Deck 8: The Minerals and Water: A Functional Approach

Question 1

A cofactor:

A) assists protein carriers.
B) inhibits zinc absorption.
C) substitutes for a coenzyme.
D) facilitates enzyme action.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which food provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A) Spinach
B) Hamburger
C) Rice
D) Peas
E) Iron-fortified baby cereal

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The mineral critical to the synthesis of thyroid hormones is:

A) iron.
B) copper.
C) magnesium.
D) iodine.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus play a major role in

A) carbohydrate metabolism.
B) the distribution of water inside and outside body cells.
C) regulating insulin production.
D) the production of thyroid hormones.

Question 5

The absorption of iron is impaired by:

A) heme.
B) tannins.
C) sodium.
D) vitamin C.

Question 6

All of the following are characteristics of a zinc deficiency except :

A) delayed sexual maturity.
B) severe growth retardation.
C) poor wound healing.
D) discoloration of the teeth.

Question 7

Which of the following people would be at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A) Joe, who walks for one hour, 3 times each week.
B) Jill, who has a glass of wine every day after work.
C) Stephanie, whose mother and grandmother broke their hips.
D) Mark, who had a kidney transplant two years ago.

Question 8

Two natural compounds found in food that inhibit mineral absorption from the gastrointestinal tract are:

A) amino acids and phytic acid.
B) oxalic acid and polysaccharides.
C) table salt and vitamin D.
D) phytic acid and oxalic acid.
E) pectin and vitamin C.

Question 9

The potassium-to-sodium ratio of foods is affected by:

A) prolonged storage.
B) processing.
C) cooking.
D) washing.

Question 10

The term "contamination iron" refers to

A) the iron added to fortified foods.
B) the amount of iron that is toxic when too much is ingested.
C) the dietary iron obtained when cooking in iron cookware.
D) the iron children ingest when eating paint chips.

Question 11

Hypertension is:

A) stress.
B) plaque build-up in the arteries.
C) high blood pressure.
D) excessive muscular contraction.

Question 12

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to:

A) provide energy for cells.
B) provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
C) regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
D) maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.

Question 13

Which statement does not describe a role of major minerals in the body?

A) They give teeth and bone their rigidity and strength.
B) They regulate body processes.
C) They provide energy.
D) They help maintain acid-base balance.

Question 14

Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?

A) Biotin
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Calcium

Question 15

What binder that is found in whole-grain cereals hinders zinc absorption?

A) Chlorine
B) Calcium
C) EDTA
D) Phytic acid
E) Iron

Question 16

Which of the following contributes most of the sodium in the typical U.S. diet?

A) Unprocessed foods
B) Salt added during cooking or at the table at home
C) Processed foods
D) Soft water

Question 17

People from which ethnic background have the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) African American
D) British
E) Northern European

Question 18

Which nutrient works closely with insulin to help the cells take up glucose?

A) Zinc
B) Selenium
C) Chromium
D) Iodine

Question 19

All of the following are ways to reduce your risk of high blood pressure except :

A) adopting a diet similar to the DASH diet.
B) maintaining a normal weight.
C) eating no more than 3,500 milligrams of sodium a day.
D) exercising 60 minutes daily.
E) drinking alcohol in moderation.

Question 20

Osteoporosis is more prevalent in women for all the following reasons except :

A) Women typically exercise more than men.
B) Women typically have lower calcium intakes than men.
C) Pregnancy and lactation can decrease the calcium reserves in women.
D) Women have accelerated bone loss at menopause.

Question 21

Peak bone mass is reached at approximately _____ years of age.

A) 13
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 22

If a woman has a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy, her child may have:

A) anemia.
B) spina bifida.
C) cretinism.
D) blindness.
E) allergies.

Question 23

Which form of exercise is the least effective in preventing osteoporosis?

A) Tennis
B) Hiking
C) Swimming
D) Weight training
E) Dancing

Question 24

Which of the following is a sure way to tell that you have high blood pressure?

A) You stand up and get a bit dizzy.
B) Your arm is numb when you wake up in the morning.
C) Your parents had high blood pressure.
D) You have it measured and it is rated as elevated.

Question 25

Fluoride deficiency is best known to cause:

A) mottling of teeth.
B) osteoporosis.
C) muscular dystrophy.
D) dental decay.
E) heart disease.

Question 26

A deficiency of _____ in children is associated with retarded growth and sexual development.

A) chromium
B) fluoride
C) zinc
D) iodine
E) cadmium

Question 27

The DASH eating pattern is high in _____ but low in _____.

A) fruits; whole grains
B) calcium; potassium
C) vegetables; whole-fat dairy
D) sodium; saturated fat

Question 28

Which group is least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?

A) Women of childbearing age
B) Children
C) Older infants
D) People with low incomes
E) Men 20-45 years of age

Question 29

Jim is trying to eat foods with less sodium in hopes that his blood pressure will decrease to a healthy measurement. Which food should he avoid?

A) Grilled chicken
B) Pickles
C) Bananas
D) Sweet potatoes
E) a and d

Question 30

Jan has a new baby girl and wants to do everything possible to ensure her health. She knows her town has fluoridated water and prepares the baby's formula with it. To make sure she is getting enough fluoride she also bought a fluoride supplement to add to the baby's diet. Is this a good idea?

A) No, too much fluoride can lead to discoloration of the teeth.
B) Yes, she is taking the right steps to ensure the baby's health.
C) Yes, extra fluoride leads to a reduced risk of tooth decay.
D) No, fluoride is in toothpaste and that is the only way we are intended to be exposed to it.

Question 31

Joe has iron overload and visited a nutritionist to find out more about this condition. Which statement about iron overload is incorrect ?

A) Infectious bacteria thrive on the iron-rich blood characteristic of iron overload.
B) It is more common in men than in women.
C) Tissue damage, especially in organs such as the pancreas, results from this condition.
D) Extra iron supplements should not be taken unless advised by a physician.

Question 32

Sharon is an 18-year-old college student who drinks soda at lunch, at dinner, and with snacks. You notice that she rarely drinks milk and suggest that she start because the calcium recommendation for someone 9-18 years of age is:

A) 500 mg per day.
B) 800 mg per day.
C) 1,300 mg per day.
D) 1,600 mg per day.

Question 33

An iodine deficiency can cause:

A) anemia.
B) hypertension.
C) goiter.
D) gout.
E) depression.

Question 34

Which of the following would be the safest and best absorbed calcium supplement?

A) Oyster shell calcium
B) Calcium citrate
C) Calcium carbonate
D) All of the above are equally recommended.

Question 35

Brodie's doctor wants his blood pressure to be reduced because his systolic pressure is too high. What does systolic pressure measure?

A) The force exerted by the heart as it contracts to pump blood throughout the body.
B) The pressure the blood exerts on artery walls between heart beats.
C) The force the blood exerts as it flows through the lungs.
D) The pressure of the blood as it rushes to the brain.

Question 36

Which food is fortified with iodine to prevent deficiencies?

A) Salt
B) Milk
C) Butter and margarine
D) Breads and cereals

Question 37

The most reliable source of fluoride is:

A) meats and whole-grain cereals.
B) iodized salt.
C) dark green vegetables.
D) public water.
E) milk and milk products.

Question 38

Which drug can be administered as a nasal spray to inhibit bone resorption activity of osteoclasts?

A) Calcitonin
B) Raloxifene (Evista)
C) Bisphosphonates
D) Designer estrogens

Question 39

A diet which overemphasizes _____ is likely to lead to an iron deficiency in children.

A) cereals
B) milk
C) vegetables
D) dried beans
E) meat

Question 40

A cup of milk contains approximately _____ milligrams of calcium.

A) 100
B) 300
C) 500
D) 1000

Question 41

Dietary proteins, the hormone insulin, thiamin, and biotin all contain _____.

A) iron
B) iodine
C) sodium
D) sulfur

Question 42

Which of the following is not a component of bone structure?

A) Collagen
B) Vitamin D
C) Phosphorus
D) Magnesium

Question 43

What controls the water balance between body cells and their environment?

A) Temperature
B) Vitamins
C) Minerals
D) Fiber
E) Glucose

Question 44

Most of the sodium in our diet is:

A) added to foods during cooking.
B) added to foods at the table.
C) naturally found in the whole foods we eat.
D) added by food manufacturers.

Question 45

Potassium supplements:

A) can cause intestinal gas and diarrhea.
B) may be prescribed for people on very-low-calorie weight-loss diets.
C) are non-toxic because excesses are excreted by the kidneys.
D) are beneficial for people who rely on fast and processed foods.

Question 46

How do body cells keep the right amount of water inside themselves?

A) By releasing hormones to regulate fluid balance
B) By changing their electrical charges
C) By pumping ions across their membranes
D) By pumping water across their membranes

Question 47

Which statement is true?

A) Water helps to transport many substances in the body.
B) The majority of the body's water is found in the blood vessels.
C) The bones and teeth contain almost no water.
D) Water does not flow freely across cell membranes.

Question 48

Some diuretics cause the excretion of _____, increasing dietary need for this mineral.

A) iron
B) potassium
C) sodium
D) calcium

Question 49

A good food source of copper is _____, and this mineral used by the body to help manufacture _____.

A) whole grains; collagen
B) nuts; thyroid hormone
C) citrus fruits; white blood cells
D) deep orange vegetables; insulin

Question 50

Which statement about phosphorus is incorrect ?

A) It is part of DNA and RNA.
B) Intake is high in people who regularly consume carbonated beverages.
C) It is second to calcium in abundance in the body.
D) Animal protein is the best source.
E) It is part of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Question 51

Which mineral is vital to lipid transport in the blood and to cell membrane structure?

A) Phosphorus
B) Iodine
C) Zinc
D) Potassium

Question 52

Which minerals help make hemoglobin in red blood cells?

A) Iron and copper
B) Selenium and phosphorus
C) Chromium and magnesium
D) Sulfur and zinc

Question 53

Which nutrient among the following is needed most by the body?

A) Calcium
B) Phosphorus
C) Iron
D) Water

Question 54

Which of the following is not one of the reasons that iodine intakes in the U.S. decreased in the 1980s and 1990s?

A) Bromine salts have replaced iodine as a dough conditioner in commercial bread production.
B) People don't like the taste of iodized salt and so are buying the non-iodized version more often.
C) The dairy industry has reduced the amount of iodine in milk.
D) Food manufacturers have increased their use of noniodized salt in processed foods.

Question 55

Selenium is required for the production of the active form of _____ and also functions as _____.

A) vitamin D; an antioxidant
B) thyroid hormone; an electrolyte
C) vitamin D; an electrolyte
D) thyroid hormone; an antioxidant

Question 56

_____ helps muscles to relax after contraction and tooth enamel to retain calcium.

A) Fluoride
B) Potassium
C) Magnesium
D) Zinc

Question 57

The sudden deaths that occur during fasting, severe diarrhea, or severe vomiting are thought to be due to heart failure caused by a loss of _____.

A) potassium
B) magnesium
C) selenium
D) chloride

Question 58

Cortical bone:

A) is relied on first as a source of calcium for the blood.
B) is sponge-like in appearance.
C) is the thick, ivory-like outer portion of bone.
D) is the lacy network of crystals forming the interior of bone.

Question 59

All of the following are correct concerning minerals except :

A) they occur naturally in the earth's crust.
B) they are organic compounds.
C) they are chemical elements.
D) they are required in the diet in very small amounts compared to the energy nutrients.

Question 60

Gertrude has a young son named Ben, and wants to know how to make sure he grows strong bones. Ben's pediatrician advises her to include calcium-rich foods in his daily diet so he can attain a high bone mass. Why is this so important?

A) Calcium is only deposited in the bones during childhood
B) Bone mass is the main factor influencing bone health
C) Calcium intake is the only factor that significantly affects bone health
D) Bones are rigid structures that never change once they grow

Question 61

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but never knew his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. While out for dinner with Tracy, what could Dan do in order to lower his sodium intake?

A) Order Asian cuisine without heavy cream sauces.
B) Use catsup on his food rather than mayonnaise.
C) Request his food be cooked with spices such as MSG.
D) Order an omelet made with fresh tomatoes and herbs instead of ham.

Question 62

Bone loss slows down at menopause.

Question 63

A sedentary lifestyle can lead to bone loss.

Question 64

Iodine has a role in maintaining the basal metabolic rate.

Question 65

Calcium is required for transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 66

_____ helps maintain the strong acidity in the stomach and the appropriate balance of acids and bases in the blood.

A) Phosphorus
B) Selenium
C) Chloride
D) Sodium

Question 67

When selecting a calcium supplement, a generic brand is just as good as a name brand.

Question 68

Basically, the DASH diet is the same as an overall healthful diet.

Question 69

Osteoclasts are the bone-building cells of the body.

Question 70

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but never knew his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. Which eating plan should Dan try to follow?

A) A diet high in saturated fat and high in soluble fiber
B) A diet low in potassium and high in whole grains
C) A diet high in produce and whole grains and low in total fat
D) A diet low in calories and starches
E) All of these diets could be useful.

Question 71

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is in bones and teeth.

Question 72

HRT and ERT are often recommended to reduce the risk of breast cancer.

Question 73

Condiments such as mustard, barbecue sauce, and catsup are often high in sodium.

Question 74

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but never knew his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. What symptoms of high blood pressure should Dan watch for?

A) Rapid heartbeat and respiration
B) Lightheadedness and jitteriness
C) Apathy and loss of appetite
D) Heart flutters and chest pains
E) There are no symptoms.

Question 75

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but never knew his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. What is the main risk factor linked to hypertension?

A) Drinking alcohol
B) Obesity
C) Sodium intake
D) High calcium intake
E) Exercising only twice per week

Question 76

All public water in the United States is fluoridated.

Question 77

Dark green leafy vegetables, canned sardines, and canned salmon may all be sources of calcium.

Question 78

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but never knew his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure. How would Dan's blood pressure be interpreted?

A) Low blood pressure
B) Optimal blood pressure
C) Prehypertension
D) High blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 79

Cycling and swimming are more effective than other activities at building bone mass.

Question 80

Since iron is widespread in food sources, deficiencies are rare.