Deck 11: Sexual Orientation and the Struggle for Equality

Question 1

In 2013, the European Union instructed its diplomats around the world to​

A)​reinforce the stand that homosexuality is wrong.
B)​protect the right of individual countries to enforce their own laws regarding sexuality.
C)​defend the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender and intersex people.
D)​stay neutral in the controversy over gay rights.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_______ refers to a person whose sense of gender identity-masculine or feminine-is inconsistent with their birth sex.

A)Homosexual
B)Lesbian
C)Bisexual
D)Transgender

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Early research on sexual behavior by Kinsey and his colleagues (1948, 1953)found 37 percent of

A)men identified as homosexual.
B)women identified as homosexual.
C)men had had a same-sex sexual experience since adolescence.
D)women had had a same-sex sexual experience since adolescence.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In 2000, which country became the first to offer full legal marriage to same-sex couples?

A)the United States
B)Australia
C)Somalia
D)Netherlands

Question 5

In which of the following countries are homosexual acts subject to the death penalty?

A)Italy
B)Japan
C)Saudi Arabia
D)China

Question 6

A woman who prefers same-sex partners is a

A)lesbian.
B)queer.
C)transvestite.
D)cross-dresser.

Question 7

The predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to individuals of the other sex is referred to as

A)heterosexuality.
B)homosexuality.
C)bisexuality.
D)asexuality.

Question 8

Why is the classification of individuals into sexual orientation categories problematic?

A)Distinctions among sexual orientation categories are not as clear-cut as people would like them to be.
B)Many people who are sexually attracted to or have had sexual relations with individuals of the same sex do not consider themselves homosexual or bisexual.
C)Because of the social stigma associated with nonheterosexual identities, many individuals conceal or falsely portray their sexual orientation identities to protect themselves from prejudice and discrimination.
D)all of these

Question 9

The term "sexual orientation" refers to the classification of individuals as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual, based on their

A)emotional and sexual attractions.
B)relationships.
C)self-identity.
D)all of these

Question 10

The classification of individuals into sexual orientation categories is problematic because​

A)​most individuals will fall somewhere along a continuum.
B)​orientation categories are distinct and mutually exclusive.
C)​sexual orientation involves only a single dimension.
D)​social science research is never valid.

Question 11

Which statement sums up the general trajectory of the world regarding treatment of gays and lesbians?

A)Countries throughout the world are moving toward increased legal protection of non-heterosexuals.
B)Countries are more repressive than ever regarding same-sex relationships.
C)No country punishes gays and lesbians.
D)All countries have laws prohibiting same-sex marriage and relationships.

Question 12

In 2009, the United Nations passed a resolution​

A)​supporting decriminalization of homosexuality and the expansion of human rights protection for those who are non-heterosexual or gender non-conforming.
B)​upholding the rights of countries to discriminate based on sexual orientation.
C)​stating that the United Nations will stay out of the sexual orientation discussion.
D)​making homosexuality an international crime.

Question 13

Who are transgendered individuals?

A)people whose sense of gender identity is inconsistent with their assigned birth sex
B)gays
C)people who are born with ambiguous genitalia
D)people who have completed sexual reassignment through surgery

Question 14

All of the following countries have legalized same-sex marriage EXCEPT

A)Japan.
B)Canada.
C)the Netherlands.
D)Spain.

Question 15

Which of the following is a legal penalty for violating laws that prohibit homosexual acts in some countries of the world?

A)prison
B)corporal punishment, such as whipping or lashing
C)the death penalty
D)all of these

Question 16

To which of the following does the term LGBT refer?

A)the collectivity of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender individuals
B)heterosexuals who have a lot of lesbian, gay, and bisexual friends
C)persons who look or act like they are homosexual, but they are really heterosexual
D)individuals who are not sure if they are homosexual or bisexual

Question 17

Approximately _______ adults in the United States identify as LGB.

A)500,000
B)1 million
C)8 million
D)25 million

Question 18

Bisexuality refers to

A)the predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to persons of the other sex.
B)the predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to persons of the same sex.
C)persons who look or act like they are homosexual, but are really heterosexual.
D)emotional and sexual attraction to members of both sexes.

Question 19

In general, countries throughout the world are moving toward

A)condemning individuals found guilty of same-sex sexual behavior to the death penalty.
B)criminalizing same-sex sexual behavior.
C)increased legal protection of sexual orientation minorities.
D)allowing institutional discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Question 20

The European Union's stand on LGBT rights is guided by all of the following principles EXCEPT​

A)​elimination of laws and policies that discriminate on the basis of LGBTI status.
B)​promotion of equality and nondiscrimination at work, in health care, and in education.
C)​protection of the religious right to discriminate based on sexuality.
D)​support for those who defend human rights.

Question 21

The American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Counseling Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, the National Association of Social Workers, and the American Medical Association agree that

A)sexual orientation cannot be changed.
B)sexual orientation can be changed with intensive psychotherapy.
C)efforts to change homosexuality have been largely successful.
D)sexual orientation is a learned preference.

Question 22

Internalized homophobia refers to

A)society's view of heterosexuality as a master social status.
B)a sense of personal failure and self-hatred among homosexuals resulting from stigmatization.
C)the belief of heterosexuals that they are morally superior to homosexuals.
D)the belief espoused by Christian and Muslim religions that homosexuality is opposed to God's will.

Question 23

A study found that about ____ percent of the U.S.population identify as either gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

A)1
B)3.5
C)12
D)22.4

Question 24

According to conflict theorists, many business owners and corporate leaders support non-discrimination policies because they believe such policies would

A)prevent heterosexuals from purchasing their products or services.
B)help them maintain a competitive edge in recruiting and maintaining a productive workforce.
C)dilute the quality of their workers.
D)create reverse discrimination against heterosexuals.

Question 25

The master status of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals is usually their

A)occupation.
B)family structure.
C)community.
D)sexual orientation

Question 26

All of the following companies have expressed support for LGBT rights EXCEPT​

A)​Cracker Barrel Restaurants.
B)​Levi Strauss.
C)​Apple.
D)​Johnson and Johnson.

Question 27

All of the following are cultural changes that have influenced the worldwide rise in liberalized national policies on same-sex relations EXCEPT

A)the emergence of a global society.
B)the rise of individualism.
C)increasing gender equality.
D)the growing concern about overpopulation.

Question 28

The American Psychological Association concluded that SOCEs are _________.

A)usually successful.
B)not usually successful.
C)definitely harmful.
D)not usually successful and may involve risk of harm.

Question 29

Which category is most likely to self-identify as LGBT?​

A)​whites
B)​Hispanics
C)​African Americans
D)​Asian Americans

Question 30

Some structural-functionalists argue that homosexuality functions to benefit society as a whole in which of the following ways?

A)Protest against homosexuality has shown society how valuable the "traditional family" is.
B)Protest against homosexuality has increased religious affiliation and faith.
C)Gay activism has advocated HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.
D)Gay activism has increased unity among those who are opposed to this deviant lifestyle.

Question 31

The argument that homosexuals are deviant because they do not fulfill the main function of the family institution can be criticized on the basis that​

A)​other institutions have supplemented the traditional functions of the family.
B)​increasing the population is a societal goal.
C)​same-sex couples cannot have children.
D)​same-sex couples do not want to fulfill the functions of the family.

Question 32

Individuals who believe homosexuality is a choice are

A)less likely to believe homosexuality should be illegal.
B)more accepting of same-sex marriage and adoption.
C)more likely to support legal protections for gays and lesbians against discrimination.
D)more likely to believe LGB people can and should change.

Question 33

The American Psychological Association refers to "treatments" to cure sexual orientation as

A)LGBT therapy.
B)sexual orientation change efforts.
C)reorientation plans.
D)strategies to enhance heterosexuality.

Question 34

The various attempts to change a person's sexual orientation are known collectively as __________ by the American Psychological Association.

A)sexual orientation change efforts
B)gay therapy
C)scared straight programs
D)sexual reestablishment initiatives

Question 35

Which of the following is true regarding the cause of sexual orientation?

A)Genetic factors are the sole cause of sexual orientation
B)Gender role behavior in childhood is the sole cause of sexual orientation
C)Fraternal birth order is the sole cause of sexual orientation
D)There are no conclusive findings that can explain diversity in sexual orientation.

Question 36

What percent of Americans believe homosexuality is something a person is born with.

A)11
B)24
C)47
D)91

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT one of the forms of therapy dedicated to changing sexual orientation?​

A)​reparative therapy
B)​conversion therapy
C)​psychosexual therapy
D)​reorientation therapy

Question 38

What was the purpose of California's Proposition 8?​

A)​to allow same-sex couples to marry
B)​to amend the state constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage
C)​to allow businesses to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation
D)​to officially recognize only two genders--male and female

Question 39

According to the structural-functionalist perspective, homosexual relations are defined as "deviant" because

A)they do not fulfill the family institution's main function of producing and rearing children.
B)they contradict the dominant belief that women should submit to their husbands.
C)these relationships are based on sexual gratification, not love.
D)they reduce the number of eligible males in the dating and marriage market.

Question 40

Reparative therapy or conversion therapy refers to

A)treatment of the mental depression that accompanies the realization one is homosexual.
B)programs designed to enlighten people and change their prejudices toward homosexuals.
C)programs dedicated to changing homosexuals' sexual orientations.
D)programs dedicated to helping parents, siblings, and children of homosexuals accept their loved one's choice of a homosexual lifestyle.

Question 41

All of the following are cultural origins of anti-LGB bias EXCEPT.

A)religion
B)rigid gender roles
C)stereotypes
D)economic differences

Question 42

The term ___________ is commonly used to refer to negative or hostile attitudes directed toward same-sex sexual behavior.​

A)​homophobia
B)​sexualism
C)​sexual segregation
D)​heteroism

Question 43

What percent of Americans believe that gay and lesbian relations are morally acceptable?

A)10
B)32
C)59
D)99

Question 44

The first major Christian denomination to endorse same-sex marriage was

A)the Quakers.
B)the Southern Baptist Convention.
C)the United Methodist Church.
D)the United Church of Christ.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true?​

A)​There are no generational differences with regard to attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
B)​Older age cohorts are more likely to support same-sex marriage than younger cohorts.
C)​Younger age cohorts are more likely to support same-sex marriage than older cohorts.
D)​Older women are generally more accepting of same-sex marriage than younger men.

Question 46

What percent of LGBT employees report that they are "out" to everyone at work?

A)less than 5%
B)about 25%
C)just over half
D)more than 90%

Question 47

The majority of religious groups ___________ with regard to transgendered individuals.

A)have been affirming
B)have oppressed
C)have been silent
D)are in denial

Question 48

_______________ invalidated state laws that criminalize sodomy.​

A)​The Supreme Court decision, Lawrence v.Texas
B)​The Defense of Marriage Act
C)​The Supreme Court decision, Bowers v.Hardwick
D)​The Don't Ask Don't Tell policy

Question 49

In June 2003, a Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v.Texas invalidated state laws that

A)criminalize sodomy.
B)prohibit same-sex marriage.
C)prohibit same-sex couples from having or raising children.
D)prohibit gay or lesbian individuals from receiving pensions upon the death of their partners.

Question 50

Research has found which of the following regarding attitudes toward homosexuality?

A)Heterosexual women and men hold similar attitudes toward lesbians.
B)Heterosexual women are more negative than heterosexual men toward gay men.
C)Heterosexual men are more negative than homosexual women toward lesbians.
D)Heterosexual women and men hold similar attitudes toward gay men.

Question 51

It is legal in ____ states to fire, decline to hire or promote, or otherwise discriminate against an employee because of his or her sexual orientation.

A)0
B)6
C)29
D)50

Question 52

In 1996, Congress passed and President Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act.This act

A)recognizes legal unions between same-sex couples.
B)allows states to recognize or not recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states.
C)allows states to annul same-sex marriages performed in other states.
D)bans same-sex marriages.

Question 53

________ refers to prejudice directed toward bisexual individuals.

A)homophobia
B)sexism
C)biphobia
D)internalized homophobia

Question 54

The term __________ refers to a form of oppression that gives power and privilege to heterosexuals.

A)homophobia
B)heterophobia
C)heterosexism
D)homosexism

Question 55

Sodomy laws explicitly prohibit which of the following?

A)anal and oral sex
B)sex between unmarried adults
C)sex between adults and children
D)sex between people of close biological kin

Question 56

Homophobia refers to negative attitudes and emotions toward

A)transsexuals.
B)homosexuals.
C)heterosexuals.
D)polygamy.

Question 57

The "Don't ask, don't tell" policy in the military

A)prohibited all gays and lesbians from serving in the military.
B)allowed recruiting officers to ask about sexual orientation but prohibits service members from telling their orientation.
C)has been revoked.
D)stipulated that individuals can no longer be discharged from the U.S.military service because of sexual orientation.

Question 58

__________ refers to negative attitudes.​

A)​Prejudice
B)​Discrimination
C)​Segregation
D)Genderism

Question 59

Which does NOT refer to negative attitudes, beliefs, and emotions toward non-heterosexuals?​

A)​sexual prejudice
B)​homonegativity
C)​anti-gay bias
D)​genderism

Question 60

A strong predictor of anti-LGB bias is

A)being a parent.
B)religion.
C)being American.
D)being Hispanic

Question 61

Large national organizations such as the Child Welfare League of America and the American Psychological Association all .

A)are against allowing same-sex couples to foster children.
B)have supported acts affirming that same-sex couples should not be allowed to have children living with them
C)have taken the position that a parent's sexual orientation has nothing to do with his or her ability to be a good parent.
D)believe children of same-sex couples need constant therapy.

Question 62

Many cases of intimate partner violence among LGBT couples are not reported to the police because

A)of laws prohibiting homosexuality.
B)they fear further victimization.
C)laws do not protect them.
D)they want to protect the image of the LGBT community.

Question 63

National Coming Out Day does all of the following EXCEPT

A)raise awareness.
B)foster discussion of LGBT issues.
C)provide a way to advocate for same-sex marriage.
D)work for equality.

Question 64

In some states, legal registration as a "domestic partnership" may allow all of the following EXCEPT

A)coverage under a partner's health and pension plan.
B)rights of inheritance and community property.
C)tax benefits.
D)eligibility for federal Social Security benefits.

Question 65

The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr.Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA)

A)has yet to be signed into law.
B)was introduced to protect heterosexuals from discrimination in the workplace.
C)expands the original hate crime legislation to include hate crimes based on actual or perceived sexual orientation.
D)has been around for over 25 years.

Question 66

Proponents of same-sex marriage argue all of the following EXCEPT

A)Marriage is a social construction that comes in many forms across societies and throughout history.
B)Same-sex marriages would subvert the integrity of the family institution.
C)Banning same-sex marriage is a violation of civil rights.
D)Children in same-sex families would benefit from same-sex marriage.

Question 67

The Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA)

A)passed the first time it came up for a vote in the Senate.
B)would prohibit workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
C)has been declared unconstitutional.
D)was introduced in Congress in 2007.

Question 68

All of the following have been associated with negative treatment based on sexual orientation EXCEPT

A)lower life satisfaction.
B)greater likelihood of substance abuse.
C)more sexual partners.
D)depression.

Question 69

_________ is the idea that mental health problems are more likely to occur with people who experience their environment as emotionally or physically threatening.

A)Heterosexism
B)Queer theory
C)Gay-bashing
D)Minority stress theory

Question 70

In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled​ that

A)​the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy is not unconstitutional.
B)​the part of DOMA that denies equal benefits and recognition to legally married same-sex couples that married heterosexual spouses have is unconstitutional.
C)​churches must marry same-sex couples if it is legal in that state.
D)​all states must allow same-sex marriage.

Question 71

The most common reason for someone to switch from an antigay marriage stance to a pro-gay marriage stance is​

A)​knowing someone who is a homosexual.
B)​the legalization of same-sex marriage in his or her state.
C)​having family members who support gay rights.
D)​having religious leaders who support gay rights.

Question 72

The idea that heterosexuals will have more favorable attitudes toward gays and lesbians if they had prior contact with someone who is gay or lesbian is known as

A)contact hypothesis.
B)coming out.
C)internalized homophobia.
D)reparative therapy.

Question 73

Studies of police treatment of homosexuals have found

A)targeted and discriminatory enforcement of laws against LGBT people.
B)police mistreatment occurs occasionally but is not widespread.
C)all U.S.police departments provide training on hate crimes against homosexuals.
D)police victimization of homosexuals is a federal offense.

Question 74

In most U.S.states, there are

A)laws protecting LGBT individuals from housing discrimination.
B)laws that prohibit firing or declining to hire an employee because of his or her sexual orientation.
C)laws that prohibit sodomy among people of the same sex.
D)laws or state constitutional amendments that ban same sex marriage.

Question 75

What changes has the Obama administration made with regard to the federal stance on same sex marriage?

A)strengthened DOMA
B)endorsed the Respect for Marriage Act
C)done nothing for fear of losing votes
D)made same-sex marriage officially illegal in the U.S.

Question 76

_______ explains that simply being aware of negative treatment toward others like yourself can result in mental health problems, even if you are not treated negatively.

A)Heterosexism
B)Queer theory
C)​Minority stress theory
D)​Gay-bashing

Question 77

At the time of the writing of this textbook, federal law protects individuals from discrimination in the workplace on the basis of all of the following EXCEPT

A)race.
B)sexual orientation.
C)religion.
D)age.

Question 78

________ refers to the ongoing process whereby a lesbian, gay, or bisexual individual becomes aware of his or her sexuality, accepts and incorporates it into his or her overall sense of self, and shares that information with others such as family, friends, and coworkers.

A)Coming out
B)Identity formation
C)Closeting
D)Dating

Question 79

What percent of Fortune 500 companies include sexual orientation in their equal employment opportunity or nondiscrimination policies?

A)20
B)55.3
C)96.6
D)100

Question 80

Legally married spouses have all of the following rights EXCEPT​

A)​to receive Social Security survivor benefits.
B)​to include their partner on health insurance.
C)​immunity from testifying against a spouse.
D)​automatic joint custody of stepchildren in the event of a divorce.