Deck 5: The Lipids: Fats and Oils

Question 1

Fats provide _____ by _____.

A) an energy reserve; promoting satiety
B) satiety; slowing stomach emptying
C) climate control; cushioning organs
D) shock absorption; coating cell membranes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cholesterol:

A) should, if possible, be avoided altogether.
B) has no use in the human body.
C) can be synthesized by the body.
D) has no relation to heart disease according to present-day research.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The American Heart Association recommends a saturated fat intake of less than _____% of calories.

A) 30
B) 10
C) 7
D) 1

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which type of lipoprotein transports newly digested fat from the intestine through the lymph and blood?

A) High-density lipoprotein
B) Low-density lipoprotein
C) Chylomicron
D) Very-low-density lipoprotein

Question 5

Which of the following statements about dietary fat is false ?

A) Fat carries water-soluble vitamins in food.
B) Fat is a component of all cell membranes.
C) Fat provides a concentrated source of energy.
D) Fats provide satiety.

Question 6

All of the following are found mainly in foods that contain fat except :

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin E.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about olestra is false ?

A) Olestra is digestible.
B) Olestra is an artificial fat.
C) Olestra is a combination of sucrose and fatty acids.
D) Olestra may interfere with fat-soluble vitamin absorption.

Question 8

All of the following are rich in polyunsaturated fat except :

A) safflower oil.
B) corn oil.
C) palm oil.
D) sunflower oil

Question 9

To adhere to dietary recommendations of both the American Heart Association and Dietary Guidelines for Americans , cholesterol intake should be below _____ milligrams per day.

A) 200
B) 300
C) 350
D) 400

Question 10

One pound of body fat provides _____ calories.

A) 1,000
B) 2,500
C) 3,500
D) 4,000

Question 11

Which food is not a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A) Soybean oil
B) Walnuts
C) Peanuts
D) Almonds

Question 12

All of the following are functions of fat in the body except :

A) providing energy.
B) forming components of cell membranes.
C) insulating the body.
D) storing genetic information.

Question 13

Which of the following fat replacers can inhibit the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

A) Simplesse
B) Caprenin
C) K-Blazer
D) Olean

Question 14

Which of the following is not a type of lipoprotein?

A) HDL
B) Triglycerides
C) VLDL
D) Chylomicrons

Question 15

Which of the following is not a function of fat?

A) Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
B) Essential component of cell membranes
C) Best source of energy for the brain
D) Storage form of energy
E) Food component that adds flavor and aroma

Question 16

Health experts advise that you decrease consumption of foods rich in _____ and increase the intake of _____ to achieve a more healthful balance.

A) omega-6 fatty acids; omega-3 fatty acids
B) saturated fat; cholesterol
C) omega-3 fatty acids; omega-9 fatty acids
D) chlyomicrons; LDL

Question 17

All of the following are characteristics of the essential fatty acids except :

A) they must be supplied by the diet.
B) they are widely distributed in plant and fish oils.
C) they are saturated fatty acids.
D) they are readily stored in the adult body.

Question 18

Which of the following makes up 95% of the lipids in the diet?

A) Triglycerides
B) Cholesterol
C) Phospholipids
D) Sucrose
E) Sterols

Question 19

Saturated fats:

A) are generally solid at room temperature.
B) are found only in animal products.
C) contain fatty acids with one point of unsaturation.
D) contain a glycerol and 4 fatty acid molecules.

Question 20

Which of the following lipids is essential?

A) Lecithin
B) Cholesterol
C) Linoleic acid
D) Stearic acid
E) Butyric acid

Question 21

Americans are urged to eat more fish due to its high content of:

A) omega-3 fatty acids.
B) HDL-cholesterol.
C) vitamin A.
D) lecithin.

Question 22

The Mediterranean diet:

A) is low in fiber.
B) is low in phytochemicals.
C) is low in meat.
D) is low in fish.

Question 23

Why are monounsaturated fats better for you than polyunsaturated fats?

A) Because they are lower in calories per tablespoon.
B) Because they decrease total cholesterol better.
C) Because they decrease LDL and decrease HDL.
D) Because they decrease LDL and don't decrease HDL.

Question 24

A major source of saturated fat in the U.S. diet is:

A) olive oil.
B) nuts.
C) cheese.
D) legumes.

Question 25

All of the following are correct about hydrogenation of oil except :

A) it makes the oil more saturated.
B) it makes the oil healthier to consume.
C) it makes the oil more solid.
D) it results in the formation of trans fatty acids.

Question 26

Which of the following items contains the most saturated fat?

A) Olive oil
B) Lard
C) Corn oil
D) Sunflower oil

Question 27

Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and omits 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil from her recipe for rice pilaf. This change reduces the calories from fat in this recipe by approximately _____.

A) 24 calories
B) 50 calories
C) 200 calories
D) 350 calories

Question 28

All of the following dietary recommendations have been made by the DRI Committee except :

A) consume less than 20% of calories as total fat.
B) consume 0.6%-1.2% of calories as omega-3 fats.
C) consume 5%-10% of calories as omega-6 fats.
D) consume no more than 35% of calories as total fat.

Question 29

Which of the following is the best to choose when cooking in order to reduce the added fats in your diet?

A) Nonstick sprays
B) Shortening
C) Butter
D) Canola oil

Question 30

Which of the following factors is the most powerful influence on HDL levels?

A) Alcohol consumption
B) Regular exercise
C) Weight loss
D) Fiber consumption

Question 31

All of the following are correct about unsaturated fats except :

A) they may be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.
B) they are usually liquid at room temperature.
C) they are found mostly in plant foods.
D) they belong to the sterol group of lipids.

Question 32

Which of the following is not an effect of diets high in omega-3 fatty acids?

A) They help reduce blood clot formation.
B) They can reduce blood triglycerides.
C) They can raise LDL cholesterol.
D) They help reduce inflammation in arthritis sufferers.

Question 33

Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and instead of 2 tablespoons of butter, she uses 1 tablespoon on her baked potato. Approximately how many grams of fat did Joy remove from her meal?

A) 5 grams
B) 12 grams
C) 25 grams
D) 100 grams

Question 34

What happens to fat when it initially enters the small intestine?

A) It is immediately digested by enzymes from the pancreas.
B) It is immediately emulsified by bile from the gallbladder.
C) It is absorbed as is through the villi packaged as a chylomicron.
D) It is trapped in fiber and carried out of the body.

Question 35

A desirable level of total blood cholesterol in adults is:

A) < 200 mg/dL.
B) 200-300 mg/dL.
C) > 240 mg/dL.
D) < 300 mg/dL.

Question 36

All the following foods are especially high in omega-3 fats except :

A) salmon.
B) walnuts.
C) flaxseed oil.
D) almonds.

Question 37

Which of the following factors is associated with lower HDL levels?

A) Being a non-smoker, as opposed to a smoker
B) Weight loss
C) Being male, as opposed to female
D) Consumption of fish rather than meat

Question 38

Which of these foods contains cholesterol?

A) Peanut butter
B) Corn oils
C) Avocados
D) Lean turkey

Question 39

Which of the following statements concerning lecithin is not true?

A) It is a major constituent of cell membranes.
B) It is made by the liver from scratch.
C) It is an essential nutrient.
D) It is often added to foods as an emulsifier.

Question 40

For most Americans, the most important dietary change to make in order to reduce blood LDL-cholesterol levels is to reduce intake of:

A) polyunsaturated fat.
B) cholesterol.
C) saturated and trans fats.
D) monounsaturated fat.
E) fish oils.

Question 41

Sue overate by 500 calories each day on her recent cruise to the Bahamas. If Sue gained one pound of body fat as a result, how long was her cruise?

A) 2 days
B) 5 days
C) 7 days
D) 1 month

Question 42

Which container of margarine would be the most heart healthy?

A) One that lists soy oil as the last ingredient
B) One that lists trans fat as the last ingredient
C) One that lists liquid vegetable oil as the first ingredient
D) Buying butter would be more heart healthy than buying margarine.

Question 43

Which factor may account for the "French paradox"?

A) The French typically drink more red wine.
B) The French consume most of their day's calories before 2 p.m.
C) The French eat more fruits and vegetables.
D) All of the above

Question 44

Which statement about olive oil is not true?

A) It has high levels of oleic acids.
B) It has a good ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to omega-6 fatty acids.
C) It has fewer calories than other oils.
D) All of the above are true statements.

Question 45

Trans fats

A) are naturally found in meat.
B) are created when oils become rancid.
C) are not listed on food labels.
D) are naturally found in legumes and some nuts.

Question 46

Sam and Regina are new parents and want to do the best thing for their baby. Sam says they should put their baby on a low-fat diet right from the beginning. What advice would you give these new parents?

A) They are correct and the baby should eat no more than 35% of his or her calories from fat.
B) They are correct and the baby should only drink skim milk as a beverage.
C) They are incorrect; from birth to 2 years of age, a child's fat consumption should not be restricted for proper development.
D) The healthiest diet for everyone is a vegan diet.

Question 47

Which organ senses the body's blood pressure?

A) Heart
B) Kidney
C) Liver
D) Pancreas

Question 48

Which of the following is not an emulsifier of fats that is often used as a food additive?

A) Monoglycerides
B) Diglycerides
C) Bile
D) Lecithin

Question 49

Omega-3 fatty acids are not found in

A) soybeans.
B) pecans.
C) green beans.
D) flaxseed.

Question 50

One of the concerns regarding olestra is that:

A) it increases the risk of obesity by providing 9 calories per gram.
B) it increases the risk of high blood pressure in sensitive individuals.
C) it can inhibit the absorption of vitamins.
D) it is hard to avoid because it is naturally found in foods.

Question 51

All of the following are correct about phytosterols except :

A) they may reduce blood cholesterol when consumed as part of a low-fat diet.
B) they are structurally similar to the steroid hormones.
C) they are found in all margarines made from vegetable oils.
D) they block the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine.

Question 52

_____ is not a risk factor for heart disease.

A) Family history
B) Low HDL-cholesterol
C) Being a woman
D) Smoking

Question 53

The most important difference between the typical American diet and the typical Mediterranean diet is that:

A) Americans eat more saturated fat.
B) Americans eat more fruits.
C) Americans exercise less.
D) Americans eat more monounsaturated fat.

Question 54

Why is heart disease the major cause of death among women after menopause?

A) Because osteoporosis is so common and weakens the heart.
B) Because women tend to eat more fat in their diets after they reach 55.
C) Because low estrogen levels lower HDL and raise LDL.
D) Because menopause leads to the overproduction of chylomicrons.

Question 55

Why does eating a high-fiber diet lower a person's risk for heart disease?

A) Food travels faster through the digestive tract, allowing less time for cholesterol absorption to occur.
B) A high-fiber diet is typically high in dietary cholesterol.
C) This diet is a rich source of antioxidants, which can neutralize damaging free radicals.
D) a and c only
E) b and c only

Question 56

A desirable LDL-cholesterol level is _____, while a desirable HDL-cholesterol level is _____.

A) 225 mg/dL; < 40 mg/dL
B) 15 mg/dL
C) 60 mg/dL
D) It doesn't matter as long as your total cholesterol is lower than 200 mg/dL.

Question 57

Which of the following is not characteristic of an atherogenic diet?

A) High in saturated fats
B) Low in fruits
C) Low in legumes
D) Low in trans fats

Question 58

High homocysteine levels are associated with more heart attacks and strokes. Which of the following might potentially lower these levels?

A) Generous amounts of iron
B) Generous amounts of the B vitamins
C) Lowered intakes of sodium
D) Eating 35 grams of fiber per day

Question 59

A sizable body of evidence from around the world suggests that garlic may benefit health by

A) reducing blood platelets.
B) lowering blood cholesterol.
C) keeping arteries rigid.
D) lowering HDL.

Question 60

Most people have well-developed plaques in their arteries by the time they are:

A) 30.
B) 45.
C) 65.
D) 70.

Question 61

Samuel sees the term "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil" in the ingredients list for his favorite brand of corn chips, but the front of the packages states they are " trans fat free." What does this mean?

A) The chips don't contain trans fat, but might be very high in saturated fat
B) The chips' manufacturer has made an unlawful claim on the package
C) The chips do contain trans fat, but less than 0.5 gram per serving
D) The chips are more healthful than chips made with plain vegetable oil

Question 62

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated, but has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. If Bob wants to lower his blood cholesterol, which of the following would be bad advice?

A) You should lower your intake of trans fats only, not of other types of fat.
B) Lowering your saturated fat intake may be more important than reducing dietary cholesterol.
C) Eat more plant sources of fats to lower total blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
D) Eat more high-soluble fiber foods such as legumes.
E) All of these are good suggestions.

Question 63

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where Jack's father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of also having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. Jack wants to learn how to cook healthier meals now that he is better informed. Which suggestion is not a good idea based on current recommendations?

A) Use fruit jam instead of margarine on toast.
B) Use applesauce instead of butter when baking brownies.
C) Eat more sardines and herring.
D) Drink 3 glasses of red wine each day.
E) All of the above are recommended for heart health.

Question 64

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where Jack's father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of also having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. What exactly happens in atherosclerosis?

A) Oxidized LDL is incorporated into the lining of arteries.
B) A blood clot travels to the brain and causes a stroke.
C) Chylomicrons cause veins to lose their elasticity.
D) Blood pressure is too low and dizziness occurs.
E) b and c

Question 65

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated, but has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. To lose weight, Bob knows he needs to take in fewer calories. Which of the following is correct regarding lipids and body weight?

A) Saturated fats have more calories per gram than unsaturated fats.
B) When saturated fat is heated and melts, it loses calories.
C) When excess monounsaturated fat is eaten it is stored as fat around the waist only.
D) Both saturated and unsaturated fats have 9 calories per gram.

Question 66

High concentrations of high-density lipoproteins are associated with a high risk of heart attack.

Question 67

_____ diffuse easily into intestinal cells, which release them into capillaries without further processing.

A) Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids
B) Glycerol and long-chain fatty acids
C) Cholesterol and phospholipids
D) Cholesterol and short-chain fatty acids

Question 68

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated, but has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. Bob read an article about how fat travels in his body. He learned that

A) blood cholesterol is carried in LDLs that are taken up by macrophages and deposited in plaque inside his arteries.
B) saturated fats and trans fats only travel in HDL and are taken back to his liver for disposal.
C) fat from a recent meal is carried in HDL to his liver for storage.
D) HDL is only found in vegetable oils and not in any animal food.
E) b and c

Question 69

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where Jack's father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of also having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. Which risk factor does Jack have no control over?

A) Obesity
B) Genetics
C) Stress
D) Atherogenic diet
E) Jack can change all of these risk factors.

Question 70

As the amount of _____ in a lipoprotein increases, its _____ also increases.

A) protein; density
B) triglycerides; solubility
C) protein; size
D) triglycerides; density

Question 71

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where Jack's father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of also having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. Which of the following would be the best choice in order for Jack to lower his LDL-cholesterol without decreasing his HDL-cholesterol?

A) Exercise regularly.
B) Eat an atherogenic diet.
C) Switch back to butter instead of margarine.
D) Eat almonds and use olive oil.
E) Eat more trans fats when possible.

Question 72

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated, but has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. What characterizes saturated fats?

A) They are liquid at room temperature.
B) They are carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogens.
C) They function as emulsifiers in the small intestine.
D) They provide 4 calories per gram.

Question 73

How is a trans fatty acid different from other unsaturated fatty acids?

A) A trans fatty acid has at least two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom in the chain
B) At a trans fatty acid's point of unsaturation, the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the carbon chain instead of on the same side
C) A trans fatty acid's carbon chain contains at least one double bond between two carbon atoms instead of all single bonds
D) At a trans fatty acid's point of unsaturation, the hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon chain instead of on opposite sides

Question 74

Which of the following dietary changes would be most effective for lowering one's LDL?

A) Replacing monounsaturated fats with saturated fats
B) Replacing polyunsaturated fats with hydrogenated fats
C) Choosing whole milk instead of a soda beverage
D) Choosing broiled salmon instead of a bacon burger

Question 75

The body can store fat in practically unlimited amounts.

Question 76

Vignette #2 Bob is committed to losing weight but knows little about nutrition. He has heard his friends discussing types of fat, such as saturated and unsaturated, but has no idea what the terms mean or how they relate to his health and diet. He also has read that the most important improvement a person can make in his or her diet is to eat less cholesterol. Let's answer these questions and help Bob understand this topic better. Which food is rich in saturated fat?

A) Steak
B) Banana
C) Avocado
D) Broccoli
E) a and c

Question 77

Phospholipids can help fats cross cell membranes because

A) they are so abundant in foods and widespread in the body.
B) they are fat soluble but not water soluble.
C) they have a large, multiple-ring structure.
D) they have water-soluble heads and fat-soluble tails.

Question 78

Heather notices that her favorite breakfast cereal contains BHA and BHT. Why did the manufacturer add them?

A) To enhance the flavor of the cereal
B) To keep the oil in the cereal from spoiling
C) To improve the lipid profile of the cereal
D) To provide essential fatty acids

Question 79

Unprocessed oils are best stored in airtight containers because:

A) exposure to the air will decrease the likelihood of rancidity.
B) airtight storage destroys the natural antioxidants in the oils.
C) points of unsaturation in their molecules are vulnerable to oxidation.
D) this prevents hydrogenation, which makes them less healthful.

Question 80

Vignette #1 Jack has just returned from the hospital where Jack's father is recovering from a heart attack. The doctors told Jack that his dad's atherosclerosis is very serious. Jack and his wife, Melanie, are worried about Jack's father and also are starting to think about Jack's risk of also having heart disease in his lifetime. He sets up an appointment at his doctor's office and has his blood lipid levels evaluated for the first time. Let's see if you can answer some of the questions that Jack and Melanie have. Jack's results from his blood lipid level test are as follows:  Total cholesterol 255 mg/dL
LDL 145 mg/dL
HDL 40 mg/dL
Triglycerides, fasting 220 mg/dL
Which statement about Jack's values is correct?

A) His total cholesterol is in the desirable range.
B) His LDL-cholesterol puts him at high risk.
C) His triglycerides are in the desirable range.
D) His HDL is too low.