Deck 10: Gender Inequality

Question 1

According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins

A)at birth.
B)soon after a child learns to talk.
C)when a child enters school.
D)with marriage or entrance into the workforce.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

For Muslim women who choose to wear a head covering, it represents

A)the high status of women.
B)that women are sinful and should be covered.
C)that the woman is owned by her husband.
D)that women are sexual and men are powerful.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are

A)based on biological sex differences.
B)socially constructed.
C)determined by the needs of society.
D)necessary for the advancement of society.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because

A)of higher fertility rates.
B)of day care facilities.
C)jobs are more physically demanding.
D)jobs are more dangerous.

Question 5

Female genital cutting is

A)usually performed in hospitals upon the birth of a child.
B)a common practice in South America.
C)a rite of passage that enhances a woman's status in some countries.
D)rarely practiced in the world today.

Question 6

The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap. The United States ranked

A)first.
B)second.
C)toward the top but not at the very top.
D)at the bottom.

Question 7

Task-oriented roles are also called ___________ roles.​

A)​expressive
B)​instrumental
C)​structural
D)​legitimate

Question 8

As industrialization progressed and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, women

A)had more education.
B)had higher incomes.
C)had fewer occupational skills.
D)were frequently owners.

Question 9

Conflict theorists argue women and men are more likely to be economic equals in ________ societies.

A)hunting and gathering
B)pastoral
C)agricultural
D)industrial

Question 10

________ argue that gender roles in the family and workforce change as the needs of society change.

A)Structural-functionalists
B)Conflict theorists
C)Symbolic interactionists
D)Postmodernists

Question 11

When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, females most often cited

A)​sexual freedom.
B)​higher pay.
C)natural strength.
D)nothing.

Question 12

___________ refers to the social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Sexual orientation
D)Sexual normality

Question 13

A(n) _____________ individual is a person whose sense of gender identity does not match his or her birth sex.​

A)​transgender
B)​gay
C)​intersexed
D)​androgynous

Question 14

The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)gender stratification.
D)sexual orientation.

Question 15

_____________ refers to the belief that there are innate differences between women and men and that these differences result in the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other.

A)Feminism
B)Sexism
C)Sex segregation
D)Gender stratification

Question 16

Structural-functionalists argue that, in preindustrial societies,

A)women remained in the home bearing, nursing, and caring for children because it was biologically necessary.
B)women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families.
C)men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children.
D)gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children.

Question 17

Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce?​

A)​WWII
B)The birth of the baby boomers
C)​The ebola epidemic in Africa
D)Reconstruction following the American Civil War

Question 18

According to conflict theorists,

A)women were regarded as property in hunting and gathering societies.
B)inheritance laws in agricultural societies increased the power of females in the family.
C)private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large.
D)men gained control of production in agricultural and industrial societies.

Question 19

Samantha is a school nurse. This is an example of ​

A)​an instrumental role.
B)​an expressive role.
C)​structural sexism.
D)​economic gendering.

Question 20

When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, males​ most often cited

A)​life expectancy.
B)​freedom to be emotional.
C)​ability to give birth.
D)​not having to work.

Question 21

Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following?

A)A subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance
B)Unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex
C)An invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions
D)The concentration of different genders in different occupations

Question 22

The term __________ refers to an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions.

A)glass escalator
B)glass ceiling
C)sticky floor
D)slippery slope

Question 23

Blanca works in a personnel department. Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as ​

A)​instrumental tasks.
B)​emotion work.
C)​feeling duties.
D)​tender tasks.

Question 24

In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in

A)education.
B)science, technology, engineering, and math.
C)music and the arts.
D)nursing.

Question 25

Which statement is true?

A)Women earn more master's degrees in engineering than men do.
B)Women earn approximately half of doctorate degrees in the U.S.
C)American men are unlikely to major in STEM fields.
D)Men are more likely than women to "opt out" of the workforce.

Question 26

The _________ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men.

A)structural sexism
B)human capital
C)devaluation
D)double jeopardy

Question 27

The "glass escalator effect" refers to the process by which

A)men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted.
B)women in traditionally male jobs are less likely to be promoted to high managerial or administrative positions.
C)women tend to choose traditionally female jobs.
D)women are more likely than men to be promoted in traditionally female jobs.

Question 28

The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the

A)mother ceiling.
B)mommy choices theory.
C)motherhood penalty.
D)balancing act.

Question 29

Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means

A)women's career choices reflect limited options as a result of the structure of society.
B)women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices.
C)women's career choices are structured by their choices not to attend college.
D)women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities.

Question 30

Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience. This situation illustrates

A)the glass ceiling effect.
B)the glass escalator effect.
C)occupational sex segregation.
D)human capital hypothesis.

Question 31

According to the _________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience.

A)glass ceiling
B)human capital
C)occupational sex segregation
D)devaluation

Question 32

Over 775 million adults over the age of 15 cannot read or write. How many of these are women?​

A)​10 percent
B)​About one quarter
C)A little over half
D)​Nearly two-thirds

Question 33

Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by

A)informal working arrangements.
B)good job security.
C)lower unemployment.
D)freedom from unreasonable demands.

Question 34

Sociologists argue that women's jobs are undervalued, because they include a significant amount of

A)emotion work.
B)work that does not require much cognitive ability.
C)repetitive work.
D)manual labor.

Question 35

In general, men are socialized into _______ roles.

A)expressive
B)nurturant
C)instrumental
D)egalitarian

Question 36

Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children. This is an example of ​

A)​the motherhood penalty
B)​STEM.
C)​sexual harassment.
D)​the second shift.

Question 37

_________ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society divides and subordinates individuals and groups based on their sex.

A)Societal
B)Cultural
C)Manifest
D)Structural

Question 38

Occupational sex segregation continues because of

A)employment policies.
B)changing cultural beliefs.
C)changing opportunity structures.
D)women's recent educational accomplishments.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding women's work experiences?

A)Women are more likely than men to be employed in vulnerable employment.
B)Occupational sex segregation has continued to increase in recent years.
C)Most women's jobs are more highly valued than men's jobs.
D)Females are less likely to be unemployed than males.

Question 40

Reasons for STEM gender disparity include​

A)​reliance on gender dysphoria.
B)​lack of female STEM role models.
C)tracking of many females into STEM classes.
D)legacy scholarships.

Question 41

When Travis and Carrie decide who will take on which household task they tend to rely on what they learned as children. This is consistent with​

A)​the relative resources approach.
B)​gender role ideology.
C)​the time-availability approach.
D)​the gender deviance hypothesis.

Question 42

Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"?

A)Women's hormonal makeup is calming, making them uniquely qualified to take care of little children and the home simultaneously.
B)Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor.
C)Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children.
D)Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family.

Question 43

​Which perspective argues that when income or occupation is inconsistent with traditional gender roles, individuals will engage in the traditional division of household labor?

A)​Gender deviance hypothesis
B)Gender role ideology
C)​Relative resources approach
D)​Structural strain theory

Question 44

Which of the following statements about school and gender is true according to your text?

A)Girls and boys are treated equally in schools.
B)Women are overrepresented in administrative positions.
C)Boys and girls learn in very different ways.
D)Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools.

Question 45

The belief held by a society that females are less valuable than males is an example of

A)structural sexism.
B)institutional sexism.
C)cultural sexism.
D)individual sexism.

Question 46

Female state legislators identified __________ as the single greatest barrier to running for political office.​

A)​family responsibilities
B)​sexual harassment
C)​gender stereotypes
D)​lack of money

Question 47

The study reported in your text of the household division of labor in 10 Western countries found

A)in 5 out of 10 of the countries, women and men spend almost equal hours on unpaid household labor.
B)women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries.
C)women were responsible for the majority of unpaid household labor in all of the countries.
D)men spent more time than women on unpaid household labor in Sweden.

Question 48

An experiment in which two congressional candidates' credentials were presented to a sample of respondents found that Republican respondents were least likely to say they would vote for a

A)father with young children.
B)mother with young children.
C)woman without children.
D)man without children.

Question 49

The "time-availability approach" explains the traditional division of labor in the home by the belief that

A)children require more time and attention than jobs outside the home.
B)household chores are not as time consuming as jobs outside the home.
C)because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores.
D)women need less free time than men.

Question 50

The _____________ argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization.​

A)​relative resources approach
B)​gender role ideology
C)​second shift theory
D)​gender deviance hypothesis

Question 51

In an effort to bolster representation of women in politics, half of the world's countries have instituted

A)increased campaign financing for female candidates.
B)quotas.
C)higher pay for female politicians.
D)changes to the monarchy.

Question 52

Oscar argues women are paid less than men because their work is often defined as less important. Oscar accepts the _______________ hypothesis.

A)human capital
B)devaluation
C)social control
D)glass ceiling

Question 53

Which of the following is true regarding women in politics?

A)The more important a political office is, the higher the probability a woman will hold it.
B)Women are overrepresented in state legislatures.
C)There are no female governors in the United States.
D)The highest U.S. political office held by a woman is Secretary of State.

Question 54

A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to

A)have limited learning potential.
B)be designed to be stimulating and exciting.
C)promote technology.
D)use large motor skills.

Question 55

U.S. women received the right to vote in what year?

A)1790
B)1865
C)1920
D)1945

Question 56

Which of the following is the "gender role ideology" explanation of the traditional division of labor?

A)Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles.
B)Females are more biologically equipped for household labor and childcare.
C)Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household.
D)Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children.

Question 57

A study of 200 "top-selling" children's picture books found

A)there was a significant reduction in gender stereotypes from the 1980s to the 1990s.
B)women were more likely to be portrayed in non-traditional than traditional occupations.
C)women and girls were significantly underrepresented as male title and main characters.
D)females were more likely to be portrayed in the illustrations than males.

Question 58

In the United States, elementary and secondary school teachers have been found to

A)talk to girls more than boys.
B)listen to girls more than boys.
C)ask girls more questions than boys.
D)give boys more extended directions than girls.

Question 59

_________ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex.

A)Structural sexism
B)Institutional sexism
C)Cultural sexism
D)Individual sexism

Question 60

In the ______, the United States made it illegal to discriminate in wages or employment on the basis of sex.

A)Equal Pay Act
B)Bakke v. California decision
C)Family and Medical Leave Act
D)Carlson v. MMM decision

Question 61

On the average, men in the United States

A)live about seven years longer than women.
B)live about the same number of years as women.
C)die about one year earlier than women.
D)die about five years earlier than women.

Question 62

Research demonstrates the importance of ___________ bias, that is, bias in the way we understand the causes of behavior.

A)attributional
B)overt
C)socializatioin
D)implicit

Question 63

Feminism refers to the idea that

A)women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities.
B)women are superior to men.
C)women should be more like men.
D)women should embrace their femininity and reject masculine qualities.

Question 64

In the U.S., ___________ are the poorest of all families.

A)Hispanic and black male-headed households
B)two-parent households
C)Hispanic and black female-headed households
D)white female-headed households

Question 65

Being married is related to

A)improvements in men's health but a decline in women's health.
B)improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health.
C)greater improvements in women's health than men's health.
D)greater improvements in men's health than women's health.

Question 66

Which of the following likely contributes to health problems among men?

A)Domestic violence
B)Refusal to ask for help
C)Indoor pollution
D)Cult of thinness

Question 67

In the past, religious teachings tended to promote

A)egalitarian gender roles.
B)traditional conceptions of gender.
C)women as religious leaders.
D)equality for all groups.

Question 68

In general, females are more likely than males to suffer

A)depression.
B)cirrhosis of the liver.
C)suicide.
D)motor vehicle accidents.

Question 69

Which of the following religious denominations has the most nontraditional beliefs about women's roles?

A)Roman Catholic
B)Orthodox Jewish
C)Quakers
D)Southern Baptist Convention

Question 70

The documentary, So Sexy So Soon shows _________ in the media.

A)objectification of women but not men.
B)glorification of homosexuality among teens.
C)portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent.
D)the sexualization of young children

Question 71

A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that television advertisements pictured men as

A)pathetic and silly.
B)intelligent.
C)caring.
D)hard workers.

Question 72

The boy code refers to

A)a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men.
B)a set of slang terms that degrade females.
C)gender socialization that discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help.
D)higher self-esteem among boys than girls.

Question 73

Honor killings are murders that often take place publicly as a result of

A)a male perceived to be dishonoring his country.
B)a male perceived to be dishonoring his family.
C)a female perceived to be dishonoring her religion.
D)a female perceived to be dishonoring her family.

Question 74

The __________ refers to society's tendency to discourage males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help.​

A)​boy code
B)​sexual script
C)​gender understanding
D)​sexual norm

Question 75

________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance.

A)Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act
B)The 1965 Civil Rights Act
C)The Equal Education Act of 1984
D)The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972

Question 76

The increased proportion of women and girls who are poor is referred to as

A)feminization of poverty.
B)gendered unemployment.
C)genderized poverty.
D)sex-segregated economy.

Question 77

Which of the following is true in the U.S.?

A)Women make up the majority of minimum wage workers.
B)Anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty.
C)Hispanic and black female-headed households tend to be better off economically than white female-headed households.
D)Women are significantly less likely to live in poverty than men.

Question 78

According to the World Health Organization, which of the following is a way that traditional definitions of gender negatively influence the health and well being of women and girls?

A)Exposure to pollutants through cooking
B)Risk taking behaviors
C)Participation in violent crime
D)Unwillingness to ask for help

Question 79

The feminization of poverty results, in part, from

A)government policies that encourage welfare dependency.
B)the innate weakness of women.
C)the types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs.
D)biological differences in capability.

Question 80

Traditional male gender socialization is linked to higher rates of

A)diseases related to poverty.
B)domestic violence victimization.
C)cardiovascular diseases.
D)diseases from indoor pollution.