the stereotypes that members of other groups hold about you and your own group are called

A) meta-stereotypes.
B) out-group stereotypes.
C) second-order stereotypes.
D) higher-order stereotypes.
E) in-group stereotypes.

Question 61

Jamal and Tina just earned the top two scores on their calculus examination.In response to this good news,people are likely to say _______ about Tina,whereas they are likely to say _______ about Jamal.

A) "Well, she studies for ten hours,"; "Some people have it and some people don't, and he has it."
B) "She really learned the material well,"; "Man, he really got lucky this time."
C) "Math is one of her strong subjects,"; "I can't believe he did so well on a difficult test."
D) "It's 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration,"; "He should have studied this way all along."
E) "Women are just as good at math as men are,"; "I guess that studying hard pays off."

Question 62

When people see the social norm (the way things are)as the way things are supposed to be,they are involved in a process termed

A) right-wing authoritarianism.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) injunctification.
D) stereotype threat.
E) meta-stereotyping.

Question 63

_______ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter-group conflict.

A) Triangular theory
B) Attribution theory
C) Realistic conflict theory
D) Relative deprivation theory
E) The self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 64

Janet Swim and Lawrence Sanna (1996)systematically studied a series of 58 experiments conducted over the last 20 years.These researchers found that when men succeed at a given task,participants attribute their success to ability,whereas when women succeed at that same task,participants attribute their success to hard work.These findings are significant because they suggest that

A) stereotypes about women have become more positive over the last two decades.
B) gender stereotypes (about men and women) have changed over the last two decades.
C) female actors make different attributions for their success than observers do.
D) stereotypes about women have remained consistent over the last two decades.
E) stereotypes about women have become more negative over the last two decades.

Question 65

From an attributional perspective,prejudice and discrimination often result when

A) subtypes are applied to members of an in-group.
B) the fundamental attribution error is applied to members of an entire group.
C) people refuse to make attributions for objectionable out-group behaviours.
D) in-group members do not spend much time together.
E) out-group members behave in ways that contradict in-group stereotypes.

Question 66

As part of a research study,James is given a story about the Sandirians coming to Canada.He reads that Sandirians are a resourceful and adaptive people that do well in tough economic times and are able to gain employment and support themselves soon after immigrating.Based on the results of Esses and colleagues' (2001)study on reactions to immigration,how do you think he will rate Sandirians?

A) very positively due to the fact that they are good citizens
B) neutrally as the information has little relevance
C) somewhat positively since he perceives that they will not be a burden on society
D) positively as the information has little relevance
E) negatively due to the fact that their success may be threatening

Question 67

Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961)created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate.To do this,the researchers first _______ and then _______.

A) created minimal groups; set up a series of competitive situations.
B) created in-group cohesiveness; set up a series of competitive situations.
C) set up a series of competitive situations; created in-group cohesiveness.
D) created out-group cohesiveness; initiated competitive games.
E) created minimal groups; generated frustration by taking away desired objects.

Question 68

Consider the following examples of prejudice: anti-Chinese prejudice in the United States after the transcontinental railroad was completed,anti-Mexican prejudice in the United States when agricultural jobs are scarce,anti-Native prejudice in New Brunswick after a dispute over lobster fishing rights,and anti-immigrant prejudice during times of high unemployment.These examples best illustrate the _______ theory of prejudice.

A) scarcity
B) authoritarian
C) realistic conflict
D) cultural
E) contact

Question 69

_______ is to individuals as _______ is to groups.

A) Stereotype; prejudice
B) Fundamental attribution error; ultimate attribution error
C) Prejudice; stereotype
D) Accuracy; biases
E) Personal attribution; collective attribution

Question 70

Alice's three children are driving her crazy.They are constantly squabbling,calling one another names,and generally tormenting one another.To preserve what's left of her sanity,Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along.She promises them that she will take them to a Pixar movie if they will work together to clean their playroom in under 30 minutes.To reduce hostilities,Alice has fulfilled two necessary preconditions for reducing conflict,

A) the reduction of frustration and a common goal.
B) reduced stereotype threat and role differentiation
C) a neutral setting and role differentiation.
D) mutual interdependence and a common goal.
E) one-on-one interactions between in-group and out-group members and an informal setting.

Question 71

Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961)created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Once in-group cohesiveness was established,they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games.Conflict between the two groups escalated.This field study provided support for the _______ theory of prejudice.

A) realistic conflict
B) out-group disparagement
C) ultimate attribution theory
D) scapegoat
E) in-group enhancement

Question 72

Fiona isn't really sure what to believe about Indian immigrants to England,but she knows what her parents and friends think.Because she is concerned with being accepted by these important people in her life,Fiona adopts their beliefs and feelings about this out-group.This example best illustrates _______ as a source of prejudicial attitudes.

A) informational conformity
B) competition for scarce resources
C) scapegoating
D) in-group pride
E) normative conformity

Question 73

_______ characterizes a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal important to each group.

A) Zero-sum dynamics
B) Collectivism
C) Group dynamics
D) Mutual exclusivity
E) Mutual interdependence

Question 74

Alice's three children are driving her crazy.They are constantly squabbling,calling one another names,and generally tormenting one another.To preserve what's left of her sanity,Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along.What is the best way to do this?

A) Cook a good hearty meal and have them all gather at the table.
B) Send them outside to play in the yard.
C) Have a family meeting so that they can air their grievances.
D) Promise to take them to a Pixar movie only if they clean the playroom in 30 minutes.
E) Explain to the children that it is important that they get along.

Question 75

Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961)created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.Once in-group cohesiveness was established,they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games.Conflict between the two groups escalated.Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in reducing conflict and hostility when

A) leaders endorsed a truce between the two rival groups.
B) groups were rewarded when they cooperated with one another.
C) they brought the groups together in neutral situations.
D) groups were punished for behaving with hostility.
E) they constructed situations that fostered mutual interdependence.

Question 76

Janet Swim and Lawrence Sanna (1996)systematically studied a series of 58 experiments conducted over the last 20 years.These researchers found that when men succeed at a given task,participants attribute his success to _______,whereas when women succeed at that same task,participants attribute their success to _______.

A) skill; good luck.
B) hard work; good luck.
C) luck; ability.
D) ability; hard work.
E) hard work; ability.

Question 77

According to the text,one way to lower prejudice is to

A) provide extrinsic reinforcement for anti-prejudiced behaviours.
B) blur the distinction between 'us' and 'them' and promote common goals.
C) highlight the differences between ethnic groups.
D) punish prejudiced behaviours.
E) educate parents to be better role models for their children.

Question 78

When Canadian university students were made to focus on the scarcity of jobs in Canada and then were told that a group of immigrants from "Sandir" would be arriving in Canada,they construed (or interpreted)the traits of Sandirians in more negative ways than students who hadn't focused on job scarcity.This result supports

A) the notion that people are particularly likely to make the ultimate attribution error when judging out-groups.
B) predictions made by realistic conflict theory.
C) predictions made by stereotype priming theory.
D) the principle of normative conformity.
E) the hypothesis that the emotions a group arouses in us cause stereotypes to be activated.

Question 79

Prejudice may be maintained by _______ normative rules.

A) breaking
B) the rejection of
C) the avoidance of
D) ignorance of
E) conformity to

Question 80

According to realistic conflict theory,prejudice and discrimination often follow from

A) aggression.
B) negative stereotypes.
C) losing out-group status.
D) frustration.
E) scarce resources.