Deck 15: Social Psychology in Action 3

Question 1

The authors assert that much of what happens in the legal system is decidedly social psychological in nature.Which of the following BEST supports this assertion?

A) Jurors' first impressions and attributions about the defendant can influence verdicts.
B) Six-person juries are more likely to convict defendants than twelve-person juries.
C) White-collar crime costs citizens more than violent crime.
D) White-collar crime is of more concern to citizens than violent crime.
E) Twelve-person juries are more likely to convict defendants than six-person juries.

Answer 1

Jurors' first impressions and attributions about the defendant can influence verdicts.

Question 2

Elena is a security guard.According to research presented in your text by Loftus and Harley (2005),in order for her to be as accurate as possible in terms of any crimes she may witness,it would be ideal to make sure that she is ________ suspects when crimes occur.

A) no more than 35 metres away from
B) within 7.5 metres of
C) at least 3.5 metres away from
D) no more than 50 metres away from
E) no more than 75 metres away

Answer 2

within 7.5 metres of

Question 3

_______ refers to the process by which people recall information stored in memory.

A) Storage
B) Recognition
C) Retrieval
D) Recovery
E) Acquisition

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

_______ refers to the process by which people store some,but not all,information from the environment in memory.

A) Retrieval
B) Storage
C) Selective encoding
D) Acquisition
E) Accuracy

Question 5

The introduction to Applied Module 3 (Social Psychology and the Law)tells a true story about Thomas Sophonow,who was falsely convicted of murdering a 16-year-old girl,and who waited in agony for more than 18 years before police reached the conclusion that he was not the killer.This introduction was designed to illustrate

A) the unreliability of eyewitness testimony.
B) that the legal system is bias-free.
C) that false confessions are a serious problem in the criminal justice system.
D) the effect of prosecutorial misconduct.
E) the power of circumstantial evidence.

Question 6

According to the authors,accurate eyewitness identification results from successful completion of these three stages:

A) accuracy, confidence, and credibility.
B) acquisition, attention, and retrieval.
C) acquisition, storage, and retrieval.
D) attention, memory, and credibility.
E) confidence, memory, and accuracy

Question 7

Based on research by Loftus and Harley (2005)presented in your text,when someone claims to have witnessed a crime a couple of blocks away (135 metres),how accurate are they likely to be when identifying the perpetrator?

A) extremely inaccurate
B) possibly inaccurate depending on the lighting
C) 50/50 chance of being accurate
D) possibly quite accurate depending on attention of the witness
E) amazingly accurate

Question 8

Margo was frightened and confused when the robber appeared at the convenience store where she works.It seemed that the only thing she could see was the gun he had pointed right in her face.Later,when Margo serves as an eyewitness,she may not be reliable because of problems she had at the _______ stage of memory processing.

A) accuracy
B) storage
C) attentional
D) acquisition
E) retrieval

Question 9

Sally was working the night shift at a convenience store.A man came in,pulled out a gun,and demanded that Sally give him all of the money in the cash register.When the police interview Sally about the crime,what would she be most likely to tell them?

A) the height of the man
B) the type of clothes the man wore
C) the colour of the man's eyes
D) the colour of the man's hair
E) that the man wielded a gun

Question 10

A recent research study by Loftus and Harley (2005)investigated how distance affects participants' ability to accurately identify a person.Results from this study showed that starting at a distance of ________,accuracy begins to decrease.

A) 3 metres
B) 7.5 metres
C) 25 metres
D) 150 metres
E) 500 metres

Question 11

If you were a prosecutor,what would you be most likely to do to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty?

A) Have an eyewitness testify that she saw the defendant commit the crime.
B) Mention the defendant's criminal record.
C) Describe the circumstantial evidence placing the defendant at the crime scene.
D) Explain the defendant's motives for committing the crime.
E) Describe the ruthlessness of the defendent.

Question 12

_______ refers to the process by which people pay attention to information in the environment.

A) Storage
B) Acquisition
C) Accuracy
D) Retrieval
E) Selective attention

Question 13

When Loftus and Harley (2005)asked participants to try to identify a celebrity from 23 metres away,about ________ of participants were accurate.

A) 5 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent
E) 90 percent

Question 14

You come home from work and find pieces of broken glass on the floor.You realize that your favorite vase was broken.Immediately,you blame your new puppy,without even noticing that your toddler's teddy bear is lying on the floor near the broken glass.The fact that you didn't see the teddy bear probably is due to

A) unconscious transference.
B) source-monitoring errors.
C) your poor vision.
D) your expectation that puppies are destructive.
E) unconscious interference.

Question 15

Rod Lindsay and his colleagues (1981)staged a calculator theft witnessed by students.These students were videotaped as they were questioned about their eyewitness identifications and the videotapes were later viewed by students playing the role of jurors.These researchers found that the student jurors

A) considered the circumstances in which the eyewitnesses encountered the alleged thief.
B) discounted all eyewitness testimony.
C) discounted circumstantial evidence when eyewitness testimony was available.
D) discounted inaccurate eyewitness testimony when the alleged thief confessed.
E) believed the eyewitnesses, even when their identifications were inaccurate.

Question 16

According to the authors,considerable social psychological research has demonstrated that jurors tend to

A) discount eyewitness testimony when it is presented last in a trial.
B) disregard eyewitness testimony when there is powerful circumstantial evidence.
C) overestimate the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
D) generally disregard eyewitness testimony.
E) prefer expert testimony to eyewitness testimony.

Question 17

Four men have been indicted for stealing $20,000 from a bank.After the trial,the jury will be most likely to convict

A) Brian, who recently purchased a new car for $10,000 in cash
B) Matt, whose fingerprints were found at the scene
C) Cliff, who was the only one identified by an eyewitness
D) Art, who has a criminal record for petty theft
E) Geoff, who has an unlikely alibi

Question 18

An eyewitness testifies that she saw the defendant break into her neighbour's house.However,in cross-examination,the defense attorney points out that the crime took place at night,so it would have been hard to see.According to psychological research,what would a juror be most likely to do?

A) Ignore the eyewitness's testimony and consider the other facts of the case.
B) Consider the viewing conditions, then make a decision about whether or not to trust the eyewitness.
C) Trust the eyewitness without considering the viewing conditions.
D) Consider the character of the eyewitness before taking what they say into account.
E) Consider the amount of details the eyewitness remembered, then make a decision about whether or not to trust the eyewitness.

Question 19

Concerning eyewitness testimony,it is the belief of experts in the field that

A) memory processes are analogous to a videotape recording of a sequence of events.
B) mistaken eyewitness identification is responsible for more wrongful convictions than all other causes combined.
C) hypnosis has proven to be an effective tool for accessing unavailable and forgotten information by eyewitnesses.
D) eyewitnesses and physical evidence provide the most reliable evidence that is available.
E) photographs of suspects should be presented simultaneously instead of sequentially.

Question 20

Rod Lindsay and his colleagues (1981)staged a calculator theft witnessed by students.In one experimental condition,it was relatively easy to identify the perpetrator; in another condition,it was only moderately easy to identify the perpetrator; in a third condition,it was very difficult to correctly identify the thief.When student witnesses were asked to pick the suspect out of a photo lineup,

A) there was a discrepancy between witnesses' confidence and their accuracy.
B) eyewitness accuracy was generally poor and unaffected by viewing conditions.
C) confident witnesses were more accurate than those who weren't confident.
D) eyewitness accuracy remained relatively accurate across all conditions.
E) their accuracy increased as the viewing conditions improved.

Question 21

According to Daniel Levin (2000),what is the reason for poor performance in facial recognition due to own race bias?

A) The cause is lack of practice with identifying people of different races.
B) We classify the other-race face only in terms of race, but look at the specific features of faces of our own race.
C) Anxiety interferes with cognition and recognition.
D) Cross-gender identification, in addition to identifying a person from a different race, is a contributing factor.
E) We can't perceive the differences in facial features of people from races other than our own.

Question 22

What is the most likely source of the own-race bias?

A) stereotypical thinking
B) arousal impedes attention and subsequent memory accuracy
C) much of memory is reconstructive
D) prejudice biases attention and memory
E) familiar stimuli are easier to recognize than unfamiliar stimuli

Question 23

When research participants confuse whether they heard information on the radio or read about it in the newspaper,it is an example of problems with

A) memory acquisition.
B) source memory.
C) source monitoring.
D) memory sources.
E) memory failure.

Question 24

One day your roommate asks you if you like the new sculpture outside of the Fine Arts Building.You tell him that you like the sculpture there,but you later realize that there is no sculpture there.It is actually in front of the Administration building.It seems your roommate's _______ question yielded a _______.

A) misleading; false memory.
B) directive; false memory.
C) rhetorical; reconstructed memory.
D) misleading; reconstructed memory.
E) directive; confused memory.

Question 25

The own-race bias refers to the finding that

A) crime rates are lower in neighbourhoods in which same-race police patrol.
B) jurors are unlikely to convict a member of their own race.
C) people are better at recognizing faces from members of their own race.
D) jurors are more likely to convict a member of their own race.
E) lawyers are more successful in defending people of their own race.

Question 26

Keeping in mind the research of Patricia Tollestrup and her colleagues (1994)who studied the accuracy of victims of and eyewitnesses to actual crimes,all other things being equal,which robber below is most likely to be accurately described by eyewitnesses?

A) Max, who is balding
B) Jeremy, who has a beard
C) Tim, who has red hair
D) Dean, who has blonde hair
E) Curtis, who is in a lineup

Question 27

Christian and Sung-Yee are walking to their car when an Asian man pulls out a knife and demands their wallets.In a lineup,Christian cannot tell which man is the one who attacked him,but Sung-Yee has no problem identifying the culprit.This is an example of

A) the own-race bias.
B) contagion.
C) source-monitoring.
D) bystander apathy.
E) selective attention.

Question 28

At a trial,four people who were present during a convenience store robbery testify about what they saw.Whose testimony should be most accurate?

A) Jim, who made his identification from a sequential lineup
B) Lucas, who, unlike the suspect, is African-American
C) Donald, the convenience store clerk at whom a gun was pointed
D) Robert, who immediately wrote a letter to his mother describing the suspect
E) James, who was in the store when the robber pointed the gun at the store clerk

Question 29

The process whereby information obtained after an event alters memories of the event is known as

A) node integration.
B) repressed memory.
C) unconscious transference.
D) selective memory.
E) reconstructive memory.

Question 30

It is possible that eyewitnesses who identified Thomas Sophonow as the man who murdered Barbara Stoppel were familiar with his face because it happened to resemble the police sketch or because they had seen him in earlier trials.Because they were familiar with his face,eyewitnesses might have come to believe that he was the man who was seen near the scene of the crime.This is an example of

A) the power of schemas to bias attention.
B) racial misidentification.
C) erroneous source monitoring.
D) the power of stereotypical thinking.
E) own-race bias.

Question 31

The authors of your text describe an incident in which a friend of theirs,Alan,found the body of an elderly neighbour.Despite obvious signs that she was murdered,Alan insisted that she died of old age.Why?

A) Only a very experienced police officer would have had the skills to determine if it were likely that a murder took place.
B) Alan found it too painful to believe she was murdered.
C) He was not particularly adept at social perception.
D) He was the real murderer, but wanted to cover up his crime.
E) His expectations that she died of old age led him to ignore evidence that she was murdered.

Question 32

How can cross-race identification be improved?

A) It cannot be improved.
B) Require people to move beyond snap judgments and pay attention to individuating information.
C) When it is important enough, people will be motivated to do it successfully.
D) It usually can only be improved if people spend several months living in a community with people of a different race.
E) Set up a training program using a photo gallery and comparison techniques.

Question 33

You remember learning in elementary school that Charlottetown is the capital of P.E.I.However,you don't remember whether you learned that fact from your third grade teacher,Mr.Rodriguez,or your fourth grade teacher,Ms.Cesario.It seems you may have problems with

A) stereotypical thinking.
B) source monitoring.
C) schematic thinking.
D) differential thinking.
E) acquisition.

Question 34

A person in a lineup who is not a suspect is known as a

A) dummy.
B) foil.
C) double.
D) distractor.
E) confederate.

Question 35

Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues (1978)showed participants a series of slides that depicted an automobile accident.Some participants saw a yield sign in the photos and other participants saw a stop sign.Later,participants were asked questions that contained information that either matched or did not match what they had actually seen (i.e.,a stop sign versus a yield sign).Results demonstrated that participants were least accurate in remembering what they had actually seen when

A) they had a very short time to view the slide series.
B) question contents contradicted what they had actually seen.
C) they reported what they had seen after being questioned, rather than before.
D) they gave verbal reports, rather than written reports.
E) question contents reflected what they had actually seen.

Question 36

What should police officers do to prevent false identifications during lineups?

A) Use foils with a wide range of physical characteristics.
B) Show all potential perpetrators twice.
C) Show all the potential perpetrators at once.
D) Decrease witness's stress levels by only showing them mug shots.
E) Tell witnesses that the lineup may not include the suspect.

Question 37

In a study by Sangrigoli and his colleagues (2005),they found that Koreans who grew up in Korea tended to more easily recognize Asian faces,white residents of France recognized white faces more easily,and Korean children who grew up in France with white parents tended to

A) recognize white faces more easily.
B) recognize Asian faces more easily.
C) recognize mixed-race faces more easily.
D) recognize white and Asian faces equally well.
E) be slower in recognition of both white and Asian faces than children raised with same-race parents.

Question 38

All things being equal,which of the following suspects is most likely to be falsely convicted based on lineup identifications?

A) Alana, who is allowed to speak during the lineup procedure
B) Wesley, has just seen the witness refuse to pick a suspect in a previous lineup
C) Tim, who is in line with foils who do not resemble witnesses' descriptions
D) Eunice, who heard the police say, "Now, the suspect may not be in this lineup"
E) Troy, who believes everyone in the lineup looks very similar

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps social psychologists recommend in order to reduce the likelihood of an incorrect identification in a police line-up?

A) Avoid using composite face programs with witnesses.
B) Minimize the time between the crime and the identification of suspects.
C) Make sure everyone in the lineup resembles the witness's description of the suspect.
D) Always include the suspect in an initial lineup.
E) Present pictures of people sequentially instead of simultaneously.

Question 40

In lineups,witnesses often choose the person who most resembles the image they have stored in memory.This can yield inaccurate identifications and suggests that the _______ stage of memory is affected by the typical lineup procedure.

A) retrieval
B) input
C) reconstructive
D) storage
E) acquisition

Question 41

You've just read Applied Module 3 (Social Psychology and the Law)and have been summoned for jury service.Assuming that you were assigned to the jury trying an assault case,unlike most other jurors,you would be most likely to trust the testimony of a witness who

A) took a long time making an identification.
B) "just knew" that a suspect was the culprit.
C) carefully examined each person in a lineup before making an identification.
D) is confident about his identification.
E) who has discussed the characteristics of the suspect with other witnesses.

Question 42

The results reported by Yarmey and colleagues (2001)when examining the accuracy of witnesses' identification of unfamiliar voices found a(n)

A) surprisingly accurate identification rate of 95%.
B) false identification rate of 80%.
C) false identification rate of 95%.
D) accurate identification rate of 80%.
E) false identification rate of 45%.

Question 43

Which of the following procedures would lead to more accurate identification in a lineup?

A) Ensure that the suspect and foils differ greatly in appearance.
B) Insist that the suspect and foils remain silent during the lineup.
C) Present the suspect and foils sequentially.
D) Allow the witness to view all of the suspects twice.
E) Assure the witness that the suspect is in the lineup.

Question 44

________ occurs when someone remembers a past traumatic event that is objectively false but is believed to be true by the individual.

A) Motivated forgetting
B) False confession
C) Recovered memory
D) False memory syndrome
E) Implicit recall

Question 45

_______ involve attempts to improve the accuracy of eyewitnesses' memories by focusing their attention on the details and context of the crime event.

A) Hypnotic interviews
B) Structured interviews
C) Focused interviews
D) Cognitive interviews
E) Progressive relaxation techniques

Question 46

Some academic psychologists and therapists disagree on the validity of

A) eyewitness testimony.
B) cognitive interviews.
C) expert testimony.
D) physical evidence of sexual assault.
E) recovered memories.

Question 47

Keep in mind experimental research on eyewitness accuracy conducted by Dunning and Stern (1994)and Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990).Now assume that you are a juror in a robbery trial.All things being equal,of which of the following eyewitnesses should you be most skeptical?

A) Mr. Latz, who had a good view of the robber
B) Mr. Bluse, who said that the suspect just "popped out" at him in the lineup
C) Mrs. Jones, who remembers that the robber had a beard
D) Ms. Mabry, a bank teller who immediately wrote down a description of the robber
E) Mr. Collins, a guard who picked the robber out of a sequential lineup

Question 48

You are an assistant Crown prosecutor trying to decide which suspect to try for a burglary case.Each of four eyewitnesses picked a different suspect from a photo lineup.Based on research conducted by Stern and Dunning (1994),which eyewitness would you find most credible?

A) Beth, who carefully compared each of the faces against the others
B) Gene, who had discussed the characteristics of the suspect with other witnesses
C) Edward, who has just provided a written description of the suspect
D) Diana, who reported that the suspect's face just "popped out" at her
E) Larry, who took longer than the other witnesses to pick his suspect

Question 49

Research has shown that typical law officers are _______ college students at determining when witnesses are lying.

A) a little better than
B) no better than
C) a lot better than
D) much worse than
E) a little worse than

Question 50

Evidence presented in your text by Bond and DePaulo (2006)suggests that people are able to correctly identify when someone is lying or telling the truth about _____ of the time.

A) 90 percent
B) 72 percent
C) 54 percent
D) 26 percent
E) 12 percent

Question 51

Four people have just observed a suspect deny that she committed a theft.Which observer is most likely to detect whether the suspect is lying?

A) Frank, who is a rookie on the police force
B) Alice, who has just taken a social psychology class.
C) Andy, who has worked for Canadian Customs
D) Bobby, who is visiting the police station as part of a university assignment
E) None of the above observers has an edge in detecting lies.

Question 52

Recollections of events that have been forgotten or repressed is a definition of

A) memory retrieval.
B) sexual abuse.
C) source monitoring.
D) recovered memories.
E) the cognitive interview technique.

Question 53

Jonathan Schooler and Tonya Engstler-Schooler (1990)conducted an experiment in which participants viewed a film of a bank robbery.Immediately after the film,some participants wrote a detailed description of the robber,whereas others completed an unrelated task.Those participants who wrote a detailed description were later less accurate in picking the robber out of a photo lineup.According to Schooler and Engstler-Schooler,why would participants who first provided a written description be less accurate in their later identifications?

A) Writing a description is stressful and stress interferes with memory.
B) The longer the period between exposure and retrieval, the less accurate the memory.
C) People are generally not good at writing down visual descriptions.
D) Putting a face into words interferes with the visual memory of the face.
E) Using words increases confidence in eyewitnesses' faulty storage.

Question 54

Which of the following is a shortcoming of relying on hypnosis to improve eyewitness testimony?

A) People who have been hypnotized become more confident, but not more accurate.
B) Eyewitnesses who have been hypnotized are not allowed to take the stand.
C) Hypnotists can plant false memories through post-hypnotic suggestion.
D) Few eyewitnesses consent to be hypnotized.
E) Eyewitnesses who have been hypnotized often have poorer recall than a non-hypnotized eyewitness.

Question 55

Social psychological research has revealed a _______ relation between eyewitness confidence and accuracy.

A) weak positive
B) strong negative
C) nonexistent
D) weak negative
E) strong positive

Question 56

Elaine has been falsely accused of embezzling $250,000 from her company.Her boss wants her to take a lie detector test,but she has read the research literature and is afraid to do so.If Elaine is innocent,why would she hesitate to take the test?

A) Elaine is afraid that she will have to truthfully discuss other things she may be ashamed of.
B) It is easy for a skilled operator of a lie detector test to implant a false memory of actually having committed the embezzlement.
C) Lie detectors inflict rather painful shocks that may have adverse consequences on people with heart conditions.
D) Lie detector tests necessarily require people to tell intimate details about private issues unrelated to the question at hand.
E) There is a 14% probability that the test will falsely conclude that she is lying.

Question 57

The problem with recovered memories is that

A) it is very difficult to distinguish between accurate memories and false ones.
B) they can only be used to verify polygraph results.
C) they may not be as detailed as required for a conviction.
D) they can be extremely painful.
E) they can only be obtained by experts trained in hypnosis.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about polygraph tests is true?

A) Even under optimal conditions, they seldom perform better than chance.
B) Despite unreliability, test results are used in court in Canada.
C) Despite unreliability, test results are used in court in most states.
D) Researchers say that there is no scientific basis from which to expect that polygraphs could be extremely accurate.
E) They are better at detecting lies than at detecting truthful responses.

Question 59

Which of the following witnesses is most likely to make a correct identification of a suspect in a police lineup?

A) The witness who takes the most time and thinks carefully before identifying the suspect.
B) The witness who identifies the suspect right away but says they don't really know how they recognized him.
C) The witness who uses the process of elimination when deciding on their identification.
D) The witness who compares everyone in the lineup before identifying the suspect.
E) The witness who has discussed the characteristics of the suspect with other witnesses.

Question 60

Jason is a jury member hearing a robbery case.He listens to a witness testify against the suspect.Based on evidence by Bond and DePaulo (2006)presented in your text about people's ability to tell when someone is lying,how accurate would Jason be in telling if the witness was lying?

A) He would definitely be able to detect a liar.
B) He would be very likely to be able to tell if the witness was lying.
C) He would be somewhat more likely than chance to be able to tell if the witness was lying.
D) He would be well below simply leaving to chance telling if the witness was lying.
E) He would have no idea whether or not the witness was lying.

Question 61

Stephen is a defense attorney.He always arranges his witnesses so that he can tell a clear narrative to the jury.Stephen's high success rate reflects the benefits of presenting evidence in

A) random order.
B) order of credibility.
C) logical order.
D) witness order.
E) story order.

Question 62

_______ theory posits that people refrain from criminal activity because of the threat of severe,certain,and swift legal punishment.

A) Deterrence
B) Classical punishment
C) Prevention
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Realistic threat

Question 63

A number of studies have been done to assess the deterrent effects of the death penalty.Whether researchers have compared states with or without the death penalty,or have compared murder rates in states before and after the death penalty was adopted,researchers have found that

A) the death penalty deters premeditated murder, but not crimes of passion.
B) multiple appeals from prisoners on death row lower the deterrent effects of the death penalty.
C) there is no evidence of the deterrence value of the death penalty.
D) the death penalty is a deterrent only when punishment is certain.
E) the death penalty is a deterrent only when punishment is swift.

Question 64

According to research by Saul Kassin (2007,2008),one of the major problems in interrogation situations that can lead to false confessions is

A) the suspect feels physically uncomfortable in the situation.
B) reliance on lie-detector tests.
C) the suspect's lawyer encourages the suspect to confess in exchange for a lenient sentence.
D) the suspect is usually trying to cover for someone else.
E) that police investigators are often convinced that the suspect is guilty, which affects how they conduct the interrogation.

Question 65

The courts and psychologists have a difference of opinion on

A) the ability of minorities on juries to sway the majority.
B) the value of statistical evidence in legal trials.
C) the weight that should be given to DNA evidence.
D) the value of testimony provided by psychologists in legal trials.
E) the importance of public awareness of the penalties of crime.

Question 66

When police respond to a possible domestic assault,offenders accused of assaulting their partners are less likely to re-offend when they believe that the police treated them fairly,whether or not they are arrested.This finding is a good example of the concept of

A) deterrence.
B) procedural justice.
C) rational decision-making.
D) contagion.
E) frustration-aggression theory.

Question 67

If a single juror disagrees with the rest,what is likely to happen during deliberations?

A) It will depend on the argument strength of the single juror.
B) The single juror will change his or her mind and vote with the majority.
C) The majority will come to see that the dissenter is right.
D) The majority will be persuaded by compelling logical arguments from the lone dissenter.
E) Neither the single juror nor the majority will change their minds and the jury will be hung.

Question 68

You have been arrested and charged with assault and have your choice of four lawyers,each of whom has a different style of presenting a case.Based on research findings by Nancy Pennington and Reid Hastie (1988),which lawyer would you choose to represent you?

A) Mark, who calls witnesses in the order that best presents the story that he wants to tell
B) Gene, who starts off slowly and reaches a climax with his best witnesses
C) Ellen, who calls witnesses in order based on their astrological sign
D) Alex, who opens his trials dramatically by calling his best witnesses first
E) Beatrice, who calls witnesses in no particular order

Question 69

Loftus (1974,1983)conducted a mock trial-study in which she presented the participants with a robbery scenario followed by either physical evidence,eyewitness testimony,or both.Her results suggest that

A) participants were more likely to render a guilty verdict based on physical evidence than eyewitness testimony.
B) participants were more likely to render a guilty verdict based on eyewitness testimony than physical evidence.
C) participants only rendered a guilty verdict when provided with both physical evidence and eyewitness testimony.
D) participants who were given physical evidence rendered the same amount of guilty verdicts as participants who were given eyewitness testimony.
E) participants could not decide on a verdict if they were only given eyewitness testimony.

Question 70

Lawyers who present their case in story order present witnesses

A) who have been shown to be reliable eyewitnesses.
B) to take advantage of the recency effect.
C) who will describe the events in the order in which events unfolded.
D) in the order that they believe will have the greatest impact.
E) to take advantage of the primacy effect.

Question 71

Lawyers who present their case in witness order present witnesses

A) in the order they believe will have the greatest impact.
B) from weakest support of their arguments to strongest.
C) to take advantage of the recency effect.
D) to take advantage of the primacy effect.
E) rely primarily on eyewitness testimony.

Question 72

According to the text,instances in which a minority faction in a jury persuades the majority to change their verdict

A) happen quite often.
B) occur more often in cases where the jury deliberated for a long time.
C) occur in cases where the minority member(s) is/are experts in a relevant area.
D) are more common in criminal cases than in other court cases.
E) are rare.

Question 73

Kalven and Zeisel (1966)reviewed the decisions of more than 200 juries in actual criminal trials and discovered that

A) the jury members often change their minds several times during deliberation.
B) the jury tends to deadlock when there are dissenting jurors.
C) the final decision is almost always the same as the one favoured by the majority on the initial vote.
D) the final decision is rarely ever the same as the one favoured by the majority on the initial vote.
E) jury members rely solely on the factual evidence in their decision making process.

Question 74

Which of the following techniques would a lawyer employ if she were using the story order method?

A) First, call witnesses who saw the suspect enter the building, then call witnesses who talked with him after the crime occurred.
B) Begin with the least credible witnesses and end with the most credible witnesses.
C) Begin with the most credible witnesses and end with the least credible witnesses.
D) Interview all prospective witnesses to ensure that they tell roughly the same story.
E) Save the most dramatic testimony for last.

Question 75

According to the authors of your text,the effectiveness of deterrence hinges on two important assumptions that are not always met.First,people must be aware of likely penalties or punishment,and second,

A) many crimes are triggered by emotional states.
B) the crimes in question are based on rational decisions.
C) people believe that they will be caught.
D) the threatened penalties are very severe.
E) people believe that the crime is morally wrong.

Question 76

Based on the research by Loftus (1974,1983),what type of 'proof' is most likely to lead to a guilty verdict?

A) eyewitness testimony
B) statistical evidence
C) physical evidence
D) expert testimony
E) retrieved memories

Question 77

_______ refers to people's perceptions of the fairness of the process used to arrive at some outcome.

A) Procedural justice
B) Equality
C) Subjective approval
D) Equity
E) Process approval

Question 78

Pennington & Hastie (1990)found that people on a jury who have a minority point of view often

A) refuse to get along with the rest of the group.
B) give up their point of view when faced with a disagreeing majority.
C) have different personalities than the majority members.
D) persuade the majority to change their minds about the specific verdict to render.
E) are resistant to pressure for conformity.

Question 79

Despite the fact that normative and informational conformity pressures often convince dissenting jurors to adopt the majority point of view,unanimous verdicts are desirable because this requirement encourages jurors to

A) discuss their original biases.
B) deliberate for the least amount of time possible.
C) convict on the more serious offense.
D) consider the evidence more carefully.
E) reach a speedy and accurate verdict.

Question 80

Ironically,a few scientific studies have revealed that swift imposition of the death penalty is associated with an increase in murders.The authors speculate that this finding may not seem so bizarre if one considers

A) executions as acts of aggression that might lead to imitation.
B) the race of the convicted murderer.
C) people's sense of procedural justice.
D) states with the death penalty have more crime.
E) economic factors that result in hopelessness and frustration.