Deck 20: Infectious Diseases and the Bodys Responses

Question 1

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that infects plants, especially those in the tobacco family. The virus attacks leaf cells and results in characteristic patterns of mottling and discoloration on the leaves. This virus is considered nonliving because

A) it cannot replicate itself.
B) it has only RNA not DNA.
C) it is neither a prokaryote nor a eukaryote.
D) it does not have proteins.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following are true about plasmids EXCEPT:

A) Plasmids are small portions of circular DNA found in bacteria.
B) Plasmids often encode for genes that carry toxins or antibiotic resistance.
C) Plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another.
D) Plasmids contain DNA and are found in the nucleoid region of bacteria.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In a population of bacteria, about 25 percent of the population has resistance to the antibiotic penicillin. After a few days, 50 percent of the population has the resistant gene. Assume the population did not simply reproduce. How might this antibiotic resistance have spread in the population?

A) The gene for antibiotic resistance is found in plasmids, which can be transferred between bacteria.
B) Bacteria are able to swap genes between their nucleoid and plasmids.
C) The antibiotic must have been introduced into the population, which then evolved by natural selection.
D) Genetic material in the nucleoid is shared among the population of bacteria.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In this figure of a virus, letter _____ is the __________, which houses the genetic material.

A) A; capsule
B) C; capsid
C) B; lipid envelope
D) A; lipid envelope

Question 5

A parasite such as a tapeworm can be picked up from eating undercooked meat. Symptoms often include nausea and stomach cramps. This is an example of __________.

A) a disease
B) an infection
C) both a disease and an infection

Question 6

Does this figure represent a retrovirus?

A) yes, because reverse transcription occurs
B) no, because reverse transcription occurs
C) yes, because translation occurs
D) There is no way to tell based on the figure.

Question 7

What process is occurring as viruses assemble and exit the cell?

A) active transport
B) passive transport
C) facilitated diffusion
D) endocytosis

Question 8

Genetic elements in bacteria form _______________.

A) the nucleoid
B) plasmids
C) the nucleus
D) both the nucleoid and plasmids

Question 9

Pathogens or disease-causing agents are typically found in which two domains?

A) Archaea and Bacteria
B) Bacteria and Eukarya
C) Archaea and Eukarya
D) Prokarya and Eukarya

Question 10

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that infects plants, especially those in the tobacco family. The virus attacks leaf cells and results in characteristic patterns of mottling and discoloration on the leaves. The steps associated with viral replication include:
I.assembly of viral proteins ii.attachment to the host cell iii.replication of viral genetic material Which of the following lists these steps in the correct order of occurrence?

A) i, ii, iii
B) ii, iii, i
C) iii, ii, i
D) i, iii, ii

Question 11

In this figure, which of the following are composed primarily of proteins?

A) A and B
B) B and C
C) B and D
D) A and D

Question 12

Stephanie is infected with a pathogen. How might it be determined if the pathogen is a virus or a bacterium?

A) A virus does not have genetic material such as DNA or RNA.
B) A bacterium has ribosomes, but a virus does not.
C) A virus does not have an outer covering or capsule.
D) Bacteria are eukaryotes, and viruses are prokaryotes.

Question 13

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that has long been recognized as a major pathogen causing pneumonia. Based on its name, how might it look under a microscope?

A) Because it is a bacterium, it will be very small and difficult to distinguish.
B) It would look like a chain of round beads or balls.
C) It would be about the size of a eukaryotic cell.
D) both (b) and (c)

Question 14

How could you distinguish between the two pathogens Streptococcus aureus , which causes strep throat, and Plasmodium falciparum , which causes malaria?

A) S. aureus does not have any genetic material.
B) S. aureus is larger than P. falciparum .
C) P. falciparum has membrane-bound organelles.
D) S. aureus does not have a cell membrane.

Question 15

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that infects plants, especially those in the tobacco family. The virus attacks leaf cells and results in characteristic patterns of mottling and discoloration on the leaves. Because it is a retrovirus, which of the following are required to replicate the viral genetic material?

A) transcription and translation
B) transcription only
C) transcription, translation, and reverse transcription
D) reverse transcription and translation

Question 16

What is MRSA?

A) a new type of antibiotic
B) a strain of bacterium that is antibiotic resistant
C) an acronym for the symptoms caused by an antibiotic-resistant bacterium
D) a recently developed antibiotic that targets particular bacterial strains

Question 17

All of the following are found in bacterial cells EXCEPT

A) ribosomes.
B) genetic material.
C) cell wall.
D) mitochondria.

Question 18

Why would a drug that targets the process of reverse transcription in viruses not be a problem for humans or other animals?

A) The drug is specific for RNA, and animals have DNA.
B) Reverse transcription does not normally occur in animal cells.
C) Reverse transcription in viruses uses different enzymes compared to the process in animal cells.
D) The nucleotides in viral RNA contain some different bases and sugars compared to animal RNA.

Question 19

Viruses _______________.

A) are living pathogens
B) are intracellular pathogens
C) reproduce asexually
D) do not have genetic material

Question 20

Kendra has a kidney disease that is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the malfunctioning of her kidneys. Would this be considered a disease or a mutation?

A) It is a disease because it is associated with specific physical symptoms.
B) It is an infection because it involves her genes.
C) It could be either an infection or a disease.
D) It is an infection because she has obvious physical symptoms.

Question 21

Cole is stung by a bee. The bee venom that is injected into his body is an example of a(n) __________.

A) antigen
B) antibody
C) histamine
D) macrophage

Question 22

In this figure, the magnitude of the secondary response is due to ____________________.

A) the presence of memory cells
B) the presence of antibodies that remain in the body after a first-time infection
C) the activity of killer T-cells
D) antibodies introduced when someone receives a vaccination

Question 23

What stimulates the production of antibodies by B-cells?

A) B-cells bind to and recognize specific antigens and immediately start to produce antibodies.
B) T-helper cells recognize specific antigens and signal B-cells.
C) Antigens are recognized by macrophages as nonself, and macrophages signal B-cells.
D) Antibodies are produced any time an antigen enters the body.

Question 24

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious emerging health problems in the world today. More than 70 percent of disease-causing bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently available antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such bacterium and is responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. In people with pre-existing conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa can cause persistent lung infections. CF is a genetic disease in which some membrane transport molecules do not function. In the lungs, this leads to hardened mucus that makes it difficult for gas exchange and mucus that can also harbor bacteria such as P. aeuruginosa . In most people, the mucus lining the nose and lungs would be considered ____________________.

A) an adaptive response against pathogens
B) a physical barrier to reduce infections
C) an innate mechanism
D) both a physical barrier to reduce infections and an innate mechanism

Question 25

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious emerging health problems in the world today. More than 70 percent of disease-causing bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently available antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such bacterium and is responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. In people with pre-existing conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa can cause persistent lung infections. CF is a genetic disease in which some membrane transport molecules do not function. In the lungs, this leads to hardened mucus that makes it difficult for gas exchange and mucus that can also harbor bacteria such as P. aeuruginosa . The protein molecules on the surface of the P. aeruginosa bacteria are __________.

A) antibodies
B) antigens
C) histamines
D) capsids

Question 26

Many parasites have a dormant stage that is resistant to desiccation as well as heat and cold. This stage is called a(n) __________.

A) cyst
B) vector
C) intermediate host
D) larva

Question 27

A gardener spent the weekend in her garden. While she was clearing out some old barbwire, she stepped on a piece, and it penetrated her shoe and punctured her skin. Her skin is an example of _______________.

A) an innate defense mechanism
B) a first line of defense against pathogens
C) an adaptive mechanism
D) both an innate defense mechanism and a first line of defense against pathogens

Question 28

Lyme disease is a bacterial disease that is transmitted to humans when a black-legged tick that is infected with the bacterium bites and feeds on a human. In this scenario, the tick is an example of a __________.

A) cyst
B) vector
C) primary host
D) pathogen

Question 29

A parasitic disease known as Schistosomiasis is caused by several species of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes. The life cycle includes an aquatic snail where the larvae develop; these larvae then hatch into the water and swim around until they find the appropriate vertebrate host. Adult males and females reproduce sexually in the vertebrate host, and eggs are usually shed into water via feces or urine. The snail would be considered a(n) __________.

A) intermediate host
B) vector
C) primary host
D) cyst

Question 30

Cole is stung by a bee. Within a few minutes, there is swelling at the site of the sting. All of the following are part of the inflammatory response EXCEPT

A) the release of histamines.
B) leaking capillaries.
C) the migration of phagocytes to the site.
D) the production of memory cells.

Question 31

All of the following are common symptoms of parasitic worms that live in the digestive tract of humans EXCEPT

A) diarrhea.
B) abdominal cramps.
C) death.
D) nausea.

Question 32

Kevin traveled to Africa, and upon his return, he was diagnosed with malaria. What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A) protist
B) virus
C) bacterium
D) fungi

Question 33

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

A) Giardia lamblia -eukaryotic protozoan
B) ringworm-eukaryotic animal
C) influenza-virus
D) cholera-bacterium

Question 34

A gardener spent the weekend in her garden. While she was clearing out some old barbwire, she stepped on a piece, and it penetrated her shoe and punctured her skin. Assuming some bacteria did enter her body, an example of the second line of defense against these bacteria includes __________.

A) phagocytes
B) mucus
C) macrophages
D) antibodies

Question 35

Cassie has athlete's foot. How could you distinguish this fungal infection from a protist pathogen?

A) Both are eukaryotes.
B) Fungi have cell walls.
C) Protists are heterotrophs, while fungi are photosynthetic.
D) Protists have a nucleoid region, while fungi have a nucleus with DNA.

Question 36

Antibodies are __________.

A) produced by B-cells
B) produced by T-cells
C) recognized as nonself
D) pathogens

Question 37

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious emerging health problems in the world today. More than 70 percent of disease-causing bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently available antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such bacterium and is responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. In people with pre-existing conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa can cause persistent lung infections. CF is a genetic disease in which some membrane transport molecules do not function. In the lungs, this leads to hardened mucus that makes it difficult for gas exchange and mucus that can also harbor bacteria such as P. aeuruginosa . Because Amanda has cystic fibrosis, she is a frequent patient at her local hospital due to lung infections. On one visit, she was infected with P. aeruginosa . In her lungs, these bacteria secrete a protective substance that forms a layer over the bacteria. This layer is likely a(n) __________.

A) biofilm
B) histamine
C) antimicrobial protein complex
D) complement toxin

Question 38

Which of the following would not be used in a vaccine?

A) live virus
B) bacterial antigen
C) killed or inactivated virus
D) either bacterial antigen or killed or inactivated virus

Question 39

In this figure, the secondary response ____________________.

A) is an immune response that typically occurs when someone receives a vaccination
B) is an example of an immune response to a pathogen, if the person has received a vaccination to the pathogen
C) is due to an overproduction and T-cells that typically occurs in someone infected with HIV
D) indicates the production of memory cells that occurs after a vaccination

Question 40

The third line of defense, or adaptive mechanisms, are different from innate mechanisms in that ___________.

A) white blood cells engulf antigens
B) physiological barriers play a larger role in the defense
C) antigens are involved
D) B- and T-cells target specific antigens

Question 41

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious emerging health problems in the world today. More than 70 percent of disease-causing bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently available antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such bacterium and is responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. In people with pre-existing conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa can cause persistent lung infections. CF is a genetic disease in which some membrane transport molecules do not function. In the lungs, this leads to hardened mucus that makes it difficult for gas exchange and mucus that can also harbor bacteria such as P. aeuruginosa . Typically, these bacteria would be captured and ingested, before they become established, by a type of phagocyte called a(n) __________.

A) macrophage
B) histamine
C) antigen
D) adaptive response

Question 42

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious emerging health problems in the world today. More than 70 percent of disease-causing bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently available antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such bacterium and is responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. In people with pre-existing conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa can cause persistent lung infections. CF is a genetic disease in which some membrane transport molecules do not function. In the lungs, this leads to hardened mucus that makes it difficult for gas exchange and mucus that can also harbor bacteria such as P. aeuruginosa . Which of the following is true about the bacterium P. aeruginosa ?

A) It contains many mitochondria because it actively divides.
B) It has a cell wall.
C) All its genetic material is contained in a circular plasmid.
D) It is a eukaryote.

Question 43

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious emerging health problems in the world today. More than 70 percent of disease-causing bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently available antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such bacterium and is responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. In people with pre-existing conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF), P. aeruginosa can cause persistent lung infections. CF is a genetic disease in which some membrane transport molecules do not function. In the lungs, this leads to hardened mucus that makes it difficult for gas exchange and mucus that can also harbor bacteria such as P. aeuruginosa . Amanda was successfully treated for the P. aeruginosa infection, but on a subsequent visit to the hospital, she was infected again. With this second infection, her immune system would ____________________.

A) respond more quickly to the antigen
B) immediately start to produce memory cells
C) have a reduced response due to recognizing the antigen
D) not be able to fight off the infection