Deck 13: Early Life Forms and the Viruses

Question 1

According to scientific evidence, early life could NOT form or persist in the presence of

A) methane gas.
B) hydrogen gas.
C) oxygen gas.
D) water vapor.
E) carbon dioxide.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Scientific evidences suggest that oxygen gas appeared on earth about ____ years ago.

A) 38,000,000,000
B) 25,000,000,000
C) 2,300,000,000
D) 380,000,000
E) 4,500,000

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The earth and other planets of the solar system were formed about ____ billion years ago.

A) 3.8
B) 4.6
C) 3.0
D) 2.9
E) 5.1

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following scientists demonstrated for the first time that molecules of life could have come from nonliving entities (gases, water, and spark discharge)?

A) Crick and Orgel
B) Wallace
C) Miller and Urey
D) Chargaff
E) Cuvier and Lyell

Question 5

Experiments like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1850s demonstrated

A) that DNA forms readily and produces itself.
B) that organic compounds required for life can form under artificial conditions.
C) that prokaryotic cells can form under artificial conditions.
D) that meteorites contain the building blocks of life.
E) that reactions in hydrothermal vents synthesis organic molecules.

Question 6

AIDS kills about ____ million people each year.

A) 2,000
B) 20,000
C) 200,000
D) 2,000,000
E) 2,000,000,000

Question 7

HIV affects

A) the human reproductive system.
B) the human circulatory system.
C) the human respiratory system.
D) the human immune system.
E) the human digestive system.

Question 8

What is an effect of SIV on infected chimpanzees in the wild?

A) they are unaffected
B) they leave fewer offspring
C) they develop AIDS
D) they become more fit
E) more than one of these is an effect of SIV

Question 9

How does Plasmodium alter the behavior of the mosquito that carries it?

A) it alters the sex of the mosquito
B) it causes it to bite more often
C) it causes it to mate more often
D) it makes it more attracted to humans than other animals
E) more than one of these is the answe

Question 10

Which of the following elements is (are) likely to provide hints about earth's early atmosphere?

A) ancient rocks
B) volcanic eruptions
C) ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D) meteorites and ancient rocks
E) meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks

Question 11

Which of the following elements was NOT included in the Urey-Miller experiments?

A) oxygen
B) methane
C) ammonia
D) water vapor
E) electrical sparks

Question 12

The first life-related and carbon-based molecule was synthesized in vitro by a German chemist. What was that molecule?

A) starch
B) fructose
C) acetaldehyde
D) urea
E) rubisco

Question 13

How might drugs that interfere with the functioning of the apicoplast in the malaria-causing protist probably not be harmful to humans?

A) the drugs would kill the protist before it infected a human
B) the drug would prevent the protist from photosynthesizing which is its energy source
C) humans never evolved photosynthetic organelles and thus would be unaffected by a drug targeting that type of organelle
D) humans already have resistance to apicoplast drugs
E) any drug that would prevent the functioning of apicoplasts would not work in a human system

Question 14

Which of the following components was NOT a significant part of the earth's early atmosphere?

A) carbon dioxide
B) water vapor
C) nitrogen gas
D) oxygen gas
E) hydrogen gas

Question 15

How do viruses differ from all other microorganisms?

A) they do not evolve
B) they have no nucleus
C) they are non-cellular
D) they are pathogens
E) more than one of these is a difference between viruses and all other microorganisms

Question 16

The protist has an organelle called an apicoplast. From what organelle did the apicoplast evolve?

A) mitochondrion
B) nucleus
C) chloroplast
D) Golgi body
E) lysosome

Question 17

Which of the following organisms cause malaria?

A) a virus
B) a bacterium
C) an insect
D) a fungus
E) a protist

Question 18

What was the probable source of gases constituting the early atmosphere?

A) other planets orbiting the sun but close enough to the early earth
B) meteorites
C) volcanoes
D) stromatolites
E) comets

Question 19

Until which period of time did scientists think that molecules of life could only be made inside living organisms?

A) early 1500s
B) late 1500s
C) early 1600s
D) late 1600s
E) early 1800s

Question 20

The most common strain of HIV evolved from  _____ virus(es).

A) a monkey
B) a chimpanzee
C) a human
D) a gorilla
E) more than one of these animal's

Question 21

Which of the following elements may have been the ancestors of cellular life?

A) circular RNA
B) prokaryotic cells
C) pseudocells
D) lipid globules
E) protocells

Question 22

Clay compounds were thought to be original sites for the formation of

A) nucleotide strands.
B) fat globules.
C) short polysaccharides.
D) amino acid chains.
E) sugar-protein complexes.

Question 23

According to one hypothesis, clay may have played an essential role in the formation of complex molecules of life. How might clay have participated in that process?

A) by attracting positively charged molecules that became concentrated
B) by acting as an enzyme to catalyze dehydration synthesis reactions
C) by transferring electrons from one molecule to another
D) by acting as a template for RNA molecule production
E) by gathering from the sun energy necessary to power reactions of synthesis of complex molecules

Question 24

Two researchers suggested in the 1960s that ____ may have been the first informational molecule.

A) DNA
B) a protein
C) RNA
D) a saccharide
E) a peptide

Question 25

What was the basic problem with the Miller-Urey early atmosphere experiments?

A) there was no lightning on the early Earth
B) there was no hydrogen gas in Earth's early atmosphere
C) they used oxygen gas which was not present in Earth's early atmosphere
D) the mixture of gases they used was not representative of Earth's early atmosphere
E) more than one of these is correct

Question 26

Increase in the population of photosynthetic bacteria using the oxygen-releasing pathway led to an increase in the oxygen levels in the seas and air. What was (were) the major consequence(s) of that change?
I. aerobic respiration became the major mode of life
II. all anaerobic organisms went extinct
III. formation of ozone layer

A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II
D) I and III
E) I, II, and III

Question 27

The primitive template that was thought to be used for forming chains that resemble proteins or nucleic acids was

A) meteorites that landed in the oceans.
B) clay particles in tidal flats.
C) sulfur that precipitated out of hydrothermal vents.
D) rusty rocks.
E) magma spewed from early volcanic activity.

Question 28

____ are dome-shaped structures composed of layers of early cells and sediments.

A) Meteorites
B) Pumice stones
C) Stromatolites
D) Rhyolites
E) Ignimbrites

Question 29

Why is it unlikely that DNA was NOT the first self-replicating molecule of life?

A) nitrogen is essential for constructing DNA and there was no nitrogen on early Earth
B) DNA is hyper-sensitive to oxygen and would have disassembled quickly in its presence
C) DNA requires proteins like DNA polymerase for assembly so it doesn't truly "self-replicate"
D) it must have RNA to self-replicate and RNA evolved much later in life's history
E) more than one of these is correct

Question 30

The first organisms

A) had to be aerobic.
B) were pathogenic.
C) had to be anaerobic.
D) were heterotrophs.
E) were multi-celled.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the iron-sulfur world hypothesis?

A) hydrothermal vents
B) carbon monoxide
C) pyruvate
D) donated electrons
E) iron oxide

Question 32

What evidence suggests when oxygen gas first became a significant part of Earth's atmosphere?

A) multi-celled microorganisms that breathed oxygen
B) fossils of dinosaurs
C) molten rock from volcanoes that were rich in oxygen
D) rusty rocks indicating oxidized iron
E) the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere

Question 33

Photosynthetic organisms using the oxygen-releasing pathway appeared on earth about ____ billion years ago.

A) 1.3
B) 1.8
C) 2.3
D) 2.7
E) 3.8

Question 34

Which of the following statements most likely apply to the earliest cells?

A) They were prokaryotic cells.
B) It is likely that earliest cells did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles.
C) The earliest cells may have used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully.
D) Energy from the sun may have been used by the earliest cells.
E) All of these statements most likely apply.

Question 35

Which of the following scientists suggested that RNA may have been the first informational molecule?

A) Crick and Orgel
B) Crick and Watson
C) Crick and Chargaff
D) Watson and Orgel
E) Watson and Chargaff

Question 36

Why is DNA a more stable genome repository than RNA?

A) uracil needed for RNA synthesis is far less common than thymine needed for DNA synthesis
B) RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
C) DNA is easier to build from its component molecules
D) DNA requires less energy to construct than RNA does
E) RNA molecules are longer than DNA molecules and thus more prone to snapping

Question 37

The planets of our solar system were formed by the collisions of ____.

A) meteors
B) asteroids
C) comets
D) moons
E) existing planets

Question 38

The eukaryotes first appear in the fossil record about ____ million years ago.

A) 1.8
B) 2.2
C) 2.7
D) 3.6
E) 1.5

Question 39

The earliest photosynthetic organisms did not generate

A) energy.
B) oxygen.
C) DNA.
D) proteins.
E) nucleotides.

Question 40

Place the following hypothesized events of the beginning of life in their correct order
I. organic polymers form
II. inorganic molecules form
III. DNA-based cells form
IV. organic monomers form
V. protocells in the RNA world form

A) I, III, V, IV, II
B) II, I, IV, V, III
C) II, IV, I, V, III
D) IV, I, II, III, V
E) II, I, IV, V, III

Question 41

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). In figure "A", what is being injected into the host cell?

A) enzymes
B) the protein coat
C) nucleic acids
D) ribosomes
E) more than one of these

Question 42

What is it hypothesized that the earliest known cells used for producing energy?

A) iron oxide
B) oxygen gas
C) carbon dioxide
D) water vapor
E) iron sulfide

Question 43

Which of the following describes the earliest protist found in the fossil record?

A) single-celled, free-swimming, asexual reproduction, red alga
B) multi-celled, stationary, asexual reproduction, red alga
C) multi-celled, free swimming, sexual reproduction, red alga
D) multi-celled, stationary, sexual reproduction, red alga
E) single-celled, stationary, asexual reproduction, red alga

Question 44

The earliest known fossil cells date to ___ years ago.

A) 3.4 hundred
B) 3.4 thousand
C) 3.4 million
D) 3.4 billion
E) 3.4 trillion

Question 45

Which of the following statements is most correct concerning the ancestry of Eukarya?

A) The lineage that led to Eukarya consists only of other eukaryotes.
B) The lineage that led to Eukarya consists only of Archea.
C) The lineage that led to Eukarya consists only of Bacteria.
D) The lineage that led to Eukarya consists of Archaea and Bacteria.
E) There is no lineage that led to Eukarya. Eukarya arose and has remained always in stasis.

Question 46

Which of the following eukaryotic organelles are believed to have existed as independent prokaryotes in the past?

A) peroxisomes
B) chloroplasts
C) mitochondria
D) lysosomes
E) more than one of these

Question 47

Organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum most likely arose by a process most closely related to

A) endosymbiosis.
B) endocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) cell fractionation.
E) binary fission.

Question 48

Which of the following is FALSE?

A) The outer coats of all viruses have the same protein structure.
B) The virus uses either DNA or RNA at its core but not both.
C) Viruses can be replicated only after they enter a living cell.
D) Most viruses have a protein coat or covering.
E) A virus may remain latent for a period of time before causing infection.

Question 49

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved by the process of

A) endosymbiosis.
B) sexual selection.
C) allopatric speciation.
D) sympatric speciation.
E) more than one of these.

Question 50

The first eukaryotic cells were

A) bacteria.
B) archaea.
C) protists.
D) algae.
E) fungi.

Question 51

The process by which bacteria evolved into mitochondria is most closely related to

A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) binary fission.
E) more than one of these.

Question 52

It is thought that viruses may have originated from cells because

A) of their small size.
B) they are pathogens.
C) they can only replicate within a host cell.
D) they do not have organelles.
E) more than one of these.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Viruses are not able to move by themselves.
B) Viruses are not able to reproduce by themselves.
C) Viruses are not structurally organized.
D) Viruses are nonliving particles.
E) Viruses contain instructions to manufacture themselves.

Question 54

What evidence was used to determine that the last universal common ancestor of all life lived about 4.3 million years ago?

A) fossils of prokaryotic cells
B) genome comparisons between all living things
C) life found in meteorites
D) fossil cladistic analysis
E) more than one of these

Question 55

The great adaptive radiation that resulted in all of the major animal lineages occurred in the ___ period.

A) Cretaceous
B) Devonian
C) Jurassic
D) Ordovician
E) Cambrian

Question 56

The first fossils of animals date back to approximately ___ million years ago.

A) 370
B) 420
C) 470
D) 520
E) 570

Question 57

Eukaryotes are closer genetically to bacteria in the process of

A) DNA replication
B) RNA transcription
C) RNA translation
D) membrane formation.
E) more than one of these.

Question 58

Eukaryotes are genetically closer to the archea in the process of

A) metabolism.
B) membrane formation.
C) DNA replication.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about viruses is TRUE?

A) They were the first form of life to evolve.
B) They do not attack plants.
C) They are able to reproduce without using other organisms.
D) They are made of protein only.
E) They include some forms that are able to attack bacteria.

Question 60

Photosynthesis first occurs on Earth by about ___ years ago.

A) 4.6 billion
B) 3.5 billion
C) 2.7 billion
D) 1.1 billion
E) 0.5 billion

Question 61

Which of the following allow the bacteria to join together to transfer genes?

A) flagella
B) spores
C) capsules
D) pili
E) cilia

Question 62

HIV contains ____ as its genetic material.

A) single stranded DNA
B) double stranded DNA
C) double stranded RNA
D) single stranded RNA
E) both DNA and RNA

Question 63

What is the product of HIV reverse transcriptase?

A) single stranded DNA
B) double stranded DNA
C) single stranded RNA
D) double stranded RNA
E) more than one of these

Question 64

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the wide range of diversity found in RNA viruses?

A) DNA polymerase
B) RNA polymerase
C) reverse transcriptase
D) protease
E) ligase

Question 65

Which of the following structural components is NOT a part of a bacteriophage?

A) protein coat
B) DNA
C) viral envelope
D) all of these ARE parts of a bacteriophage
E) more than one of these is NOT a part of a bacteriophage

Question 66

What is a plant's main line of defense against viral infection?

A) immune system cells
B) viral toxins within the central vacuole
C) membrane proteins that latch onto virus particles
D) a thick cell wall that prevents viral entry
E) a nuclear membrane that is impermeable to viruses

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a structural component of any virus?

A) double stranded RNA
B) single stranded DNA
C) cell membranes
D) ribosomes
E) all of these ARE structural components of viruses

Question 68

Which of the following nucleic acid elements is thought that viruses might have evolved from?

A) mRNA
B) introns
C) transposons
D) mitochondrial DNA
E) exons

Question 69

The new version of the H1N1 virus had genes from ___ flu viruses.

A) human
B) bird
C) swine
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 70

For which of the following diseases are there vaccines that provide protection against the disease?

A) measles
B) mumps
C) rubella
D) chicken pox
E) all of these

Question 71

A coccus

A) is a rod-shaped bacterium.
B) is a spherical bacterium.
C) is a bacterium with an intermediate shape (between spherical and rod-shaped)
D) is a spiral-shaped bacterium.
E) is a polymorph bacterium.

Question 72

A virus is most analogous to a(an)

A) bank robber.
B) pirate.
C) embezzler.
D) attack dog.
E) drug dealer.

Question 73

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). In the figure above, the viral DNA in the lysogenic pathway

A) has been destroyed by host bacterial enzymes.
B) is integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
C) has been copied and changed into bacterial DNA.
D) is no longer present.
E) has been transcribed into RNA.

Question 74

Bacteria

A) are diploid organisms.
B) produce gametes.
C) have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multicellular stage.
D) have a single circular chromosome.
E) lack either DNA or RNA.

Question 75

Archaea

A) have cell walls composed of cellulose.
B) reproduce primarily sexually.
C) have a single chromosome.
D) are eukaryotes.
E) have ribosomes.

Question 76

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). The pathway on the left is named for what is happening in the figure labeled with letter ____.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 77

Which of the following viral components is NOT typical of a plant virus?

A) RNA
B) protein coat
C) helical structure
D) viral envelope
E) more than one of these is NOT typical of a plant virus

Question 78

Prokaryotic cells are likely to be found

A) in and on our bodies, in our food and water.
B) in glacial ice that never thaws.
C) in acidic springs.
D) in hydrothermal vents.
E) in all of these.

Question 79

Which of the following is an HIV enzyme essential for its successful replication in a host cell?

A) reverse transcriptase
B) RNA polymerase
C) DNA polymerase
D) protease
E) ligase

Question 80

Which of the following human cells are hosts to HIV?

A) red blood cells
B) nerve cells
C) white blood cells
D) muscle cells
E) more than one of these are host cells to HIV