Deck 17: Development and Aging

Question 1

The process of cleavage initially produces a

A) zygote.
B) morula.
C) gastrula.
D) puff.
E) third germ layer.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which stage in development occurs first?

A) cleavage
B) morula
C) gastrula
D) zygote
E) blastula

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The nervous system develops primarily from

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) endoderm.
D) the placenta.
E) the gray crescent.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When does a zygote become a multicellular creature?

A) at fertilization
B) when cleavage begins
C) when organs begin to form
D) when the heart begins beating
E) at birth

Question 5

How many days after fertilization does the zygote become a ball of cells?

A) five days
B) four days
C) one to two days
D) six to eight days
E) it depends on the age of the mother

Question 6

How many differentiated cell types exist in an adult?

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200
E) it varies from person to person

Question 7

The heart, muscles, bones, and blood develop primarily from

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) endoderm.
D) the placenta.
E) the gray crescent.

Question 8

If an experimenter interferes with the mesoderm in an embryo, which of the following systems would NOT be affected by the experimenter?

A) circulatory system
B) muscular system
C) reproductive system
D) integumentary system
E) excretory system

Question 9

The mesoderm is responsible for the formation of all of the following adult tissues EXCEPT the

A) reproductive system.
B) circulatory system.
C) nervous system.
D) muscle system.
E) excretory system.

Question 10

At the end of gastrulation, which of the following are produced?

A) hollow balls of cells
B) embryos with germ layers
C) solid balls of cells
D) maternal messages
E) blastocyst

Question 11

In the following list of developmental events, which occurs last?

A) tissue specialization
B) gamete formation
C) gastrulation
D) cleavage
E) organ formation

Question 12

The germ layers are formed in which of the following stages?

A) cleavage
B) morula
C) gastrula
D) zygote
E) blastula

Question 13

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.

A) fertilization >>> cleavage >>> gastrulation >>> morula
B) fertilization >>> cleavage >>> morula >>> gastrulation
C) cleavage >>> morula >>> gastrulation >>> fertilization
D) morula >>> fertilization >>> gastrulation >>> cleavage
E) fertilization >>> morula >>> gastrulation >>> cleavage

Question 14

Muscles differentiate from which tissue?

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) gastroderm
E) morphogerm

Question 15

Each new cell that forms during cleavage is called a(n)

A) zygote.
B) morula.
C) gastrula.
D) blastomere.
E) endoderm.

Question 16

The primary germ layers include all of following EXCEPT

A) endoderm
B) ectoderm
C) mesoderm
D) morphogerm
E) all of the above ARE primary germ layers

Question 17

The urinary system develops primarily from

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) endoderm.
D) the placenta.
E) the gray crescent.

Question 18

Which of the following is a single-layered, hollow ball of 16 cells?

A) cleavage
B) morula
C) gastrula
D) zygote
E) blastula

Question 19

Which embryonic tissue is incorrectly associated with its derivative?

A) skin from mesoderm
B) nervous system from ectoderm
C) liver from endoderm
D) circulatory system from mesoderm
E) respiratory tract from endoderm

Question 20

Shortly after fertilization, successive cell divisions convert the zygote into a multicellular embryo during a process known as

A) meiosis.
B) parthenogenesis.
C) embryonic induction.
D) cleavage.
E) invagination.

Question 21

The explanation for the differences between a cell from the human liver and a cell from the skin is the

A) maternal origins of the cell types.
B) gene content of the two cells.
C) expression of the genes in the two cells.
D) fact that they are in different parts of the body.
E) paternal origins of the cell types.

Question 22

Which of the following is responsible for the actual invasion of the lining of the uterus?

A) trophoblast
B) amnion
C) inner cell mass
D) blastocyst
E) placenta

Question 23

At implantation the blastocyst breaks out of the

A) follicle.
B) zygote.
C) gastrula.
D) acrosome.
E) zona pellucida.

Question 24

Identical twins arise from a split at which stage?

A) the morula
B) the blastula
C) two cells
D) eight cells
E) 32 cells

Question 25

In the process of cell differentiation,

A) some daughter cells usually receive varying assortments of genes.
B) different genetic instructions begin to operate in different groups of cells.
C) cells become specialized as a result of meiosis.
D) daughter cells acquire different characteristics as a result of mutations that have occurred.
E) all of these

Question 26

The hollow space within the blastocyst is the

A) trophoblast.
B) amnion.
C) blastocoel.
D) chorion.
E) placenta.

Question 27

Fraternal twins arise from

A) fertilization of two eggs by two sperm.
B) fertilization of two eggs by one sperm.
C) a split of the morula.
D) a split of the blastomere.
E) cleavage of the zygote.

Question 28

The process by which body tissues and organs form is

A) cleavage
B) differentiation
C) morphogenesis
D) metamorphosis
E) ovulation

Question 29

Implantation of the embryo occurs in the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) oviduct.
E) follicle.

Question 30

The first several cleavages after fertilization occur in the

A) uterus.
B) ovary.
C) vagina.
D) oviduct.
E) cervix.

Question 31

Fertilization leading to a viable pregnancy in mammals occurs in the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) oviduct.
E) follicle.

Question 32

In an ectopic pregnancy, implantation occurs

A) in the oviduct.
B) on the outside of the uterus.
C) on the abdominal wall.
D) on the surface of the ovary.
E) anywhere outside the uterus.

Question 33

The presence of which hormone in a mother's urine indicates that she is pregnant?

A) luteinizing hormone
B) follicle-stimulating hormone
C) human chorionic gonadotropin
D) progesterone
E) estrogen

Question 34

During a human pregnancy, implantation occurs at which stage?

A) zygote
B) early cleavage
C) blastocyst
D) gastrula
E) morula

Question 35

In the human, which of the following events would occur over the longest period of time?

A) sperm production
B) cleavage
C) fertilization
D) gastrulation
E) growth and tissue specialization

Question 36

The production of the shape and structure of each body region is

A) organogenesis.
B) differentiation.
C) fertilization.
D) morphogenesis.
E) tissue specialization.

Question 37

The establishment of which developmental paths an embryonic cell will follow is

A) cell determination.
B) cell differentiation.
C) cell specialization.
D) cell categorization.
E) cell speciation.

Question 38

A morula becomes a _________ when it reaches the uterus.

A) gastrula.
B) blastomere.
C) blastocyst.
D) gamete.
E) zygote.

Question 39

Implantation occurs approximately

A) one day after fertilization.
B) three days after fertilization.
C) one week after fertilization.
D) two weeks after fertilization.
E) one month after fertilization.

Question 40

An embryo develops from the

A) blastomere.
B) gastrula.
C) syncytiotrophoblast.
D) trophoblast.
E) inner cell mass.

Question 41

At which point in a pregnancy can human chorionic gonadotropin be detected in the mother's blood?

A) at the time of fertilization
B) at the time of implantation
C) by the first week of pregnancy
D) by the third week of pregnancy
E) by the sixth week of pregnancy

Question 42

Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete

A) FSH.
B) LH.
C) testosterone.
D) progesterone.
E) estrogen and progesterone.

Question 43

The cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract is the

A) coelom.
B) peritoneum.
C) cecum.
D) rectum.
E) blastocoel.

Question 44

hCG stimulates which structure to secrete estrogen and progesterone?

A) the zona pellucida
B) the corona radiata
C) the corpus luteum
D) the ovum
E) the placenta

Question 45

Mesoderm that arises from the embryonic disk near the neural tube will become

A) digestive organs.
B) reproductive organs.
C) the heart.
D) most bones and skeletal muscles of the neck and trunk.
E) the lungs.

Question 46

Which of the following hormones is produced only when a woman is pregnant?

A) testosterone
B) gonadotropic-releasing hormone
C) human chorionic gonadotropin
D) estrogen
E) progesterone

Question 47

Somites become

A) bones and skeletal muscles of the neck and trunk.
B) bones and skeletal muscles of the upper appendages.
C) bones and skeletal muscles of the lower appendages.
D) cranial cavity.
E) gills.

Question 48

Somites arise from

A) endoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) ectoderm.
D) gastroderm.
E) placoderm.

Question 49

The fact that a blastocyst has been implanted on the uterine wall can be demonstrated by the presence of

A) human chorionic gonadotropin.
B) progesterone.
C) estrogen.
D) testosterone.
E) second polar body.

Question 50

Pharyngeal arches will become all of the following EXCEPT

A) the face.
B) the neck.
C) the mouth.
D) structures associated with the head region.
E) lower stomach.

Question 51

A high level of which hormone increases the chances of having fraternal twins?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) LH
D) hCG
E) FSH

Question 52

The primitive streak will develop directly into the

A) neural tube.
B) embryonic disk.
C) pharyngeal arches.
D) somites.
E) coelom.

Question 53

The first stage in the development of the nervous system is

A) gastrulation.
B) blastulation.
C) neurulation.
D) morulation.
E) festination.

Question 54

A woman who is herself a fraternal twin has what chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?

A) double
B) triple
C) quadruple
D) one half the average
E) about the same as the average

Question 55

The notochord will serve as a template for the formation of the

A) spinal cord.
B) vertebral column.
C) brain.
D) peripheral nervous system.
E) brain stem.

Question 56

Genetically programmed cell death is called

A) hemoptysis.
B) apoptosis.
C) atalectasis.
D) acanthosis.
E) cellulosis.

Question 57

A high level of FSH increases the likelihood of

A) identical twins.
B) fraternal twins.
C) conjoined twins.
D) a single birth.
E) infertility.

Question 58

Once the embryo has implanted, the inner cell mass becomes

A) the neural tube.
B) somites.
C) the embryonic disk.
D) the coelom.
E) the neural plate.

Question 59

When an embryo partially splits after day 12 of development what arises?

A) fraternal twins
B) triplets
C) a fetus with extra limbs
D) conjoined twins
E) fetus in fetu

Question 60

Apoptosis

A) leads to formation of the gut cavity.
B) separates the digits when fingers form.
C) occurs among somites.
D) only occurs in humans.
E) occurs only during gastrulation.

Question 61

Which structure folds over to form the neural tube?

A) the coelom
B) the primitive streak
C) the neural plate
D) pharyngeal arches
E) the notochord

Question 62

In humans, the fluid immediately surrounding the embryo is enclosed by the

A) allantois.
B) placenta.
C) chorion.
D) amnion.
E) yolk sac.

Question 63

Which of the following systems is the last of those listed below to begin development in the human embryo?

A) nervous system
B) excretory system
C) reproductive system
D) skeletal system
E) respiratory system

Question 64

An embryo with one X and one Y chromosome will develop male characters because of

A) the presence of female hormones in development.
B) the absence of testosterone during early embryology.
C) the SRY regions of the Y chromosome.
D) maternal substances passed to the zygote during fertilization.
E) human chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 65

Early blood cells and germ cells that become gametes arise from the

A) allantois.
B) amnion.
C) chorion.
D) umbilical cord.
E) yolk sac.

Question 66

The embryonic period ends by which week of pregnancy?

A) eighth
B) twelfth
C) sixteenth
D) twentieth
E) twenty-fourth

Question 67

Which of the following systems is the first of those listed below to begin development in the human embryo?

A) nervous system
B) excretory system
C) reproductive system
D) skeletal system
E) endocrine system

Question 68

In humans, the fluid immediately surrounding the embryo functions to

A) nourish the embryo.
B) isulate the embyo.
C) remove waste products.
D) house the yolk sac.
E) produce hCG.

Question 69

The link between mother and embryo through which nutrition, oxygen, and wastes pass is the

A) chorion.
B) placenta.
C) amnion.
D) yolk sac.
E) allantois.

Question 70

Extraembryonic membranes arise from the

A) embryonic disk.
B) blastula.
C) placenta.
D) gastrula.
E) morula.

Question 71

The first evidence of where the nerve cord will lie in the embryo is the

A) neural tube.
B) chorionic villus.
C) embryonic somite.
D) primitive streak.
E) neural plate.

Question 72

The outermost membrane that forms the majority of the placenta is the

A) amnion.
B) allantois.
C) chorion.
D) yolk sac.
E) umbilical cord.

Question 73

The chorion develops from the

A) trophoblast.
B) blastocyst.
C) blastomere.
D) gastrula.
E) morula.

Question 74

Chorionic villi contain

A) germ cells.
B) lymphatic vessels.
C) endometrial cells.
D) blood vessels.
E) the allantois.

Question 75

Although the placenta acts as a filter for many harmful substances, some are able to pass from mother to embryo. They include

A) alcohol.
B) toxins in cigarette smoke.
C) caffeine.
D) drugs.
E) all of these.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT considered an extraembryonic membrane?

A) the yolk sac
B) the amnion
C) the chorion
D) the allantois
E) the placenta

Question 77

An embryo with two X chromosomes will develop female characters because of

A) the presence of female hormones in development.
B) the absence of testosterone during early embryology.
C) the SRY regions of the X chromosomes.
D) maternal substances passed to the zygote during fertilization.
E) human chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 78

Although the placenta acts as a filter for many harmful substances, some are able to pass from mother to embryo. They include

A) alcohol.
B) toxins in cigarette smoke.
C) caffeine.
D) drugs.
E) all of these.

Question 79

The embryo is designated a fetus by which week of pregnancy?

A) eighth
B) twelfth
C) sixteenth
D) twentieth
E) twenty-fourth

Question 80

Which hormone prevents the endometrium from breaking down until the placenta secretes enough hormones to maintain it?

A) hGH
B) FSH
C) estrogen
D) hCG
E) ADH