Deck 11: Sexual Orientation and the Struggle for Equality

Question 1

In general, countries throughout the world are moving toward

A)condemning individuals found guilty of same-sex sexual behavior to the death penalty.
B)criminalizing same-sex sexual behavior.
C)increased legal protection of sexual orientation minorities.
D)allowing institutional discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In 2014, the United Nations Humans Rights Council passed a resolution​

A)expressing concern over violence and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
B)​upholding the rights of countries to discriminate based on sexual orientation.
C)​stating that the United Nations will stay out of the sexual orientation discussion.
D)​making homosexuality an international crime.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A female who prefers other females as partners is a

A)lesbian.
B)queer.
C)transvestite.
D)cross-dresser.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Who are transgendered individuals?

A)Gender nonconforming individuals
B)Gays
C)People who are born with ambiguous genitalia
D)People who have completed sexual reassignment through surgery

Question 5

The classification of individuals into sexual orientation categories is problematic because​

A)​most individuals will fall somewhere along a continuum.
B)​orientation categories are distinct and mutually exclusive.
C)​sexual orientation involves only a single dimension.
D)​social science research is never valid.

Question 6

Emil and Johan live together in a ___________, a legally recognized partnership that does not confer all of the rights of marriage.

A)common law marriage
B)pseudo marriage
C)registered partnership
D)POSSLQ

Question 7

Which statement sums up the general trajectory of the world regarding treatment of gays and lesbians?

A)Countries throughout the world are moving toward increased legal protection of non-heterosexuals.
B)Countries are more repressive than ever regarding same-sex relationships.
C)No country punishes gays and lesbians.
D)All countries have laws prohibiting same-sex marriage and relationships.

Question 8

In which of the following countries are homosexual acts punishable by the death penalty?

A)Italy
B)Japan
C)Saudi Arabia
D)China

Question 9

The predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to individuals of the other sex is referred to as

A)heterosexuality.
B)homosexuality.
C)bisexuality.
D)asexuality.

Question 10

_______ refers to a person whose sense of gender identity-masculine or feminine-is inconsistent with their birth sex.

A)Homosexual
B)Lesbian
C)Bisexual
D)Transgender

Question 11

_____________ is a term referring to those whose gender identity is similar to their biological sex.

A)Transgender
B)​Cisgender
C)Heterosexual
D)​Inline gender

Question 12

Early research on sexual behavior by Kinsey and his colleagues (1948, 1953)found 37 percent of

A)men identified as homosexual.
B)women identified as homosexual.
C)men had had a same-sex sexual experience since adolescence.
D)women had had a same-sex sexual experience since adolescence.

Question 13

LGBT rights have recently been set back in

A)Russia.
B)the United States.
C)Canada.
D)Netherlands

Question 14

Bisexuality refers to

A)the predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to persons of the other sex.
B)the predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to persons of the same sex.
C)persons who look or act like they are homosexual, but are really heterosexual.
D)being attracted to members of both sexes.

Question 15

Why is the classification of individuals into sexual orientation categories problematic?

A)Distinctions among sexual orientation categories are clear-cut.
B)Orientation involves only one dimension.
C)Because of the social stigma associated with nonheterosexual identities, many individuals conceal or falsely portray their sexual orientation identities to protect themselves from prejudice and discrimination.
D)Newer research demonstrates there are only 2 categories of orientation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a dimension of sexual orientation?

A)Biological sex
B)Emotional attraction
C)Community definition
D)Physical appearance

Question 17

Which statement is true regarding the legal status of homosexuality throughout the world?

A)The majority of nations in the world still criminalize same-sex relations.
B)In some countries same-sex sexual behavior is punishable by the death penalty.
C)Countries throughout the world generally treat homosexuality in the same way.
D)Female homosexuality is more likely to be criminalized than male homosexuality.

Question 18

The term __________ refers to the classification of individuals as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual, based on their emotional and sexual attractions, self-identity, and relationships.

A)gender identity
B)sexual orientation
C)gender
D)transgender

Question 19

To which of the following does the term LGBT refer?

A)Lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender individuals
B)Heterosexuals who have a lot of lesbian, gay, and bisexual friends
C)Persons who look or act like they are homosexual, but they are really heterosexual
D)Individuals who are not sure if they are homosexual or bisexual

Question 20

Which category is most likely to self-identify as LGBT?​

A)​Whites
B)​Hispanics
C)​African Americans
D)​Asian Americans

Question 21

Which of the following is a form of therapy dedicated to changing sexual orientation?​

A)Reparative therapy
B)Straight therapy
C)Psychosexual therapy
D)Restyling therapy

Question 22

According to conflict theorists, many business owners and corporate leaders support non-discrimination policies because they believe such policies would

A)prevent heterosexuals from purchasing their products or services.
B)help them maintain a competitive edge in recruiting and maintaining a productive workforce.
C)dilute the quality of their workers.
D)create reverse discrimination against heterosexuals.

Question 23

With regard to sexual orientation, religious freedom laws aim for freedom to

A)engage in any relationship one desires.
B)discriminate against sexual minorities.
C)marry within the Church.
D)change church doctrine.

Question 24

Which of the following is a latent function of the recognition of LGBT equality?

A)More people actively participating in religion
B)Economic sanctions imposed on areas that repress homosexuality
C)The economic boom in areas that have recognized marriage equality
D)​Changing gender roles

Question 25

Some structural-functionalists argue that homosexuality functions to benefit society as a whole in which of the following ways?

A)Protest against homosexuality has shown society how valuable the "traditional family" is.
B)Protest against homosexuality has increased religious affiliation and faith.
C)Gay activism has advocated HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.
D)Gay activism has increased unity among those who are opposed to this deviant lifestyle.

Question 26

The ____________ would protect businesses that discriminate against non-heterosexual couples based on religious grounds.

A)First Amendment Defense Act
B)​Title XX Amendment
C)EEOC guidelines
D)​Faithful Followers Program

Question 27

The argument that homosexuals are deviant because they do not fulfill the main function of the family institution can be criticized on the basis that​

A)​other institutions have supplemented the traditional functions of the family.
B)​increasing the population is a societal goal.
C)​same-sex couples cannot have children.
D)​same-sex couples do not want to fulfill the functions of the family.

Question 28

Which theoretical perspective is most likely to look at the importance of the terms we use to describe others who are not like us?​

A)​Conflict
B)Structural-functionalism
C)​Symbolic interactionism
D)​LGBT theory

Question 29

Research findings demonstrate​

A)​sexual orientation is clearly genetic.
B)​sexual orientation is the same as gender identity.
C)​differences in sexual orientation are likely caused by early life experiences.
D)​no conclusive, overall, explanation for differences in sexual orientation.

Question 30

The American Psychological Association concluded that efforts to change sexual orientation are

A)usually successful.
B)not usually successful.
C)definitely harmful.
D)not usually successful and may involve risk of harm.

Question 31

Individuals who believe homosexuality is a choice are

A)less likely to believe homosexuality should be illegal.
B)more accepting of same-sex marriage and adoption.
C)more likely to support legal protections for gays and lesbians against discrimination.
D)more likely to believe  homosexuality should be discouraged by society.

Question 32

How many Americans believe homosexuality is something a person is born with?

A)Less than 10 percent
B)Over half
C)Almost all
D)We have no way of knowing this.

Question 33

According to the structural-functionalist perspective, homosexual relations are defined as "deviant" because

A)they do not fulfill the function of producing and rearing children.
B)they contradict the dominant belief that women should submit to their husbands.
C)these relationships are based on sexual gratification, not love.
D)they reduce the number of eligible males in the dating and marriage market.

Question 34

"Treatments" to cure sexual orientation are called

A)LGBT therapy.
B)sexual orientation change efforts.
C)reorientation plans.
D)strategies to enhance heterosexuality.

Question 35

The American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Counseling Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, the National Association of Social Workers, and the American Medical Association agree that

A)sexual orientation cannot be changed.
B)sexual orientation can be changed with intensive psychotherapy.
C)efforts to change homosexuality have been largely successful.
D)sexual orientation is a learned preference.

Question 36

Reparative therapy or conversion therapy refers to

A)treatment of the mental depression that accompanies the realization one is homosexual.
B)programs designed to enlighten people and change their prejudices toward homosexuals.
C)programs dedicated to changing homosexuals' sexual orientations.
D)programs dedicated to helping parents, siblings, and children of homosexuals accept their loved one's choice of a homosexual lifestyle.

Question 37

Rachel believes same-sex relationships are not part of the natural design and are abnormal. Rachel accepts​

A)​homophobia.
B)​heteronormativity.
C)​transgenderism.
D)​homosexism.

Question 38

Which of the following is true regarding the cause of sexual orientation?

A)Genetic factors are the sole cause of sexual orientation.
B)Gender role behavior in childhood is the sole cause of sexual orientation.
C)Fraternal birth order is the sole cause of sexual orientation.
D)There are no conclusive research findings that can explain differences in sexual orientation.

Question 39

The various attempts to change a person's sexual orientation are known collectively as __________ by the American Psychological Association.

A)sexual orientation change efforts
B)gay therapy
C)scared straight programs
D)sexual reestablishment initiatives

Question 40

Steven was strongly encouraged by his parents to participate in a(n)_________ program designed to change his orientation from homosexual to heterosexual.​

A)​SOCE
B)​Purpose in Life
C)​EOC
D)​FFS

Question 41

The institution of marriage has changed over time along with changes in our attitudes about sexual diversity. Which theoretical perspective would be likely to consider the impact of the changes in marriage on the attitudes?​

A)​Conflict
B)Structural-functionalism
C)​Symbolic interaction
D)​LGBT theory

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true?​

A)​There are no generational differences with regard to attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
B)​Older age cohorts are more likely to support same-sex marriage than younger cohorts.
C)​Younger age cohorts are more likely to support same-sex marriage than older cohorts.
D)​Older women are generally more accepting of same-sex marriage than younger men.

Question 43

When we use power to create a situation of inequality and negatively impact the well-being of others we engage in

A)transformation.
B)acculturation.
C)pluralism.
D)oppression.

Question 44

The most common reason for someone to switch from an anti-gay marriage stance to a pro-gay marriage stance is

A)knowing someone who is homosexual.
B)the legalization of same-sex marriage.
C)having family members who support gay rights.
D)having religious leaders who support gay rights.

Question 45

Which statement is true regarding religion and homosexuality?

A)All religions are opposed to same-sex relationships.
B)The majority of inidividual Catholics are accepting of homosexuality.
C)Acceptance of LGBT people is higher among older religious people than among younger religious people.
D)There are no religious denominations in the U.S. that sanction same-sex marriage.

Question 46

The master status of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals is usually their

A)occupation.
B)family structure.
C)community.
D)sexual orientation

Question 47

______________ is an action that denies equal treatment to others.

A)Discrimination
B)​Prejudice
C)​Stereotyping
D)​Egocentrism

Question 48

Which kind of corporation is likely to have gay-friendly policies?

A)Those with competitors with gay-friendly policies
B)Those whose competitors oppose gay rights
C)Those with only men on the board of directors
D)Those in the more politically conservative states

Question 49

Proponents of same-sex marriage argue

A)banning same-sex marriage is a violation of civil rights.
B)granting legal status conveys acceptance and approval.
C)it is morally wrong.
D)the children will suffer.

Question 50

Disapproval of homosexuality is associated with​

A)​being more educated.
B)​believing in the importance of rigid gender roles.
C)​believing it is an inborn characteristic.
D)​being nonreligious.

Question 51

Which of the following is a common myth about homosexuality and bisexuality?​

A)​Gay men are more likely to be committed to their relationships than heterosexual men.
B)​Gay men are hyper-masculine.
C)​Gay men are likely to be pedophiles.
D)​Non-heterosexuals are unlikely to engage in casual sex.

Question 52

Negative attitudes toward homosexuality are more likely among the​

A)​more politically liberal.
B)​nonreligious.
C)​more religious.
D)​more educated.

Question 53

Society is generally structured in a way that promotes power and privilege to heterosexuals. This is evidence of

A)heterosexism.
B)​homophobia.
C)homonegativity.
D)​sexual power.

Question 54

_______________ invalidated state laws that criminalize sodomy.​

A)​The Supreme Court decision, Lawrence v. Texas
B)​The Defense of Marriage Act
C)​The Supreme Court decision, Bowers v. Hardwick
D)​The Don't Ask Don't Tell policy

Question 55

Who is more likely to be prejudiced against LGBT individuals?

A)Women more than men
B)Younger individuals more than older individuals
C)Democrats more than Republicans
D)Men more than women

Question 56

The term __________ refers to a form of  power and privilege accorded to heterosexuals.

A)homophobia
B)heterophobia
C)heterosexism
D)homosexism

Question 57

The idea that heterosexuals will have more favorable attitudes toward gays and lesbians if they had prior contact with someone who is gay or lesbian is known as

A)the contact hypothesis.
B)coming out.
C)internalized homophobia.
D)reparative therapy.

Question 58

Research shows the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell resulted in

A)lower military preparedness.
B)lower military morale.
C)higher morale of the lower ranking individuals.
D)no overall negative impact.

Question 59

Norm, a heterosexual, was assigned to work with Phil, a gay man. Over time Norm developed a more favorable attitude toward gay rights. This example illustrates

A)the authoritarian personality.
B)the contact hypothesis.
C)the homophobia reversal hypothesis.
D)functional theory.

Question 60

__________ refers to negative attitudes.​

A)​Prejudice
B)​Discrimination
C)​Segregation
D)Genderism

Question 61

DOMA is no longer in effect because of

A)legislative action by the Congress.
B)Supreme Court decisions.
C)a presidential executive order.
D)individual state laws overriding the policy.

Question 62

In a much publicized case, __________ was the young male college student who was beaten and left to die outside of Laramie, Wyoming apparently because he was gay.

A)John Case
B)Matthew Shephard
C)James Obergefell
D)Troy Hodges

Question 63

LGBT adults tend to score ___________ than others on most measures of social well-being.

A)lower
B)higher
C)about the same
D)lower on a few measures but higher

Question 64

In June 2003, a Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas invalidated state laws that

A)criminalize sodomy.
B)prohibit same-sex marriage.
C)prohibit same-sex couples from having or raising children.
D)prohibit gay or lesbian individuals from receiving pensions upon the death of their partners.

Question 65

_____________ is a ceremony in which LGBT graduates are honored and receive rainbow tassels for their caps.​

A)​Pink Triangle Graduation
B)​Gays Graduating
C)​Lavender Graduation
D)​Together We Graduate

Question 66

Many cases of intimate partner violence among LGBT couples are not reported to the police because

A)of laws prohibiting homosexuality.
B)they fear further victimization.
C)laws do not protect them.
D)they want to protect the image of the LGBT community.

Question 67

The "Don't ask, don't tell" policy in the military

A)prohibited all gays and lesbians from serving in the military.
B)allowed recruiting officers to ask about sexual orientation but prohibits service members from telling their orientation.
C)has been revoked.
D)stipulated that individuals can no longer be discharged from the U. S. military service because of sexual orientation.

Question 68

Sodomy laws explicitly prohibit which of the following?

A)Anal and oral sex
B)Sex between unmarried adults
C)Sex between adults and children
D)Sex between people of close biological kin

Question 69

Studies of police treatment of homosexuals have found

A)targeted and discriminatory enforcement of laws against LGBT people.
B)police mistreatment occurs occasionally but is not widespread.
C)all U.S. police departments provide training on hate crimes against homosexuals.
D)police victimization of homosexuals is a federal offense.

Question 70

Gay-straight alliances (GSAs)are

A)support groups for bisexuals and their partners.
B)political action committees that lobby for legal protection for lesbians and gays.
C)marriages in which one person is gay and the other person is straight.
D)school-sponsored clubs that address antigay harassment and promote respect.

Question 71

The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA)

A)has yet to be signed into law.
B)was introduced to protect heterosexuals from discrimination in the workplace.
C)expands the original hate crime legislation to include hate crimes based on actual or perceived sexual orientation.
D)has been around for over 25 years.

Question 72

Safe Zone programs

A)provide counseling services to LGBT students in grades K-12 and to their parents and siblings.
B)identify college students, faculty, and staff who support LGBT students on their campuses.
C)offer an alternative high school campus for LGBT students.
D)help parents home school their LGBT children.

Question 73

The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act

A)recognized legal unions between same-sex couples.
B)allowed states to recognize or not recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states.
C)allowed states to annul same-sex marriages performed in other states.
D)banned same-sex marriages.

Question 74

_____________ U.S. adults believe LGBT employees should be protected against discrimination.

A)Few
B)Slightly over half
C)Most
D)Virtually all

Question 75

Which statement is true about the economic circumstances of LGBT individuals compared with non-LGBT individuals?

A)LGBT individuals are more likely to have higher incomes.
B)LGBT youth are less likely to be homeless.
C)Elderly LGBT individuals are more likely to live in poverty.
D)LGBT individuals are ineligible to receive survivor's benefits.

Question 76

Children raised by same-sex parents compared with those raised by different-sex parents

A)are more likely to do well in school.
B)are more likely to have problems with peers.
C)are more likely to have substance abuse problems.
D)are the same on most social outcome measures.

Question 77

Large national organizations such as the Child Welfare League of America and the American Psychological Association all

A)are against allowing same-sex couples to foster children.
B)have supported acts affirming that same-sex couples should not be allowed to have children living with them.
C)state that a parent's sexual orientation has nothing to do with his or her ability to be a good parent.
D)believe children of same-sex couples need constant therapy.

Question 78

The Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA)

A)passed the first time it came up for a vote in the Senate.
B)would prohibit workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
C)has been declared unconstitutional.
D)was introduced in Congress in 2007.

Question 79

Opponents of same-sex marriage argue

A)marriage is a social construction that comes in many forms across societies and throughout history.
B)same-sex marriages would subvert the integrity of the family institution.
C)banning same-sex marriage is a violation of civil rights.
D)children in same-sex families would benefit from same-sex marriage.

Question 80

A 2015 executive order prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, protecting

A)federal employees.
B)all U.S. citizens in the workforce.
C)all workers at any governmental level in the U.S.
D)employers who make decisions based on religious reasons.