Deck 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Question 1

Discuss the chief ideas of Calvinism and show how they were similar to the ideas of Lutheranism. How did they vary from the ideas of Lutheranism? Why did Calvinism become the major international form of Protestantism?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

Would you characterize the Reformation and Counter-Reformation as popular movements or as the result of carefully orchestrated policies formulated by clerical and secular leaders? To what degree did the peoples of Europe make reform, and to what degree did figures of spiritual and temporal authority?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

What impact did Reformation doctrines have on the family and popular religious practices?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
justification

Question 5

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the Peasants' War, 1524

Question 6

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Martin Luther

Question 7

What role did religion play in the wars of the sixteenth century?

Question 8

How did the English Reformation differ from the reformation in other countries? Be sure to mention specific monarchs and acts of Parliament.

Question 9

Did matters of faith or matters of politics play a greater role in the establishment of Lutheranism in Germany?

Question 10

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
indulgences

Question 11

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the Edict of Worms

Question 12

What was Luther's fundamental religious dilemma? Trace the development of this dilemma and how Luther solved it. How did Luther's religious ideas differ from those of Catholicism?

Question 13

What was Christian humanism and how did it help prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation?

Question 14

What were the contributions of the papacy, the Council of Trent, and the Jesuits on the revival of Catholicism?

Question 15

Examine the geographic spread of Protestant denominations and compare them to places of entrenched Catholicism. What can the maps teach you about the relative popularity of these religions?

Question 16

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
pluralism

Question 17

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?

Question 18

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Desiderius Erasmus

Question 19

What were the sources of discontent among the Catholic clergy on the eve of the Reformation? What were the manifestations of popular religious piety on the eve of the Reformation?

Question 20

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Ninety-Five Theses

Question 21

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Ignatius Loyola

Question 22

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Book of Common Prayer

Question 23

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Puritans

Question 24

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Council of Trent

Question 25

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Hapsburg-Valois Wars

Question 26

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Ulrich Zwingli

Question 27

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Act of Supremacy

Question 28

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Huguenots

Question 29

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
John Calvin

Question 30

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Jesuits

Question 31

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
transubstantiation

Question 32

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Philip II

Question 33

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Queen Mary I of England

Question 34

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Charles V

Question 35

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Anabaptists

Question 36

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Catholic Reformation

Question 37

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Peace of Augsburg

Question 38

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes

Question 39

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Suleiman the Magnificent

Question 40

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
predestination

Question 41

What was Luther's view of the sacraments of the Catholic Church?

A)He accepted all seven.
B)He rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper.
C)He claimed marriage as the only true sacrament.
D)He eliminated extreme unction.
E)He eliminated only clerical celibacy.

Question 42

What was true of the newly established Lutheran churches?

A)They mirrored the organization of the Catholic Church.
B)They were state-dominated.
C)They had more female than male members.
D)They were most successful in southern Europe.
E)They only appealed to city dwellers.

Question 43

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over which increasingly popular belief?

A)The Bible had passages that were contradictory.
B)Even with its flaws, the Catholic Church remained legitimate.
C)No amount of good works could guarantee salvation.
D)If God is all-powerful, why should he care about humans?
E)There seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence.

Question 44

Which event precipitated Luther's break with the church?

A)The Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of Purgatory for salvation
B)The increase of Papal taxes on the German peasantry
C)Widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks
D)The declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes
E)The papacy's threat to remove the German emperor

Question 45

Which mystical movement downplayed dogma and emphasized following Jesus' teachings?

A)Augustinians
B)Jesuits
C)Modern Devotion
D)Beguines
E)Order of Erasmusites

Question 46

The early fifteenth-century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

A)John Wycliffe.
B)Erasmus.
C)Ignatius of Loyola.
D)John Calvin.
E)John Hus.

Question 47

To Luther, what was the only source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification?

A)The opinions of scholars
B)The decisions of church councils
C)The authority of the pope
D)The Bible
E)The authority of kings

Question 48

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Spanish Armada

Question 49

How did Erasmus differ from Luther?

A)Unlike Luther, Erasmus believed that the end of days was near.
B)Unlike Erasmus, Luther believed in political equality for all.
C)Unlike Luther, Erasmus did not believe in Bible study.
D)Unlike Luther, Erasmus did not want to dismantle the Catholic Church.
E)Unlike Erasmus, Luther did not want to dismantle the Catholic Church.

Question 50

Which statement best describes the Peasants' War of 1524-1525?

A)It was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B)It furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C)It was praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D)It was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E)It had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.

Question 51

What was the main focus of the Edict of Worms?

A)It contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations.
B)It expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority.
C)It called Luther to appear before Emperor Charles V to recant his "heresies."
D)It made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.
E)It led to Luther's forcible removal to Rome.

Question 52

What was the focus of Luther's pamphlet, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church ?

A)He attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B)He outlined the doctrine of Luther in German.
C)He explained the Lutheran liturgy.
D)He attacked abuses of the Catholic clergy in north Africa.
E)He justified transubstantiation.

Question 53

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the Battle of Lepanto

Question 54

In which statement did Luther focus on the church's abuse of the sale of indulgences?

A)The Ninety-Five Theses
B)His dissertation
C)Address to the Nobility of the German Nation
D)The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
E)On the Freedom of a Christian Man

Question 55

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Elizabeth I

Question 56

Which of the following best characterizes popular religion on the eve of the Reformation?

A)People sought certainty of salvation through a variety of means including the veneration of relics and the purchase of indulgences.
B)There was a marked decline in popular religious piety in the fifteenth century, as only elites exhibited interest in religion.
C)Most ordinary people were actively engaged in grassroots efforts to do away with orthodox beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.
D)Many popular religious movements placed their emphasis not only on Christ but on the teaching of the Old Testament.
E)Most Europeans rejected organized religion in favor of secular Renaissance humanism.

Question 57

In Erasmus's view, which of these qualities is most important?

A)Personal happiness
B)Pleasure
C)Inner piety
D)Political power
E)Material wealth

Question 58

The practice of elite clergy holding multiple church offices at the same time was called

A)pluralism.
B)elitism.
C)absenteeism.
D)clericalism.
E)Hermeticism.

Question 59

The northern Christian humanists

A)wished to continue the complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages.
B)were characterized by their pessimistic view of human nature.
C)did not believe that education could increase personal piety.
D)rejected the simple religion of the early Church.
E)championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

Question 60

The author of Utopia , a satire on European government and society, was

A)Giovanni Boccaccio.
B)Desiderius Erasmus.
C)Thomas à Kepmis.
D)William Shakespeare.
E)Thomas More.

Question 61

How did the religious Peace of Augsburg settle the Lutheran problem?

A)The north of the Main river was Lutheran, and the south was Catholic.
B)Each territory held elections to determine its religion.
C)All of Germany became much more religiously tolerant.
D)Protestants accepted the authority of the papacy.
E)The ruler of each territory determined the religion there.

Question 62

Charles V ruled over an empire that included

A)northern Africa.
B)southern Italy.
C)Ireland.
D)Hungary.
E)northern France.

Question 63

What was one of the beliefs of the Anabaptists?

A)They opposed the practice of baptism.
B)They believed infant baptism only.
C)They emphasized the inequality of believers.
D)They advocated adult baptism.
E)They wanted to peacefully merge with the Calvinists and Lutherans.

Question 64

Which statement best describes the Reformation in England under Henry VIII?

A)It was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.
B)It witnessed the complete transformation of Catholic doctrine.
C)It nearly ended with Thomas Cromwell's mishandling of the treasury.
D)It led to Parliament's formal leadership over the Church of England.
E)It was revoked by his son and successor, Edward V.

Question 65

For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was

A)the opinions of scholars.
B)the decisions of church councils.
C)the authority of the pope.
D)the Bible.
E)the decrees of powerful abbots.

Question 66

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's CHIEF rival was

A)Henry VIII of England.
B)Ludwig II of Bavaria.
C)Charles XII of Sweden.
D)Francis I of France.
E)Pope Clement VII.

Question 67

The Edict of Worms

A)contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations.
B)expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority.
C)called Luther to appear before Emperor Charles V to recant his "heresies."
D)made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.
E)led to Luther's forcible removal to Rome.

Question 68

Millenarianism is the belief that

A)all Christians go to heaven.
B)all priests are impious.
C)the end of the world is imminent.
D)private property among Christians is immoral.
E)the first millennium was superior to the second, from the vantage point of the 16^th century.

Question 69

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from

A)France.
B)the Austrian empire.
C)the League of Cambrai.
D)Muscovy.
E)the Ottoman empire.

Question 70

In which area were Luther's ideas most readily accepted?

A)England
B)France
C)Italy
D)Spain
E)Scandinavia

Question 71

How did Luther respond to the German Peasants' War?

A)Luther called on the pope to intervene.
B)Luther offered to serve as a mediator.
C)Luther refused to take a side.
D)Luther supported the peasants against the lords.
E)Luther supported the lords against the peasants.

Question 72

The primary method of disseminating Luther's ideas was

A)the town crier.
B)gossip and rumor.
C)the state edict.
D)the printed word.
E)the sermon.

Question 73

Which of these events occurred during the reign of Edward VI of England?

A)The English church moved in the direction of Protestantism.
B)The English church moved in the direction of Catholicism.
C)The English monarchy reconciled with the papacy.
D)The Spanish sent an armada to conquer England.
E)The English established important new colonies in the Americas.

Question 74

Who succeeded Henry VIII after his death?

A)Jane Seymour
B)Mary
C)Elizabeth
D)Edward VI
E)Anne Boleyn

Question 75

What development brought about an end to the religious warfare plaguing Germany in the mid-sixteenth century?

A)The Battle of Mühlberg
B)The Battle of Mohács
C)The Peace of Augsburg
D)The Diet of Augsburg
E)The Peace of Geneva

Question 76

Which parliamentary action marked England's official break with the Roman church?

A)Act of Union
B)Six Articles
C)Act of Toleration
D)Act of Succession
E)Act of Supremacy

Question 77

What was one of Charles V's goals?

A)To rule both India and China
B)To conquer England
C)To add Austria to his realm
D)To advance the Lutheran cause
E)To preserve Catholic unity in Europe

Question 78

In the sixteenth century, Switzerland

A)was unified under the firm control of the Holy Roman Empire.
B)was a leader in promoting Renaissance humanist education.
C)became Europe's greatest economic power under the Swiss confederation.
D)was the principal source of religious books in all of Europe.
E)was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.

Question 79

The Swiss religious reformer who established the Protestant Reformation in Zürich was

A)Philip Melanchthon.
B)Jacob Hutter.
C)Ulrich Zwingli.
D)Michael Servetus.
E)John Calvin.

Question 80

How did Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differ from that of Luther?

A)Luther held to the Catholic belief in transubstantiation.
B)Luther said that the ceremony was totally symbolic.
C)Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
D)Luther claimed the ceremony was only symbolic and that no transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
E)Zwingli held to the belief called consubstantiation.