Deck 3: Social Institutions and Social Issues

Question 1

Women were found to have been promoted at Wal-Mart at_____rates than/as male employees.

A) lower and slower
B) higher and faster
C) better wage
D) the same

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Bertrand and Mullainathan found that applicants in their study given White sounding names needed to send out 10 resumes to get a callback. They found that applicants with African American sounding names needed to send out_____resumes.

A) 15
B) 10
C) 29
D) 3

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Jennifer M. Silva, working-class Millennials have a difficult time making the transition to a stable adulthood because_____.

A) they are entitled and lack a strong work ethic
B) they have rejected norms of family stability like marriage and traditional gender roles
C) their parents are overprotective and do not encourage them to become independent
D) structural supports for economic security, such as stable employment and affordable education, have contracted for the working class

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In "Working Class Growing Pains" Silva argues that to create successful journeys to working class adulthood, American society needs_____.

A) young adults who embrace the idea of self-sufficiency
B) to return to the social and cultural values of the 1950s
C) definitions of adulthood that foster connection and interdependence
D) to abandon the idea of vocational training in favor of college degrees for all young people

Question 5

Bertrand and Mullainathan found that the gap between Whites and African Americans in callback rates_____with the quality of the resume.

A) narrowed
B) stayed the same
C) widened
D) doubled

Question 6

Bertrand and Mullainathan found_____racial differences in callback rates.

A) small but significant
B) no
C) insignificant
D) large

Question 7

According the Wilson, employment rates in inner-city neighborhoods ____________ .

A) have increased steadily since the 1970s
B) reached an all-time low by the 1990s
C) are starting to rebound because of growing demand for low-skill labor
D) are of less consequence than overall rates of poverty

Question 8

Across geographic boundaries, women working for Wal-Mart were found to earn less than_____.

A) minimum wage
B) management had agreed to pay them when they were hired
C) male employees in the same positions
D) their maids and nannies

Question 9

Bertrand and Mullainathan conclude that job training programs_____to alleviate the racial gap in labor market outcomes.

A) are unnecessary
B) may not be enough
C) are the only thing needed
D) are the one thing missing from social programs

Question 10

One of the factors Bertrand and Mullainathan tested for to learn its effect on callback rates was ______________ .

A) level of education
B) state of residence
C) resume quality
D) number of previous jobs held by applicants

Question 11

Bertrand and Mullainathan experimentally manipulated the perception of race by the_____of the applicant.

A) resume quality
B) name
C) education
D) occupation

Question 12

Wilson recommends what policy solution to address the problem of inner-city joblessness?

A) skills retraining programs
B) monetary policies to enhance economic growth
C) welfare reforms to reduce dependency
D) full employment through public sector jobs for low-skilled workers

Question 13

Bertrand and Mullainathan found that a White name yielded as many more callbacks as an additional_____years of experience on a resume.

A) 3
B) 8
C) 5
D) 2

Question 14

White women can be marginalized due to their_________ but experience certain benefits because of their ________ .

A) appearance; gender
B) gender and class; race
C) race; gender
D) class and race; gender

Question 15

Jennifer Silva argues that becoming adults is significantly harder for working class youth today than it was in the past. What social change is most responsible for this?

A) High school curriculum requirements have grown, making it harder to graduate from high school.
B) State regulations on driver's education have become more strict, so it is harder to get a driver's license.
C) The decline of manufacturing jobs and the growth of the service industry make it harder to get a secure full-time job with benefits.
D) The military has become more selective in its recruiting, narrowing a popular avenue to upward mobility for many working-class youth.

Question 16

Silva argues in "Working Class Growing Pains" that economic insecurity for the working class_____.

A) creates greater trust in educational institutions as the key to a brighter future
B) erodes the ability to form stable romantic relationships, leading to declining marriage rates
C) makes them more dependent upon community supports, like religious and civic associations
D) causes them to build networks of mutual support to help one another

Question 17

Selective recruitment practices that make assumptions about workers based on their home address or neighborhood location_____.

A) can lead to prosecution of employers, because these practices violate labor laws
B) are a form of statistical discrimination against racial minorities, even if motivated by class bias
C) affect all poor people equally and therefore do not contribute to economic and social disparities along racial lines
D) are unrelated to the kinds of "hard" and "soft" skills that inner-city residents can offer to employers

Question 18

The key benefit of work in the formal economy that Wilson focuses on in "Jobless Ghettos" is_____.

A) skills training
B) access to transportation
C) disciplined regularity
D) creditworthiness

Question 19

According to Wilson, which of the following is NOT a sufficient cause to explain growing joblessness in inner-city neighborhoods?

A) suburbanization of jobs
B) skill-based technological change
C) racial segregation
D) lack of access to transportation

Question 20

In "Working Class Growing Pains" Silva argues that the key marker of a new definition of working-class adulthood is_____.

A) learning to depend on no one but yourself
B) establishing family stability by age 30
C) learning to depend upon an extended network of friends and family
D) reliance upon public investments and support

Question 21

What does Weissinger mean when she refers to "insiders who hold beliefs that make them outsiders?"

Question 22

What is the significance of the findings in this study that the racial gap in callbacks widens when the quality of resumes increases?

Question 23

Ms. Gina Espinoza-Price was _______________ six weeks after complaining about sexual harassment.

A) given a promotion
B) given a raise
C) sued for libel by the manager she accused
D) terminated from her job at Wal-Mart

Question 24

What does it mean to become an adult? What makes "adult" a social category-not simply a matter of age, but dependent upon social structure and institutions?

Question 25

Discuss the ways joking is used to express dominance in the workplace.

Question 26

Joking can be a subtle medium through which people of color experience belittlement and struggles for_____.

A) dominance
B) fair wages
C) better working conditions
D) attention

Question 27

Ms. Gina Espinoza-Price provided an example of how a White man used joking to force others to acknowledge the labels he had created for them and to show ____________ .

A) how "cool" he could be
B) his kind nature
C) dominance
D) that his sense of humor meant that he was not "really" racist

Question 28

Discuss "how the multiple features of each plaintiff's biography influence and shape the stories they tell about work life at Wal-Mart."

Question 29

Why does Weissinger believe that biological sex differences alone fail to explain the range of plaintiff's experiences?

Question 30

Wilson advocates for public sector employment of last resort as a possible policy solution to address inner-city joblessness. Why does he advocate for this instead of fiscal policies to encourage economic growth?

Question 31

Uma Jean Minor noted that her Wal-Mart wages were not sufficient to ____________ .

A) purchase a home
B) pay for higher education
C) lift her out of poverty
D) pay her legal fees

Question 32

American culture values independence and self-sufficiency. Discuss the paradox that middle- class youth benefit from multiple forms of public and private social support but often appear to be independently successful, while working-class youth-who have fewer social supports to rely upon-are stigmatized as social dependents if they struggle to establish independent self-sufficiency.

Question 33

What solutions do you think there might be to the problem identified in the study conducted by Bertrand and Mullainathan?

Question 34

Wilson argues that paid work in the formal economy is critical to the disciplined habits that give shape to a coherent daily life. Do you agree? Why or why not? With the recent rise of an ICT-enabled "gig economy," are available forms of formal employment losing this capacity to provide structure and discipline for daily life?

Question 35

According to Bonnie Thornton Dill, a White woman working outside the home indicated_____.

A) high social standing of the family
B) an egalitarian relationship between husband and wife
C) insufficient wage earnings of her husband
D) the birth of feminism

Question 36

According to Bonnie Thornton Dill, the dominant ideology of family structure dictated_____.

A) separate spheres for men and women, and women remaining outside of the paid labor force
B) the involvement of all family members in the paid labor force
C) the entry of women into service occupations
D) the wages for housework campaign

Question 37

What effect do the authors think their findings might have in influencing African Americans' participation in work training programs?

Question 38

What is it that "insiders who hold beliefs that make them outsiders" fail to do that leads to the punishments they endure at Wal-Mart, according to Weissinger?

Question 39

According to Weissinger, "insiders who hold beliefs that make them outsiders need support so they will continue to believe that the long-term benefits of their actions will outweigh the short-term punishments they endure for failing to_____discriminatory practices."

A) report
B) identify
C) replicate
D) oppose

Question 40

To succeed at Wal-Mart, White women were socialized to_____discrimination against people of Color.

A) identify and eliminate
B) accept and replicate
C) reject and report
D) ignore and deny

Question 41

According to Chicano feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, the mestiza identity is _____________ .

A) a mechanism for assimilation into mainstream American norms and ways of life
B) becoming less relevant as more and more migrants establish complex, transnational identities
C) a militant resistance to immigrant assimilation in favor of maintaining strong ties to one's ethnic culture
D) a means of tolerating the ambiguity and contradictions that result from juggling two cultures

Question 42

High degrees of racial segregation by neighborhoods_____.

A) have disappeared since the Civil Rights era as a result of the Fair Housing Act
B) remain the norm in northeastern cities like New York and Philadelphia
C) are rapidly declining as a result of racial intermarriage
D) don't matter as long as people feel comfortable where they live

Question 43

Individuals who retain the traditions and values of their culture of origin while also developing and maintaining identification with mainstream society are known as____________.

A) assimilated
B) bicultural
C) culturally fused
D) decontextualized

Question 44

Moore and Stambolis-Ruhstorfer point out that their review of sociological research literature on LGBT families is limited because_____.

A) there is insufficient funding for research studies, because funding organizations tend to be socially conservative
B) it focuses mainly on work that studies U.S.-based families, and more international and cross- cultural study is needed
C) there is little variation between how social science disciplines approach this topic of study, so many studies duplicate existing knowledge
D) LGBT families are becoming more rare and culturally invisible

Question 45

From 2000 to 2010, the number of same-sex family households in the United States_____.

A) decreased by about 50%
B) stayed roughly the same
C) increased by only 10%
D) increased by about 80%

Question 46

Roberta Espinoza reports finding two different strategies used by Latina doctoral students to manage the competing demands of family and higher education. She calls these strategies_______________.

A) Blenders and Stirrers
B) Conformers and Resisters
C) Integrators and Separators
D) Practitioners and Theorizers

Question 47

What best summarizes current ideological debates about sexuality and family in the United States?

A) There is still considerable public ambivalence about same-sex couples in discussions of family politics.
B) Ideological debates about what counts as a family happen primarily in private spaces and do not become part of our public political discourse.
C) Same-sex couple families have recently achieved nearly universal support in U.S. culture.
D) Most Americans believe that the heterosexual family form and its gender norms are secure and stable, regardless of policies toward same-sex couples.

Question 48

Current public attitudes toward racial intermarriage are represented by the fact that_____.

A) most Americans still strongly oppose interracial unions
B) almost a quarter of all married couples are in interracial relationships
C) two-thirds of Americans say it would be fine with them for a family member to "marry out" of their racial or ethnic group
D) state anti-miscegenation laws have been upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court

Question 49

According to Bonnie Thornton Dill, which of the following reflects the double bind experienced by racial-ethnic women of the 18th and 19th centuries?

A) Their required participation in the labor force denied them the status of socially acceptable women, wives, and mothers.
B) Their equal status in the labor force did not result in egalitarian relationships with their husbands.
C) The sacrifice they made by participating in the labor force was looked upon as admirable by dominant society.
D) Because they worked in the paid labor force they had to hire other women to care for their own homes and children.

Question 50

Dill tells us that African American, Chinese American, and Chicano women had which of the following in common during the 18th and 19th centuries?

A) They, like White middle class women, worked only in the private sphere of the home.
B) They all worked as migrant laborers.
C) They all had to work outside the home for wages, as well as inside the home raising children and caring for husbands.
D) They all worked as maids and nannies in White people's homes.

Question 51

According to Dill, which of the following was true with regard to Chinese American families of the 18th and 19th centuries?

A) Immigration restrictions prevented the formation of families within this group.
B) Many Chinese sojourners sent wages to their families in China.
C) A split-household form characterized Chinese American families.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 52

The cultural value of familismo means that Latinas_____.

A) have a strong sense of obligation and responsibility to their nuclear and extended families
B) are less successful at higher education because strong family ties have negative academic consequences
C) are not supported by their families when they choose to pursue higher education
D) feel that the best way to contribute to their families is to become independent, individualistic women

Question 53

Which of the following factors creates better outcomes for children of LGBT parents?

A) strict adoption policies that carefully scrutinize potential parents for moral suitability
B) concealing information about family structures to avoid stigmatization
C) strong cultural and legal supports to protect sexual minority populations
D) a high degree of judicial discretion in determining parental rights

Question 54

Same-sex parenting is most common in which U.S. region?

A) the Northeast
B) the Midwest
C) the South
D) the West Coast

Question 55

Childrearing among same-sex couples is highest among which racial group?

A) Whites
B) African Americans
C) Latinos
D) Asian Americans

Question 56

In "Loving Across Racial Divides" Amy Steinbugler describes the different racial attitudes held by respondents from interracial relationships, such as ____________ .

A) Black partners anticipate racial discrimination and take proactive measures to prevent it, whereas White partners are less attuned to discrimination and more comfortable with a wait- and-see approach
B) Black partners express a sense of safety and security in White neighborhoods, whereas White partners express fear when they live in Black neighborhoods
C) White partners become highly attuned to racist dynamics in protection of their racial minority partners, who may be more accustomed to racism and therefore not see it as a big deal
D) racial minority partners report high levels of family support for their relationships, whereas White partners fear stigmatization and often keep their relationships secret

Question 57

The central challenge that Roberta Espinoza describes among Latina doctoral students is the tension between_____.

A) completing all of their academic work and getting enough sleep
B) being a good daughter while also being a good student
C) choosing a major out of love of learning and choosing a major that will be lucrative
D) wishing to be a graduate student and wishing to become a mother

Question 58

Poverty rates are higher among same-sex parent households than among heterosexual married couple households.

Question 59

According to Dill, which of the following is true with regard to African American families of the 18th and 19th centuries?

A) Slave owners controlled the cohesion of slave families.
B) After emancipation, African American women were expected to take their position within the private sphere of the home.
C) Slave labor mirrored labor divisions among White men and women.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 60

Mexican American families have been negatively affected by ______________ .

A) colonization
B) the loss of Mexican-owned land through the inability to document ownership
C) the transient jobs in which they were employed
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 61

How can public policies do a better job of supporting a variety of family forms?

Question 62

Amy Steinbugler's primary argument in "Loving Across Racial Divides" is that_____.

A) because of our colorblind society interracial couples are unlikely to face any unusual challenges compared to intraracial relationships
B) both race and racism continue to impact the everyday lives of interracial couples, in spite of increased public acceptance of racial intermarriage
C) interracial relationships face extraordinary challenges that are detrimental to families and should therefore be avoided
D) partners in interracial romantic relationships represent an enlightened move toward a "post- racial" state

Question 63

What is "reproductive labor"?

Question 64

Ladson-Billings via metaphor chooses to call the achievement gap ___________ .

A) education debt
B) education deficit
C) national debt
D) education surplus

Question 65

Explain why Latinas, in particular, experience significant conflicts between family obligations and success in higher education.

Question 66

Are you surprised at Steinbugler's assertion that White partners did not necessarily change their racial perspectives as a result of their interracial intimate relationships and therefore may not be the enlightened, "post-racial" vanguards they are often thought to represent? Why did or didn't this surprise you?

Question 67

Chicago public schools spend about_____per pupil in a city school that is 87% Black and Latino.

A) $6,232
B) $8,482
C) $9,299
D) $11,627

Question 68

Intermarriages between Asian Americans and Whites are_____.

A) far more common than those between Blacks and Whites
B) less likely to encounter cultural differences based on racial-gender stereotypes because of Asian Americans' status as "honorary Whites"
C) rarer than other forms of intermarriage because of the strong ethnic affiliations of Asian Americans
D) more egalitarian than other marriages

Question 69

In research by Ladson-Billings, the point differential measuring the Achievement Gap between Black/Latino/Latina and White students in Fourth Grade math scores was___________.

A) 15 points
B) 17 points
C) 20 points
D) 26 points

Question 70

During the Jim Crow south, the school year was typically four months long because of_____.

A) students skipping class
B) teachers not willing to teach longer
C) weather
D) agricultural seasons

Question 71

How might racial-gender stereotypes exert even more power within romantic relationships than they do in less intimate relationships or from strangers?

Question 72

What is the "modern American family" and what led to its development?

Question 73

Identify differences in African, Chinese, and Chicana experiences of family life.

Question 74

What does Dill mean by "our mothers' grief"?

Question 75

Besides Latinas, what other groups may experience competing or conflicting cultural demands between family and school? How does attention to the specific demands of different cultures matter in understanding patterns of educational attainment?

Question 76

Compare enslaved and free women's reproductive labor? How was each controlled?

Question 77

What are some of the limitations of existing research into LGBT families at the start of the 21st century? What kinds of new research would be needed to fill gaps in social-scientific knowledge?

Question 78

While much psychological research has focused on development processes and socio- emotional outcomes for children of same-sex parents, sociological research has grappled more with how social institutions such as schools and legal systems shape lesbian and gay families and how LGBT families construct the meaning of family. What do these research emphases reveal about disciplinary perspectives in each field?

Question 79

All but which of the following are known to be correlated with academic achievement?

A) school composition
B) student's family background
C) teacher's verbal skills
D) student's ethnic background

Question 80

Suggest some specific policies that your school might adopt to help bicultural students be successful.