Deck 15: Conflict, War, and Terrorism

Question 1

World military expenditures in 2012 totaled

A)$10 billion.
B)$15.3 billion.
C)$204.5 billion.
D)$1.76 trillion.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

President Dwight D.Eisenhower referred to the close association between the military and the defense industry as the military-industrial

A)institution.
B)collaboration.
C)complex.
D)dynamic.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The Internet was originally created for _______ purposes.

A)entertainment
B)commercial
C)educational
D)military

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The Cold War refers to which of the following?

A)the Vietnam War
B)the Gulf War
C)the potential for chemical, biological, or nuclear war that would result in the total destruction of the planet
D)the state of political tension and military rivalry that existed between the United States and the former Soviet Union

Question 5

An estimated 600,000 autonomous political units existed in the world around the year 1000 B.C.Today, that number is

A)fewer than 200.
B)20,000.
C)200,000.
D)1.2 million.

Question 6

The world's leading arms exporting nation is

A)China.
B)North Korea.
C)Russia.
D)the United States.

Question 7

The state is an apparatus of

A)consensus.
B)cooperation.
C)power.
D)assistance.

Question 8

Conflict theory suggests war is LEAST likely to benefit

A)political elite.
B)military elite.
C)corporate elite.
D)racial and ethnic minorities.

Question 9

Weapons initially supplied by the United States to foreign powers were then used against the United States in

A)the Gulf War.
B)today's Iraq War.
C)the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan.
D)all of these choices

Question 10

The term "dual-use technologies" refers to which of the following?

A)military technology that has both offensive and defensive capabilities
B)defense-funded innovations that have civilian and commercial applications
C)military technology that is used both by military personnel and violent street criminals
D)defense-funded innovations that are used to both deter war and fight in war

Question 11

Industrialization

A)was responsible for the development of the state.
B)increases a society's propensity to war.
C)increases the potential destruction of war.
D)reduces the economic costs of war.

Question 12

Which of the following technological innovations is the result of war?

A)emergency room procedures
B)laser surgery
C)nuclear power
D)all of these

Question 13

Centuries of warfare between chiefdoms culminated in the development of

A)capitalism.
B)the state.
C)private property.
D)social welfare.

Question 14

During the Arab Spring uprisings against authoritarian regimes in the Middle East in 2011, some governments used teargas and weapons against their own civilians that were obtained

A)through legal arms trade with the United States.
B)illegally on the black market.
C)from each other in a show of solidarity.
D)through their own tax supported military.

Question 15

Which of the following nations accounts for the greatest percentage of the world's military spending?

A)the United States
B)Russia
C)China
D)Israel

Question 16

Your text identifies all of the following as the most important functions of the state EXCEPT the

A)use of force.
B)distribution of resources.
C)control of territory.
D)maintenance of internal order.

Question 17

In 2012, the United States accounted for ______ of the world's military spending.

A)a little under 10%
B)28.5%
C)over 40%
D)just under 3/4

Question 18

Which of the following is the best definition of war, according to your text?

A)organized armed violence aimed at a social group in pursuit of an objective
B)the premeditated use, or threatened use, of violence by an individual or group to gain a political or social objective
C)organized armed combat aimed at destroying another nation
D)organized armed combat aimed at conquering another nation

Question 19

War _____ nations.

A)creates
B)defends
C)destroys
D)All of these

Question 20

All of the following are functions of warfare EXCEPT

A)warfare produces social cohesion and unity among societal members.
B)military conflict promotes economic and political cooperation.
C)warfare halts negative technological development.
D)warfare increases employment and stimulates the economy in the short run.

Question 21

World War II was largely a war over

A)borders.
B)resources.
C)political ideologies.
D)religion.

Question 22

_______ explanations emphasize the existence of "ancient hatreds" rooted in deep psychological or cultural differences between ethnic groups.

A)Primordial
B)Constructivist
C)Rational
D)Ideological

Question 23

The development of attitudes and behavior that support war begins

A)in childhood.
B)in adolescence.
C)in adulthood.
D)with recruitment into the military.

Question 24

Racial, ethnic, and religious hostilities are often perpetuated by a wealthy minority to divert attention away from their exploitation and to maintain their position of power.This illustrates a(n)___________ explanation of ethnic conflict.

A)primordial
B)constructivist
C)ideological
D)cultural value

Question 25

A content analysis of media coverage of the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks on September 11 revealed

A)newspaper articles tended to be more "guiding and consoling."
B)television coverage is more likely to show a "human interest" emphasis.
C)television coverage was less factual than newspaper coverage.
D)both television and newspapers relied most heavily on government sources of information.

Question 26

Experts cited in your text predict that the dominant resource issue of the Middle East over which wars will be fought in the future is

A)oil.
B)land.
C)gold.
D)water.

Question 27

Conflicts over borders are most likely to arise when

A)borders are physically easy to cross.
B)borders are clearly delineated by natural boundaries, such as rivers, oceans, or mountain ranges.
C)communication between border countries is prohibited.
D)borders are a product of treaty negotiation.

Question 28

The association of the Bush administration and the Carlyle Group, an equity investment firm with billions of dollars in military and aerospace assets, is an example of

A)the military-industrial complex.
B)dual-use technologies.
C)development of the state.
D)détente.

Question 29

Conflicts over _______ are less likely to end in compromise or negotiation.

A)oil
B)borders
C)ideologies and values
D)diamonds

Question 30

Which of the following is the best illustration of a multiethnic society without serious conflict?

A)the United States
B)Canada
C)Sri Lanka
D)Switzerland

Question 31

Wars over religious beliefs sometimes result in martyrdom, which refers to the idea that dying for one's beliefs

A)is atonement for one's sins.
B)is a selfish waste of a life.
C)leads to eternal salvation.
D)is a violation of God's will.

Question 32

Michael Klare, author of Resources Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (2001)predicts that wars will increasingly be over

A)resources.
B)religion.
C)ethnic antagonism.
D)racial intolerance.

Question 33

Many governments convince the masses that the way to ensure world peace is

A)through negotiation.
B)to be prepared for war.
C)to develop attitudes of tolerance.
D)to emphasize cooperation.

Question 34

Feminist analysts argue that

A)women benefit more from war than men since men are more likely to carry out active combat.
B)nature-based arguments about gender explain why men are more suited for military violence.
C)war is an extension of patriarchy and the subordination of women in male-dominated societies.
D)war is typically used to accomplish feminist goals.

Question 35

The sociologist, Daniel Chirot, argues that the recent worldwide increase in ethnic hostilities is a consequence of "retribalization." By this he means

A)the tendency for groups to seek solace in an ethnic group.
B)renewed affiliations with extended family clans.
C)explaining racial and ethnic inequalities by genetic differences.
D)the establishment of global ethnic and racial social networks.

Question 36

Salladay noted that those in favor of the war on Iraq used the language of _____ to generate support.

A)anger
B)racism
C)patriotism
D)hate

Question 37

Conflict over which of the following is LEAST likely to end in compromise or negotiation?

A)ideologies
B)resources
C)economic inequalities
D)borders

Question 38

The Cold War involved the clash of opposing

A)religious views.
B)economic ideologies.
C)political ideologies.
D)race and ethnic origins.

Question 39

According to Chirot, retribalization has been caused by

A)globalized culture.
B)lack of natural resources, such as water or oil.
C)social class inequalities.
D)border disputes.

Question 40

Sociologist Daniel Chirot identified five levels of ethnic conflict.According to Chirot, which of the following levels of ethnic conflict describes the United States?

A)multiethnic society without serious conflict
B)multiethnic society with controlled conflict
C)society with ethnic conflict that has been resolved
D)society with serious ethnic conflict leading to warfare

Question 41

A poll taken after the Boston Marathon bombing showed that ______  of U.S.adults believed a terrorist attack was very or somewhat likely to occur.

A)10 percent
B)one quarter
C)half
D)over 80 percent

Question 42

Terrorism is the premeditated use, or threatened use, of violence by ________ to gain a political or social objective.

A)a society
B)individuals or groups
C)a government
D)a coalition of governments

Question 43

In 2010, Private Bradley Manning was arrested for leaking information about

A)defense missile positions.
B)military conduct in Iraq and Afghanistan.
C)planned military operations.
D)troop movements in Afghanistan.

Question 44

The bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City that resulted in 168 deaths and 200 injured victims was an act of _______ terrorism.

A)transnational
B)revolutionary
C)domestic
D)nationalist

Question 45

Osama bin Laden blamed _______ for "dividing the whole world into two sides-the side of the believers and the side of infidels."

A)the Western value of materialism
B)Western immorality
C)U.S.Middle East policies
D)unjust United Nations policies

Question 46

The micro-level process of deciding to commit a terrorist act involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)low self-esteem.
B)grievances.
C)perceived rewards.
D)social relationship networks.

Question 47

The 2001 bombings of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were acts of ______ terrorism.

A)transnational
B)revolutionary
C)domestic
D)nationalist

Question 48

In 2012, there were approximately ______ domestic and international terrorist attacks around the world.

A)15
B)150
C)1,000
D)10,000

Question 49

Which of the following is a defensive strategy to fight terrorism?

A)retaliatory raids
B)metal detectors and X-ray machines at airports
C)group infiltration
D)preemptive strikes

Question 50

According to your text definition, a "security dilemma" occurs when actions to increase a nation's security

A)affects other institutions in the society, such as the family.
B)restricts that nation's own freedoms.
C)decrease the security of others and lead them to respond in ways that decrease that nation's own security.
D)decreases the stability and security of others so that one's own nation has to protect and defend the other injured country.

Question 51

Revolutions involve which of the following?

A)one nation attacking another nation because it believes that nation poses a threat
B)one nation attacking another nation with the intention of conquering and absorbing it into their own society
C)citizens warring against a foreign government that has invaded their territory
D)citizens warring against their own government

Question 52

The distinction between a civil war and a revolution

A)is easily determined during the conflict.
B)is that civil wars always lead to large-scale social change whereas revolutions do not.
C)depends on the outcome of the struggle.
D)is that civil wars always involve changes in the distribution of power in society whereas revolutions do not.

Question 53

Your text identified all of the following as purposes of terrorism EXCEPT to

A)publicize a cause.
B)promote an ideology.
C)defeat an enemy nation.
D)achieve religious freedom.

Question 54

America's war on Iraq because of fear of weapons of mass destruction illustrates

A)arbitration.
B)mediation.
C)a security dilemma.
D)détente.

Question 55

The U.S.Patriot Act provides for the ________ if the immigrant group is defined as a "danger to national security."

A)the right of an immigrant to a fair trial within 3 months
B)the right of an immigrant to a fair trial with 6 months
C)the right of an immigrant to a fair trial within 1 years
D)indefinite detention of immigrants

Question 56

According to your text, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor

A)to goad the U.S.into entering World War II.
B)to avoid a later confrontation with the U.S.Pacific Fleet.
C)to reduce economic competition from the U.S.
D)as part of its plan to conquer the world.

Question 57

Revolutions and civil wars are more likely to occur when

A)a government is strong and united.
B)a government is responsive to the concerns and demands of its citizens.
C)strong leaders are willing to mount opposition to the government.
D)an outside attack on the government has occurred.

Question 58

In 2012, more than 75% of those killed or wounded as a result of terrorist attacks lived in

A)Africa.
B)the Near East or South Asia.
C)the U.S.
D)Japan or Korea.

Question 59

A team of terrorist experts listed all of the following as causes of terrorism EXCEPT

A)a failed or weak state.
B)slow progress toward modernization.
C)repression by a foreign occupation.
D)large-scale racial or ethnic discrimination.

Question 60

Your text suggests that the U.S.attack on Grenada

A)showed the need for improvement in the American military.
B)prevented imminent missile attacks on U.S.territory.
C)thwarted a revolution in Grenada.
D)restored faith and power in the U.S.military.

Question 61

The director of the U.S.Center for Defense Information suggests that wealthy nations can help reduce world conflict by

A)stockpiling nuclear weapons.
B)providing economic assistance to poorer countries.
C)allocating proportionately more money to developing weapons.
D)intervening in conflicts between other nations.

Question 62

Between 2001 and 2011, taxpayers paid $1.28 trillion dollars for the cost of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.Proposed expenditures for the 2014 fiscal year include more money for defense than for

A)justice.
B)transportation.
C)veteran's benefits.
D)all of these combined

Question 63

War affects children in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)killing and maiming.
B)being denied access to food and medicine.
C)preventing them from attending school.
D)increasing their access to proper nutrition.

Question 64

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)may result from which of the following?

A)war
B)rape
C)crime victimization other than rape
D)All of these

Question 65

Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with which of the following problems?

A)divorce
B)family violence
C)suicide
D)all of these

Question 66

U.N.Secretary General Kofi Annan concludes that it is _______ that leads to conflict.

A)poverty
B)unequal access to political power
C)unequal access to natural resources, such as water or oil
D)capitalism

Question 67

The Mine Ban Treaty

A)requires governments to report all landmine stockpiles in their countries.
B)requires governments to map all landmine fields in their countries.
C)requires governments to destroy landmine stockpiles and to clear landmine fields.
D)has been signed by all countries in the world.

Question 68

In war and conflict women and girls

A)are typically unaffected.
B)often fight as equals alongside men.
C)are taken in by other countries.
D)are often abused, raped, neglected and tortured.

Question 69

In a survey of Americans about their attitudes toward torture at facilities such as Guantanamo Bay,

A)people were nearly evenly divided about whether torture was ever justified.
B)Americans 65 years and older were more likely than other age groups to believe the mistreatment represented isolated incidents.
C)Whites were more likely than blacks to think the mistreatment was part of a wider pattern.
D)Republicans were more likely than Democrats to think the mistreatment was part of a wider pattern.

Question 70

In recent United Nation peacekeeping missions, _______ provided more than 75 percent of the troops.

A)developing nations
B)the United States
C)Europe and Japan
D)Great Britain, Canada, and Australia

Question 71

The Geneva Convention prohibited _____ in war.

A)rape and forced prostitution
B)landmines
C)biological weapons
D)chemical weapons

Question 72

The term "nuclear winter" refers to which of the following?

A)the nuclear fallout after the U.S.dropped atomic bombs on Japan
B)an imagined future state in which no nuclear weapons exist on the planet
C)lower temperatures caused by dust and particles in the event of a massive thermonuclear war
D)an agreement between Russia and the United States promising to "freeze" production of new nuclear weapons

Question 73

The Human Side profile in your chapter shows that _______ may help with PTSD.

A)toughing it out
B)returning to combat as soon as possible
C)alcohol
D)pets

Question 74

A set of international treaties that govern the behavior of states during wartime, including the treatment of prisoners of war is called

A)Geneva Conventions.
B)The Patriot Act.
C)International Wartime Pact.
D)Ethical Regulations during Times of War.

Question 75

"Blood diamonds" are

A)mined and sold to support fighting.
B)valuable yellow tinted diamonds at the focus of conflict in South Africa.
C)a form of chemical weapon.
D)a type of landmine used in Afghanistan.

Question 76

The rate of PTSD among soldiers is difficult to measure for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)lag time between exposure and symptoms.
B)the stigma of mental illness.
C)slow response from the VA.
D)lack of agreement among professionals as to whether or not it is a real illness.

Question 77

Guerilla warfare differs from terrorist activity in that guerilla warfare is more likely to

A)primarily seek out civilian targets.
B)involve dramatic acts of self-sacrifice by lone individuals.
C)be committed by organized groups who oppose a government and its military.
D)be committed by religious or ideological fanatics.

Question 78

Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons that have the capacity to kill large numbers of people are called

A)guerrilla warfare.
B)improvised explosive devices.
C)military stockpiles.
D)weapons of mass destruction.

Question 79

Before and during World War II, _____ forced 100,000 to 200,000 women into prostitution as military "comfort women."

A)the United States
B)Japan
C)Germany
D)Italy

Question 80

U.S.military research experiments have

A)never used human subjects.
B)not used human subjects since World War I.
C)used elderly, prisoners, and hospital patients who were considered expendable.
D)used prisoners of war.