Deck 10: Gender Inequality

Question 1

In the United States, women have had to fight for

A)the right to vote.
B)equal pay for comparable work.
C)quality education.
D)all of these choices

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT

A)higher fertility rates.
B)day care facilities.
C)jobs are less physically demanding.
D)jobs are less dangerous.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are

A)based on biological sex differences.
B)socially constructed.
C)determined by the needs of society.
D)necessary for the advancement of society.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The idea that men have a tendency to act out in an exaggerated male role when believing their masculinity is threatened is called​

A)​the masculine overcompensation thesis.
B)​androgyny.
C)​the self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)​the Rambo effect

Question 5

Gender refers to

A)the biological category of male or female.
B)the social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male.
C)the presence of an XX or XY chromosome in an individual.
D)sexual preference.

Question 6

According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins

A)at birth.
B)soon after a child learns to talk.
C)when a child enters school.
D)with marriage or entrance into the workforce.

Question 7

________ argue that gender roles in the family and workforce change as the needs of society change.

A)Structural-functionalists
B)Conflict theorists
C)Symbolic interactionists
D)Postmodernists

Question 8

The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)gender stratification.
D)sexual orientation.

Question 9

Conflict theorists argue women and men are more likely to be economic equals in ________ societies.

A)hunting and gathering
B)pastoral
C)agricultural
D)industrial

Question 10

In general, men are socialized into _______ roles.

A)expressive
B)nurturant
C)instrumental
D)egalitarian

Question 11

As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women

A)had more education.
B)had higher incomes.
C)had fewer occupational skills.
D)were frequently owners.

Question 12

A(n) _____________ individual is a person whose sense of gender identity is inconsistent with their birth sex.​

A)​transgender
B)​gay
C)​intersexed
D)​androgynous

Question 13

Female genital cutting is

A)usually performed in hospitals upon the birth of a child.
B)a common practice in South America.
C)a rite of passage that enhances a woman's status in some countries.
D)rarely practiced in the world today.

Question 14

Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders?

A)contemporary American
B)Native American
C)Nepal
D)India

Question 15

Structural-functionalists argue that, in preindustrial societies,

A)women, out of biological necessity, remained in the home bearing, nursing, and caring for children.
B)women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families.
C)men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children.
D)gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children.

Question 16

The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap.The United States ranked

A)1st.
B)8th.
C)22nd.
D)in the bottom 10.

Question 17

According to conflict theorists,

A)women were regarded as property in hunting and gathering societies.
B)inheritance laws in agricultural societies increased the power of females in the family.
C)private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large.
D)men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies.

Question 18

The Berdache is

A)the first woman.
B)the mythopoetic idealized male.
C)the Native American word for the third gender.
D)a key figure in women's civil rights.

Question 19

_____________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other.

A)Feminism
B)Sexism
C)Sex segregation
D)Gender stratification

Question 20

When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, males​ most often cited

A)​life expectancy.
B)​freedom to be emotional.
C)​ability to give birth.
D)​not having to work.

Question 21

Over 775 million adults over the age of 15 cannot read or write.How many of these are women?​

A)​10 percent
B)​about one quarter
C)​a little over half
D)​nearly two-thirds

Question 22

_________ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification.

A)Societal
B)Cultural
C)Manifest
D)Structural

Question 23

Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A)informal working arrangements.
B)little job security.
C)lower unemployment.
D)little recourse in the face of unreasonable demands.

Question 24

Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means

A)women's career choices reflect limited options as a result of the structure of society.
B)women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices.
C)women's career choices are structured by their choices not to attend college.
D)women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities.

Question 25

The _________ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men.

A)structural sexism
B)human capital
C)devaluation
D)double jeopardy

Question 26

The "glass escalator effect" refers to the process by which

A)men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted.
B)women in traditionally male jobs are less likely to be promoted to high managerial or administrative positions.
C)women tend to choose traditionally female jobs.
D)women are more likely than men to be promoted in traditionally female jobs.

Question 27

According to the _________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience.

A)glass ceiling
B)human capital
C)occupational sex segregation
D)devaluation

Question 28

The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the

A)mother ceiling.
B)mommy choices theory.
C)motherhood penalty.
D)balancing act.

Question 29

In 2012, full-time working women in the U.S.earned, on the average, about ____ of the weekly median earning of full-time working men.

A)25%
B)40%
C)65%
D)81%.

Question 30

"Pink-collar" jobs are jobs

A)in the entertainment industry.
B)with high concentrations of lesbian and gay employees.
C)that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty.
D)with high concentrations of females, low pay, and low prestige.

Question 31

In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in

A)education.
B)science, technology, engineering, and math.
C)music and the arts.
D)nursing.

Question 32

What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by women?​

A)​pink-collar jobs
B)​the feminine ghetto
C)​the women's corner
D)​the glass escalator

Question 33

The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following?

A)the idea that women can achieve as much success as men if they work hard enough.
B)an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions.
C)employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs.
D)the overrepresentation of women in unskilled and semiskilled positions.

Question 34

Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children.This is an example of ​

A)​the motherhood penalty
B)​STEM.
C)​sexual harassment.
D)​the second shift.

Question 35

Globally, women made up _______ percent of the total work force in 2012.

A)10
B)25
C)40
D)70

Question 36

Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)employment policies.
B)the continuation of cultural beliefs.
C)opportunity structures.
D)women's recent educational accomplishments.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true regarding women's work experiences?

A)Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment.
B)Occupational sex segregation has continued to increase in recent years.
C)Most women's jobs are more highly valued than men's jobs.
D)Females are less likely to be unemployed than males.

Question 38

Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience.This situation illustrates

A)the glass ceiling effect.
B)the glass escalator effect.
C)occupational sex segregation.
D)human capital hypothesis.

Question 39

Reasons for STEM gender disparity include​

A)​reliance on gender stereotyping.
B)​lack of female STEM role models.
C)​little encouragement to follow STEM pursuits.
D)​all of these

Question 40

Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following?

A)a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance
B)unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex
C)an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions
D)the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

Question 41

The _____________ argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization.​

A)​relative resources approach
B)​gender role ideology
C)​second shift theory
D)​gender deviance hypothesis

Question 42

Worldwide, women represent ____ percent of representatives to legislative bodies.

A)2
B)20
C)49
D)71

Question 43

Blanca works in a personnel department.Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as ​

A)​instrumental tasks.
B)​emotion work.
C)​feeling duties.
D)​tender tasks.

Question 44

​Which perspective argues that when income or occupation is inconsistent with traditional gender roles, individuals will engage in the traditional division of household labor?

A)​gender deviance hypothesis
B)​gender role ideology
C)​relative resources approach
D)​structural strain theory

Question 45

In an effort to bolster representation of women in politics, Afghanistan has instituted

A)increased campaign financing for female candidates
B)quotas
C)higher pay for female politicians
D)more education for girls

Question 46

Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"?

A)Women's hormonal makeup is calming, making them uniquely qualified to take care of little children and the home simultaneously.
B)Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor.
C)Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children.
D)Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family.

Question 47

U.S.women received the right to vote in what year?

A)1790
B)1865
C)1920
D)1945

Question 48

The belief that females are less valuable than males is an example of

A)structural sexism.
B)institutional sexism.
C)cultural sexism.
D)individual sexism.

Question 49

When Travis and Carrie decide who will take on which household task they tend to rely on what they learned as children.This is consistent with​

A)​the relative resources approach.
B)​gender role ideology.
C)​the time-availability approach.
D)​the gender deviance hypothesis.

Question 50

The "time-availability approach" explains the traditional division of labor in the home by the belief that

A)children require more time and attention than jobs outside the home.
B)household chores are not as time consuming as jobs outside the home.
C)because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores.
D)women need less free time than men.

Question 51

A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to

A)have limited learning potential.
B)be designed to be stimulating and exciting.
C)promote technology.
D)All of these

Question 52

An experiment in which two congressional candidates' credentials were presented to a sample of respondents found that Republican respondents were least likely to say they would vote for a

A)father with young children.
B)mother with young children.
C)woman without children.
D)man without children.

Question 53

The study reported in your text of the household division of labor in 10 Western countries found

A)in 5 out of 10 of the countries, women and men spend almost equal hours on unpaid household labor.
B)women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries.
C)women were responsible for the majority of unpaid household labor in all of the countries.
D)men spent more time than women on unpaid household labor in Sweden.

Question 54

Female state legislators identified __________ as the single greatest barrier to running for political office.​

A)​family responsibilities
B)​sexual harassment
C)​gender stereotypes
D)​lack of money

Question 55

A study of 200 "top-selling" children's picture books found

A)there was a significant reduction in gender stereotypes from the 1980s to the 1990s.
B)women were more likely to be portrayed in non-traditional than traditional occupations.
C)women and girls were significantly underrepresented with twice as many male title and main characters.
D)females were more likely to be portrayed in the illustrations than males.

Question 56

_________ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex.

A)Structural sexism
B)Institutional sexism
C)Cultural sexism
D)Individual sexism

Question 57

Which of the following is the "gender role ideology" explanation of the traditional division of labor?

A)Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles.
B)Females are more biologically equipped for household labor and childcare.
C)Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household.
D)Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children.

Question 58

In the ______, the United States made it illegal to discriminate in wages or employment on the basis of sex.

A)1920s
B)1940s
C)1960s
D)1980s

Question 59

Which of the following constitute employment discrimination against women?

A)hiring preferences for veterans
B)the practice of promoting within an organization based on seniority
C)sexual harassment
D)all of these choices

Question 60

Sociologists argue that women's jobs are undervalued, because they include a significant amount of

A)emotion work.
B)work that does not require much cognitive ability.
C)repetitive work.
D)manual labor.

Question 61

In the U.S., ___________ are the poorest of all families.

A)Hispanic and black male-headed households
B)two-parent households
C)Hispanic and black female-headed households
D)white female-headed households

Question 62

________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance.

A)Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act
B)The 1965 Civil Rights Act
C)The Equal Education Act of 1984
D)The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972

Question 63

Which of the following statements about school and gender is true?

A)Girls and boys are treated equally in schools.
B)Women are overrepresented in administrative positions.
C)Boys and girls learn differently.
D)Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools.

Question 64

All of the following are true in the U.S.EXCEPT

A)women make up the majority of minimum wage workers.
B)anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty.
C)Hispanic and black female-headed households are the poorest of all families headed by single women.
D)women are significantly more likely to live in poverty than men.

Question 65

The feminization of poverty reflects all of the following EXCEPT

A)number of female-headed households.
B)number of elderly females compared to elderly males.
C)types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs.
D)biological differences in capability.

Question 66

Traditional male gender socialization is linked to higher rates of

A)cirrhosis of the liver.
B)many cancers.
C)cardiovascular diseases.
D)all of these

Question 67

A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that television advertisements pictured men as

A)pathetic and silly.
B)intelligent.
C)caring.
D)hard workers.

Question 68

Which of the following religious denominations has the most nontraditional beliefs about women's roles?

A)Roman Catholic
B)Orthodox Jewish
C)Quakers
D)Southern Baptist Convention

Question 69

In general, religious teachings have tended to promote

A)egalitarian gender roles.
B)traditional conceptions of gender.
C)women as religious leaders.
D)equality for all groups.

Question 70

On the average, men in the United States

A)live about two years longer than women.
B)live about the same number of years as women.
C)die about two years earlier than women.
D)die about five years earlier than women.

Question 71

What percent of the religious clergy in the United States are male?​

A)​45 percent
B)​51 percent
C)​82 percent
D)​98 percent

Question 72

Gender stereotypes are present in the media in which of the following ways?

A)number of fictional characters that are male or female
B)language
C)advertisements
D)all of these

Question 73

In the United States, elementary and secondary school teachers have been found to

A)talk to girls more than boys.
B)listen to girls more than boys.
C)ask girls more questions than boys.
D)give boys more extended directions than girls.

Question 74

The documentary, So Sexy So Soon shows _________ in the media.

A)objectification of women but not men.
B)glorification of homosexuality among teens.
C)portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent.
D)sexualizing of young girls and boys.

Question 75

The __________ refers to a set of societal expectations that discourages males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help.​

A)​boy code
B)​sexual script
C)​gender understanding
D)​sexual norm

Question 76

The boy code refers to

A)a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men.
B)a set of slang terms that degrade females.
C)gender socialization that discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help.
D)higher self-esteem among boys than girls.

Question 77

Research demonstrates the importance of ___________ bias, that is, bias we are unaware of.

A)socially constructed
B)overt
C)cognitive
D)implicit

Question 78

The increased proportion of women and girls who are poor is referred to as

A)feminization of poverty.
B)gendered unemployment.
C)genderized poverty.
D)sex-segregated economy.

Question 79

Who is most likely to live in poverty?​

A)​women
B)​men
C)​transgendered individuals
D)​the elderly

Question 80

In general, females are more likely than males to suffer

A)clinical depression.
B)HIV/AIDS.
C)suicide.
D)motor vehicle accidents.