Deck 12: Processes of Evolution

Question 1

The poison, warfarin, causes internal

A) neurological malfunctioning.
B) bleeding.
C) seepage of acid from the stomach.
D) muscle degeneration.
E) epithelial destruction.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A mutation that results in the death of the individual is called

A) a beneficial mutation.
B) a lethal mutation.
C) a random mutation.
D) a spontaneous mutation.
E) a neutral mutation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What organic compound was widely used as a rat poison until 1980?

A) warfarin
B) amygdalin
C) linamarin
D) cyanide
E) myristicin

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Traits with more than 2 distinct forms are

A) polymorphic.
B) dimorphic.
C) codominant.
D) heterozygous.
E) homozygous.

Question 5

____ introduce(s) new genetic combinations of alleles into the chromosomes.

A) Independent assortment in meiosis I
B) Crossing over in meiosis II
C) Breeding between the dominant individuals in the population
D) Breeding between the recessive individuals in the population
E) More than one of these

Question 6

____ refer(s) to an allele's abundance within a population.

A) Allele frequency
B) Mutation frequency
C) Ratio frequency
D) Population frequency
E) Gene frequency

Question 7

What is the best definition of a population?

A) a group of individuals of two different species that interact with each other
B) a group of interbreeding individuals from different geographical regions
C) a group of potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species regardless of where they live
D) a collection of different species living in the same area at the same time
E) a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in a given area

Question 8

All of the alleles of all of the genes of a population make up the

A) species richness.
B) species abundance.
C) genome.
D) gene pool.
E) none of these.

Question 9

____ changes the DNA but has no impact upon the individual.

A) A beneficial mutation
B) A lethal mutation
C) A random mutation
D) A neutral mutation
E) None of these

Question 10

____ will neither hurt nor help the individual's chances of survival.

A) A beneficial mutation
B) A neutral mutation
C) A random mutation
D) A lethal mutation
E) None of these

Question 11

Any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool is

A) natural selection.
B) macroevolution.
C) microevolution.
D) mutation.
E) artificial selection.

Question 12

Rats not resistant to the effects of warfarin do not have enough of which of the following vitamins?

A) A
B) B12
C) C
D) E
E) K

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of the result of a beneficial mutation?

A) A new digestive enzyme evolves that is better at digesting cellulose.
B) A new digestive enzyme evolves that is equal in its ability to digest cellulose as the existing enzyme.
C) A new digestive enzyme evolves that is less effective at digesting cellulose.
D) A new protein evolves that interferes with the digestive process.
E) A new protein evolves that has no function.

Question 14

What is the rat to human ratio in most major cities?

A) 10:1
B) 20:1
C) 1:10
D) 1:25
E) 1:100

Question 15

A trait with two forms is referred to as

A) polymorphic.
B) dimorphic.
C) codominant.
D) heterozygous.
E) homozygous.

Question 16

What event enabled the rats to become resistant to warfarin?

A) mutation of a gene associated with the recycling of vitamin A
B) mutation of a gene associated with vitamin K
C) mutation of a gene associated with blood clotting
D) mutation of a gene associated with blood production
E) more than one of these enabled rats to become resistant to warfarin

Question 17

Rats are responsible for eating or fouling approximately ____ percent of our total food production.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
E) 25

Question 18

____ will bestow an advantage to the individual.

A) A beneficial mutation
B) A neutral mutation
C) A random mutation
D) A lethal mutation
E) None of these

Question 19

What event will increase the frequency of a mutation in a population over time?

A) fitness
B) natural selection
C) artificial selection
D) adaptive radiation
E) none of these

Question 20

Which is the best example of the results of a neutral mutation?

A) A new wing color evolves that enables a butterfly to better hide.
B) A new wing color evolves that makes a butterfly more noticeable.
C) Larger muscles evolve that allow a rabbit to run faster.
D) A new wing color evolves that doesn't affect a butterfly's ability to hide or make it more noticeable.
E) Larger eyes develop that enable a rat to see better at night.

Question 21

If the allele frequency of a population of ducks changes from one generation to the next, the population is undergoing

A) genetic equilibrium.
B) upheaval.
C) macroevolution.
D) transition.
E) microevolution.

Question 22

The shift in body weight of sociable weaver birds towards an intermediate body weight is an example of ____ selection(s).

A) frequent
B) directional
C) disruptive
D) stabilizing
E) mutational

Question 23

A population is experiencing ____ if the allele frequency remains stable.

A) genetic imbalance
B) genetic equilibrium
C) random mutations
D) controlled mutations
E) random change

Question 24

A shift in moth frequency from more light and less dark to more dark and less light is an example of what type of selection?

A) stabilizing
B) directional
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) mutational

Question 25

The original source of new alleles is

A) crossing over.
B) independent assortment.
C) fertilization.
D) mutation.
E) more than one of these.

Question 26

How many nucleotides in the human genome sequence change every decade?

A) 40
B) 50
C) 60
D) 70
E) 80

Question 27

With ____ selection(s), the allele frequency will shift in a consistent direction.

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) mutational

Question 28

In a population of rabbits, some evolve the ability to outrun foxes. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) mutational
E) restricted

Question 29

Finches having either a large bill or a small bill but no sizes in between is an example of ____ selection(s).

A) stabilizing
B) disruptive
C) frequent
D) directional
E) mutational

Question 30

One extreme variation of a phenotype will be found during which type of selection?

A) stabilizing
B) directional
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) mutational

Question 31

The mutation rate for the human species is ___ mutations per base pair per year.

A) 2.2 hundred
B) 2.2 thousand
C) 2.2 million
D) 2.2 billion
E) 2.2 trillion

Question 32

Which of the following is most likely the result of a neutral mutation?

A) fingerprint patterns
B) larger brains
C) standing upright
D) digestion of cellulose
E) fur

Question 33

With the use of effective vaccines, polio has become a very rare disease and far fewer people get polio than once did. This is an example of ____ selection

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) mutational
E) infrequent

Question 34

With ____ selection(s), the intermediate form of a trait is favored.

A) stabilizing
B) directional
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) none of these

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a source of heritable variation in traits among individuals of a population?

A) mutation
B) crossing over
C) independent assortment
D) fertilization
E) mitosis

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a condition of genetic equilibrium in a population?

A) no mutations in the population
B) the population is small
C) the population is isolated
D) mating is random
E) all of these ARE conditions of genetic equilibrium in a population

Question 37

Which of the conditions necessary to maintain genetic equilibrium is the least likely to occur in a natural population?

A) no mutations
B) an infinitely large population
C) a population isolated from other populations
D) random mating
E) all individuals producing the same number of offspring

Question 38

If a population is experiencing genetic equilibrium it is not

A) stable.
B) mutating.
C) decreasing.
D) increasing.
E) evolving.

Question 39

With ____ selection(s), the forms of a trait at both extremes of a range of variation are favored.

A) frequent
B) directional
C) disruptive
D) stabilizing
E) mutational

Question 40

When allele frequency changes, a population is said to no longer be in

A) genetic equilibrium.
B) isolation.
C) upheaval.
D) fluctuation.
E) transition.

Question 41

The movement of alleles among populations is called

A) a bottle neck.
B) mutation.
C) a founder effect.
D) gene flow.
E) genetic drift.

Question 42

In a tropical forest some leaves are dark green and some are light green. In a population of caterpillars, homozygous dominant dark green caterpillars thrive eating the green foliage; homozygous recessive light green caterpillars thrive eating light green foliage; heterozygous caterpillars of an intermediate color green are easily seen by birds and eaten, thus there frequency is far less than the dominants or recessives. This is an example of ___ selection.

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) mutational

Question 43

____ is a random change in allele frequency over time that is brought about by chance.

A) Genetic drift
B) Gene flow
C) Natural selection
D) Disruptive selection
E) Balanced polymorphism

Question 44

Which population is more likely to be affected by genetic drift?

A) 12 squirrels in a forest
B) 49 herons in a colony
C) 215 fleas on a dog
D) 1350 mice in a house
E) 3000 zebra in a herd

Question 45

Females choosing males with elongated eyestalks over those with short eyestalks is an example of

A) directional selection.
B) disruptive selection.
C) dominance.
D) a sexual handicap.
E) sexual selection.

Question 46

Which population's allele frequency is considered to be fixed?

A) 30 chimpanzees: 100% are AA
B) 76 garter snakes: 50% are AA and 50% are aa
C) 1100 fruit flies: 100% are aa
D) more than one of these
E) none of these

Question 47

The favoring of the heterozygote within the population is an example of a

A) balanced polymorphism.
B) genetic drift.
C) the Red Queen effect.
D) sexual selection.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 48

Peahens prefer to mate with peacocks that have the brightest and largest tail displays. The peacock's tail is, in and of itself, a disadvantage to the males. It is large and cumbersome and the males are more easily caught by predators because of it. Given these facts, why isn't the peacock's tail selected against by natural selection?

A) peacocks lack the mutations to allow selection to work
B) it is working- peacocks are slowly going extinct
C) in spite of the disadvantage, peacocks with larger tails leave more offspring
D) it is selected against but because a peahen gives birth to so many males, the population is not greatly affected
E) this is one of those mysteries of biology

Question 49

____ is a drastic reduction in population size brought about by severe pressure.

A) A bottle neck
B) Mutation
C) A founder effect
D) Gene flow
E) Genetic drift

Question 50

Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia have a greater resistance to

A) malaria.
B) diphtheria.
C) cholera.
D) typhoid fever.
E) all of these.

Question 51

When individuals choose mates are a particular trait they desire it is called

A) stabilizing selection.
B) sexual selection.
C) artificial selection.
D) Red Queen selection.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 52

Many male birds will expend a great deal of energy building nests. Females will mate with the males who build the best nests. This is best described as an example of

A) natural selection.
B) sexual selection.
C) runaway selection.
D) the Red Queen effect.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 53

Being a carrier for sickle cell anemia results in

A) the Red Queen effect.
B) genetic drift.
C) a balanced polymorphism.
D) sexual selection.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 54

By the year 1900, the American bison had been hunted to near extinction. From those that survived the slaughter, breeding programs have increased the population of American bison to close to 500, 000 today. This is an example of

A) artificial selection.
B) the founder effect.
C) the bottleneck effect.
D) the Red Queen effect.
E) gene flow.

Question 55

The HbS allele that causes sickle-cell anemia in the recessive condition is most common in areas that experience a high frequency of

A) polio.
B) typhus.
C) diphtheria.
D) malaria.
E) cystic fibrosis.

Question 56

The old order Amish in Lancaster County is an example of a population that underwent

A) a bottle neck.
B) mutation.
C) a founder effect.
D) gene flow.
E) genetic drift.

Question 57

A small population of Dutch settled in South Africa in the 17th century and became known as Afrikaners. By chance, a few Dutch settlers carried the gene for Huntington's disease. Today Huntington's disease occurs at a relatively high frequency in this population. This is an example of

A) the bottleneck effect.
B) the founder effect.
C) gene flow.
D) the Red Queen effect.
E) natural selection.

Question 58

Staphlococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes wound infections. Many strains of S. aureus now exist that have evolved resistance to the potent antibiotic, methicillin. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) more than one of these types of

Question 59

In the universal ABO blood grouping system, there are four phenotypes: A, B, AB, and O. Various populations have different frequencies of these four phenotypes but, in most populations O is most common and AB least common. The ABO blood grouping system exemplifies

A) polymorphism.
B) genetic drift.
C) the bottleneck effect.
D) the Red Queen effect.
E) the founder effect.

Question 60

Puppies born too large experience difficulties in birthing and tend to have respiratory and other problems. Puppies born too small often can't compete with their siblings for their mother's milk. Thus, puppies born not too large or too small have a survival advantage. This is an example of ___ selection.

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) frequency
E) more than one of these types of

Question 61

Female preference for brightly colored blue or red males in Lake Victoria provides an example of

A) sympatric speciation.
B) sexual selection.
C) allopatric speciation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) a combination of more than one of these.

Question 62

Gene flow counters the effects of

A) natural selection.
B) mutation.
C) genetic drift.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 63

Macroevolution may have been caused by

A) changes in homeotic genes.
B) small, cumulative genetic changes.
C) exaptation.
D) allopatric speciation.
E) more than one of these.

Question 64

With the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, multiple niches that the dinosaurs once filled opened up and allowed mammals the opportunity to evolve and exploit those niches. In other words, mammals underwent a(an)

A) sympatric speciation.
B) adaptive radiation.
C) exaptation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) phylogenetic isolation.

Question 65

Northern elephant seals are ___ for every allele that has been tested.

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) homozygous
D) heterozygous
E) co-dominant

Question 66

Which of the following is always a part of speciation?

A) behavioral isolation
B) temporal isolation
C) reproductive isolation
D) ecological isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 67

The migratory patterns of many animals encourage

A) a bottle neck.
B) mutation.
C) a founder effect.
D) gene flow.
E) genetic drift.

Question 68

In some species of flowering plants, pollen from unrelated species may germinate on the female stigma, but the pollen tube grows only a short distance and fertilization does not occur. This is an example of ___ isolation.

A) species
B) temporal
C) behavioral
D) ecological
E) mechanical

Question 69

Genetic divergences may ultimately lead to

A) new variations.
B) new species.
C) new gene frequencies.
D) new competition.
E) new alleles.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT an example of gene flow?

A) several chimpanzees migrate from their colony to join another one close by
B) spores from a mushroom are carried by the wind thousands of miles
C) wild cherries are eaten by a migrating bird and the seeds released many miles away
D) a small group of humans left Africa about 100,000 years ago and established new colonies in the middle East and Europe
E) all of these are examples of gene flow

Question 71

What percent of all species that have existed have gone extinct?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 55
D) 75
E) 99

Question 72

Herbicide resistance and Bt genes from GMO crops are now commonly found in weeds. This is an example of

A) genetic drift.
B) the bottleneck effect.
C) gene flow.
D) the Red Queen effect.
E) disruptive selection.

Question 73

Ginko, a species of gymnosperm tree, has undergone very little change in its 270 million year evolutionary history. This is an example of evolutionary

A) exaptation.
B) stasis.
C) radiation.
D) sympatric speciation.
E) behavioral isolation.

Question 74

Which type of reproductive isolation mechanism is most closely related to allopatric speciation?

A) temporal
B) mechanical
C) behavioral
D) ecological
E) genetic

Question 75

In early evolutionary history, primitive fishes had lungs that eventually evolved into the lungs of terrestrial organisms and the gas bladders of modern fishes who use gills, not lungs, for oxygen/ carbon dioxide gas exchange. This is an example of

A) adaptive radiation.
B) exaptation.
C) sympatric speciation.
D) allopatric speciation.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 76

Over evolutionary time, flowering plants have evolved colors, odors, and nectar that attract pollinating insects and the insects have evolved mechanisms that detect the changes in plants and to better collect pollen. This is an example of

A) exaptation.
B) phylogenetic change.
C) coevolution.
D) convergent evolution.
E) sympatric speciation.

Question 77

In the 16th century, a Spanish ship explored a Pacific Island that had a small mountain range separating it. Mice that were on the ship escaped onto the island on both sides of the mountain range. After decades of separation the two populations developed different numbers of chromosomes and in spite of the populations coming together again, the chromosomal differences prevented successful interbreeding. What is true about this speciation event?

A) ecological isolation was followed by mechanical isolation
B) temporal isolation was followed by mechanical isolation
C) ecological isolation was followed by behavioral isolation
D) mechanical isolation was followed by temporal isolation
E) ecological isolation was followed by temporal isolation

Question 78

Male songbirds sing to attract females to mate with. Different species of male songbirds sing different songs that will attract only the females of their species. This is an example of ___ isolation.

A) temporal
B) ecological
C) behavioral
D) mechanical
E) genetic

Question 79

One result of the bottleneck affect can be

A) homozygosity.
B) heterozygosity.
C) increased genetic diversity.
D) disruptive selection.
E) the founder effect.

Question 80

Two species of toads have been successfully interbred in a laboratory but do not hybridize in nature because one species mates in summer and the other mates in the fall. This is an example of ____ isolation.

A) temporal
B) ecological
C) behavioral
D) mechanical
E) genetic