Deck 25: Endocrine Control

Question 1

The release of cyclic AMP as a second messenger is a response to

A) a peptide hormone.
B) a steroid hormone.
C) an amine hormone.
D) a protein hormone.
E) all of these except steroid hormone.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A study reported that high levels of phthalates in a pregnant woman could lead to which of the following with respect to the development of their sons?

A) undescended testicles
B) smaller genitals
C) feminized genitals
D) all of these
E) none of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Atrazine is used as a(an)

A) pesticide.
B) fertilizer.
C) herbicide.
D) substitute for PCBs.
E) insect repellent.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Hormones are distributed throughout the body by

A) the urinary system.
B) the lymphatic system.
C) the nervous system.
D) the circulatory system.
E) more than one of these systems.

Question 5

Which is the predominant second messenger involved in regulating glucose metabolism?

A) ATP
B) ADP
C) mRNA
D) cAMP
E) NADH

Question 6

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

A) cortisol
B) melatonin
C) calcitonin
D) glucagon
E) more than one of these is a steroid hormone

Question 7

Phthalates mimic ____ in the human body.

A) testosterone
B) insulin
C) glucose
D) estrogen
E) iodine

Question 8

Which hormone binds to cancer cell receptors and encourages their cell division?

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) glucagon
D) insulin
E) prolactin

Question 9

In what way do steroid hormones differ from hormones derived from amino acids?

A) steroid hormones are not derived from organic molecules
B) steroid hormones do not need a plasma membrane receptor
C) steroid hormones use a second messenger system
D) steroid hormones do not travel in the blood
E) more than one of these is a way in which steroid hormones differ from amino acid-derived hormone

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a peptide hormone?

A) insulin
B) oxytocin
C) glucagon
D) calcitonin
E) parathyroid hormone

Question 11

What effect does atrazine have on frogs?

A) it alters their sexual development
B) it causes them to grow extra limbs
C) it increases their sex drive
D) it causes blindness
E) it causes more than one of these

Question 12

Which of the following is the effect of atrazine on cells?

A) they induce the conversion of testosterone to estrogen
B) they block the production of cortisol
C) they enhance the production of melatonin
D) they cause the conversion of insulin into glucagon
E) they prevent TSH from stimulating thyroid hormone production

Question 13

This hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor and has its effect by way of a second messenger. This hormone is

A) aldosterone.
B) calcitonin.
C) progesterone.
D) cortisol.
E) more than one of these.

Question 14

Both the endocrine glands and neurons receive signals from

A) the amygdala.
B) the hypothalamus.
C) the adrenal cortex.
D) the anterior pituitary gland.
E) more than one of these.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a steroid hormone?

A) testosterone
B) epinephrine
C) cortisol
D) aldosterone
E) all of these are steroid hormones

Question 16

From what molecule are steroid hormones derived?

A) glucose
B) cholesterol
C) messenger RNA
D) cyclic AMP
E) glycogen

Question 17

XY individuals with total androgen insensitivity syndrome

A) do not secrete testosterone.
B) secrete testosterone but the testosterone is ineffective.
C) have mutated testosterone receptors in their cells.
D) secrete more estrogen than testosterone.
E) have normal male genitalia.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Hormones produce effects only in cells with the correct receptors.
B) Hormones are limited to steroid compounds.
C) Hormones are secreted by specialized exocrine glands.
D) Most hormones are controlled by positive feedback mechanisms involving the pituitary gland.
E) Hormones are electrochemical events.

Question 19

The important feature of all cells that react to a specific hormone is (are) the

A) type of blood supply they receive.
B) proximity of the endocrine gland.
C) presence of an appropriate receptor molecule.
D) characteristics of their plasma membranes.
E) presence of specific genes responsive to the hormone.

Question 20

Which of the following chemicals has been shown to cause frogs that are genetically male to develop male and female reproductive structures?

A) DDT
B) phthalate
C) PCB
D) atrazine
E) glyphosate

Question 21

A goiter is caused by a deficiency in

A) thyroxine.
B) triiodothyronine.
C) calcium.
D) iodine.
E) both thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary?

A) growth hormone
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) adrenocorticotropic
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) luteinizing hormone

Question 23

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)

A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B) has target cells in the autonomic nervous system.
C) has target cells in the adrenal glands.
D) has target cells in the adrenal medulla.
E) initiates the autoimmune response.

Question 24

The control over milk production and labor in childbirth is mediated by the ____ gland.

A) pineal
B) anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary
D) parathyroid
E) thyroid

Question 25

How do the anterior and posterior pituitary glands differ?

A) the anterior pituitary produces peptide hormones while the posterior pituitary produces steroid hormones
B) the anterior pituitary produces its own hormones but the posterior pituitary doesn't
C) the anterior pituitary is a part of the nervous system; the posterior pituitary is a part of the endocrine system
D) the anterior pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus whereas the posterior pituitary is controlled by the adrenal cortex
E) the anterior pituitary is under voluntary control; the posterior pituitary is under involuntary control

Question 26

If you eliminated all sources of calcium (dairy products, some vegetables) from your diet, the level of which of the following would rise in an attempt to supply calcium stored in your body to the tissues that need it?

A) aldosterone
B) calcitonin
C) mineralocorticoids
D) parathyroid hormone
E) GH

Question 27

Which of the following encourages growth of bone and soft tissues in the young?

A) ACTH
B) prolactin
C) oxytocin
D) growth hormone
E) more than one of these encourages growth of bone and soft tissues in the young

Question 28

A goiter is an enlarged form of which gland?

A) adrenal
B) pancreas
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid
E) thymus

Question 29

Lack of ____ leads to rickets.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

Question 30

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by either lobe of the pituitary gland?

A) prolactin
B) oxytocin
C) calcitonin
D) ACTH
E) GH

Question 31

The body's main regulator of the internal environment is the

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) medulla oblongata.
D) cerebellum.
E) pons.

Question 32

Oxytocin is produced in the ___ and causes ___.

A) anterior pituitary--milk to move into mammary glands
B) posterior pituitary--childbirth muscle contractions
C) hypothalamus--childbirth muscle contractions
D) hypothalamus--the fight or flight response
E) anterior pituitary--glucose uptake by cells of the pancreas

Question 33

The normal human individual has how many parathyroid glands?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 34

Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of which of the following by adults?

A) mineralocorticoid
B) glucocorticoid
C) thyroxine
D) testosterone
E) growth hormone

Question 35

If you were cast up on a desert island with no fresh water to drink, the level of which of the following would rise in your bloodstream in an effort to conserve water?

A) erythropoietin
B) oxytocin
C) insulin
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) glucose

Question 36

Prolactin

A) stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
B) affects only animals with mammary glands.
C) causes the development of breasts and other secondary sexual characteristics in the male.
D) acts in concert with FSH to produce milk.
E) has secondary effects on reducing the size of the uterus after birth.

Question 37

Most hormones produced in the anterior pituitary

A) affect kidney functioning.
B) are secreted in response to signals from the medulla oblongata.
C) control the release of hormones from other endocrine glands.
D) are steroid hormones.
E) have their effect in the posterior pituitary.

Question 38

The antidiuretic hormone

A) controls levels of GH.
B) influences levels of LH.
C) influences levels of FSH.
D) reduces urine output.
E) causes contractions of the uterus.

Question 39

The luteinizing hormone

A) affects sex hormone secretion.
B) has no function in males.
C) is produced by the corpus luteum.
D) stimulates milk production.
E) encourages growth of bone and soft tissues.

Question 40

Thyroid hormone deficiency can lead to a condition known as

A) hypothyroidism.
B) hyperthyroidism.
C) rickets.
D) AIDS.
E) bowed legs.

Question 41

Insulin affects the

A) secretion of saliva.
B) storage of proteins.
C) secretion of pancreatic juices.
D) metabolism of sugar.
E) utilization of fat reserves.

Question 42

The main regulator of calcium blood levels is

A) the parathyroid glands.
B) the thyroid glands.
C) the hypothalamus.
D) the anterior pituitary gland.
E) the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 43

Osteoporosis sometimes results from

A) excessive PTH secretion.
B) insufficient PTH secretion.
C) excessive intake of vitamin D.
D) excessive intake of iodine.
E) insufficient intake of vitamin D.

Question 44

Which of the following is TRUE about "type 1 diabetes"?

A) Insulin levels are normal.
B) Target cells do not respond to insulin.
C) It is the more common form of diabetes.
D) It is usually controlled with a strict diet.
E) It usually occurs in early childhood.

Question 45

Thyroid hormone

A) increases the resting metabolic rate of cells throughout the body.
B) slows the heart rate and increases lipid metabolism.
C) inhibits protein synthesis.
D) increases glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation.
E) stimulates the release of ADH from the hypothalamus.

Question 46

Rickets is a nutritional disorder

A) that is most common among children 2 to 6 years old.
B) caused by a lack of vitamin D.
C) impairs a child's ability to absorb calcium from the gut.
D) encourages secretion of PTH.
E) that does all of these.

Question 47

Lack of ___ in a diet can cause ___.

A) iron---hypothryroidism
B) iodine---hypothryroidism
C) iodine---hyperthryroidism
D) iron---hyperthyroidism
E) iodine---hypertension

Question 48

In the United States, most thyroid disorders are caused by

A) iodine deficiency.
B) iron deficiency.
C) an autoimmune disorder.
D) insecticides.
E) a combination of more than one of these.

Question 49

The hormone that is antagonistic in action to glucagon is

A) norepinephrine.
B) insulin.
C) thyroxine.
D) epinephrine.
E) mineralocorticoids.

Question 50

Calcitonin is produced in the ___ and is important for the uptake of ___ by bones.

A) anterior pituitary---calcium
B) posterior --- phosphorus
C) posterior---calcium
D) hypothalamus---calcium
E) hypothalamus---phosphorus

Question 51

The adrenal medulla produces

A) aldosterone.
B) epinephrine.
C) cortisol.
D) testosterone.
E) glucagon.

Question 52

If you skip a meal, which of the following conditions would prevail?

A) Insulin levels would rise.
B) Glucagon levels would rise.
C) Glucose would be taken up by cells.
D) Both insulin and glucagon levels would rise.
E) Glucose would be converted to glycogen.

Question 53

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the

A) breakdown of bone.
B) reabsorption of calcium.
C) production of an enzyme that activates vitamin D.
D) indirectly, helps intestines take up calcium from food.
E) activities of all of these.

Question 54

Which endocrine gland secretes TRH?

A) thyroid
B) parathyroid
C) thymus
D) hypothalamus
E) anterior pituitary

Question 55

Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in

A) the pancreas.
B) the liver.
C) the thymus.
D) the thyroid.
E) the adrenal cortex.

Question 56

Another name for high blood sugar is

A) diabetes 1.
B) diabetes 2.
C) hyperglycemia.
D) hypoglycemia.
E) anemia.

Question 57

Insulin stimulates

A) muscle and fat cells to take up glucose.
B) increased levels of glucose in the blood.
C) a decrease in muscle cell activity.
D) an increase in exercise.
E) liver cells to release glycogen.

Question 58

Specialized islet cells that secrete hormones are found scattered throughout the

A) adrenal cortex.
B) liver.
C) thymus.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) pancreas.

Question 59

If the concentration of thyroid hormone is high,

A) the secretion of thyroid-releasing hormone is inhibited.
B) the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone is increased.
C) calcitonin production is increased.
D) resting metabolism decreases.
E) more than one of these occurs.

Question 60

Which of the following glands produces calcitonin in children and adolescents?

A) thyroid
B) parathyroid
C) thymus
D) hypothalamus
E) anterior pituitary

Question 61

The target cells of glucagon are

A) the liver cells.
B) the skeletal muscle cells.
C) the fat cells.
D) all of these cells.
E) none of these cells.

Question 62

With injury, illness, anxiety, or starvation

A) cortisol levels in the blood increase dramatically.
B) the adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine.
C) the respiratory rate increases.
D) the fight or flight response is activated.
E) all of these occur.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT related to Cushing's syndrome?

A) blood pressure and blood glucose levels are abnormally high
B) cortisol levels are low
C) bone density decreases
D) the usual cause is prednisone and cortisone shots
E) all of these are related to Cushing's syndrome

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT an effect of cortisol?

A) causes liver cells to hydrolyze glucagon
B) suppresses the uptake of glucose by body cells
C) suppresses the hydrolsis of fats by adipose cells
D) causes skeletal muscle cells to degrade proteins
E) more than one of these is NOT an effect of cortisol

Question 65

Which hormone is involved in a negative feedback relationship with the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) cortisol
E) ACTH

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT true of the sex hormones?

A) They are produced in the gonads.
B) They are protein hormones.
C) Estrogen is an example.
D) They influence gender and sex differences.
E) They are derived from the steroid cholesterol.

Question 67

The adrenal cortex produces

A) aldosterone.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) testosterone.
E) glucagon.

Question 68

In diabetes mellitus, the problems associated with this disorder arise because

A) fat breakdown produces harmful waste products.
B) protein breakdown produces harmful waste products.
C) excess glucose results in harmful substances.
D) all of these (a through c) occur.
E) fat breakdown and protein breakdown produce harmful waste products.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type 2 diabetes?

A) pancreatic islet cells are destroyed
B) onset of symptoms typically begins in middle age
C) obesity is a big risk factor
D) diet and exercise can help control it
E) all of these are characteristics of type 2 diabetes

Question 70

When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes

A) less glucagon and more insulin.
B) less insulin and more glucagon.
C) more glucagon and more insulin.
D) less glucagon and less insulin.
E) neither glucagon or insulin.

Question 71

Which gland is associated with biological clocks or biorhythms?

A) pineal
B) parathyroid
C) hypothalamus
D) pituitary
E) thymus

Question 72

Which of the following hormones are most closely related to the health problems of the poor?

A) aldosterone
B) ADH
C) cortisol
D) glucagon
E) thryroxin

Question 73

Which cells are targeted by insulin?

A) skeletal muscle cells
B) liver cells
C) fat cells
D) all of these cells are targeted by insulin
E) only one of these cells is targeted by insulin

Question 74

The pancreas produces hormones that regulate ___ homeostasis.

A) water
B) temperature
C) pH
D) glucose
E) several types of

Question 75

Aldosterone is most similar in its effect to what other hormone?

A) calcitonin
B) insulin
C) cortisol
D) anti-diuretic hormone
E) growth hormone

Question 76

The effect of insulin is to

A) cause the hydrolysis of glucagon.
B) prevent cells from taking up glucose.
C) cause the hydrolysis of glucose.
D) cause cells to take in glucose.
E) decrease cellular respiration.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

A) insulin levels are normal
B) symptoms usually begin in childhood and adolescence
C) it cannot be controlled by diet and exercise
D) insulin must be injected
E) all of these are characteristics of type 1 diabetes

Question 78

The hormone in which levels remain high when the body is suffering from inflammation and stress is

A) cortisol.
B) somatotropin.
C) thymosin.
D) prolactin.
E) parathyroid hormone.

Question 79

Which choice is FALSE about Addison's disease?

A) It could be caused by low cortisol levels.
B) It could be caused by tuberculosis.
C) It could be caused by an autoimmune condition.
D) Blood pressure and blood sugar levels can fall into life-threatening range.
E) The condition is treated with synthetic aldosterone.

Question 80

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A) beneath the pituitary gland
B) between the pons and the medulla oblongata
C) next to the pancreas
D) on top of the kidneys
E) attached to the liver