Deck 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Question 1

How did the role of science in society change over the course of the nineteenth century?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Ottoman Empire

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

Compare and contrast slavery in the United States with the serfdom in Imperial Russia. How and why was the abolition of both accomplished, and what consequences followed for former slaves and former serfs?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Compare and contrast Cavour and Garibaldi's vision of a united Italy, as well as Bismarck's goal of a unified Germany. What steps did Cavour, Garibaldi, and Bismarck take to bring about unification in Italy and Germany?

Question 5

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Napoleon III

Question 6

How did the Austrians deal with the problem of Hungarian nationalism in the aftermath of defeat in the Austro-Prussian War?

Question 7

Why was slavery a threat to American unity in the mid-nineteenth century?

Question 8

Compare and contrast the practice of Realpolitik in the leadership of Napoleon III of France and Otto von Bismark of Prussia. What were their strengths and weaknesses as leaders, and what were their achievements?

Question 9

What were the causes and consequences of the Crimean War?

Question 10

In your opinion, what force or forces played the most important role in reviving the progress of European social and political reform in the later nineteenth century?

Question 11

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Crimean War

Question 12

Discuss the reform efforts in Great Britain, Russia and the Austrian Empire from 1850 to 1870. How successful were they?

Question 13

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Realpolitik

Question 14

Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi in the unification of Italy. Whose role was most important and why?

Question 15

How did Marx explain historical change? How did he apply his theory of historical change to the times in which he lived?

Question 16

How did Realism differ from Romanticism? How was Realism a reflection of the economic and social realities of Europe during the middle decades of the nineteenth century?

Question 17

How did the expansion of scientific knowledge affect the Western worldview and the everyday lives of Europeans during the mid-nineteenth century? How does this expansion of scientific knowledge differ from that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 18

How did Napoleon III respond to mounting opposition in the 1860s? How successful was he in maintaining power and control? How did his foreign policy contribute to the unification of Italy and Germany

Question 19

How would you explain Britain's relative political stability in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Question 20

What were the consequences of the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861? What were the limits of their newly acquired freedom?

Question 21

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Count Otto von Bismarck

Question 22

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Louis Pasteur

Question 23

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Benjamin Disraeli

Question 24

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Dual Monarchy

Question 25

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
zemstvos

Question 26

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Count Camillo di Cavour

Question 27

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Realism

Question 28

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
"iron and blood"

Question 29

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
"First International"

Question 30

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
proletariat

Question 31

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Dmitri Mendeleyev

Question 32

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary

Question 33

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Franco-Prussian War

Question 34

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

Question 35

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Giuseppe Garibaldi

Question 36

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Michael Faraday

Question 37

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Karl Marx

Question 38

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Florence Nightingale

Question 39

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Charles Darwin

Question 40

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Reform Act of 1867

Question 41

What was one of Napoleon III's great domestic projects?

A)The building of the Eiffel Tower
B)The rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame
C)The reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities
D)The damming of the Seine River below Paris for flood control
E)The construction of the Maginot Line against German militarism

Question 42

What was an overall result of the Crimean War?

A)The maintenance of peace in Europe until World War I
B)Continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades
C)Increased involvement for Great Britain in continental affairs
D)The destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification
E)The breakup of the Holy Alliance

Question 43

The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when

A)Garibaldi's Red Shirts defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
B)Savoy was defeated with the aid of Prussian troops.
C)Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.
D)Piedmont took control of Lombardy as a result of French abandonment of Venice.
E)the pope renounced any territorial claims in all of Italy.

Question 44

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Charles Dickens

Question 45

Among the policies of Camillo di Cavour was all of the following EXCEPT

A)encouraging the development of roads, canals, and railroads in Piedmont.
B)fostering business enterprise by expanding credit.
C)stimulating investment in new industries.
D)securing an alliance with Napoleon III.
E)dramatically reducing government expenditures on the military.

Question 46

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers

Question 47

After the disappointments of 1848-1849, many Italian nationalists turned to ____ for leadership in the unification of northern Italy.

A)Florence
B)Piedmont
C)Austria
D)Naples
E)Britain

Question 48

In which area did Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occur?

A)The Crimea
B)Italy
C)Palestine
D)Schleswig-Holstein
E)Mexico

Question 49

For whom did the Red Shirts fight?

A)Bismarck
B)Cavour
C)Garibaldi
D)Mazzini
E)Marx

Question 50

Who was the dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification?

A)France
B)Spain
C)Papal States
D)Savoy
E)Austria

Question 51

In 1852 the Second Empire in France was created

A)through the assassination of Louis Napoleon.
B)when the army overthrew the Republic in a coup.
C)when the National Assembly voluntarily disbanded.
D)through a bloody revolution in Paris.
E)when French voters overwhelmingly voted for the restoration of the empire.

Question 52

Otto von Bismarck belonged to which class?

A)the working class
B)the industrial middle class
C)the Junker class
D)the gentry
E)the lower middle class

Question 53

Who was the romantic nationalist who challenged Cavour for control of southern Italy?

A)Matteotti
B)Mazzini
C)Garibaldi
D)Sforza
E)Cavour

Question 54

What was Napoleon III most interested in during the Second Empire?

A)Fostering the industrial development of France
B)Avoiding wars and foreign adventures
C)Enhancing civil liberties like free speech
D)Encouraging people to get involved in politics
E)Enhancing the position of the Catholic Church in French culture

Question 55

In 1699, the Ottoman Empire lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia to

A)Egypt.
B)Russia.
C)Greece.
D)Austria.
E)Prussia.

Question 56

Which country's incursions into the Black Sea prompted England and France to enter the Crimean War in 1854?

A)Russia
B)Turkey
C)Germany
D)Austria
E)The United States

Question 57

Who was the prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement?

A)Giuseppe Mazzini
B)Giuseppe Garibaldi
C)Camillo di Cavour
D)Victor Emmanuel
E)the Duke of Alba

Question 58

Why was Prussia more likely than Austria to provide leadership in the cause of German unification?

A)Prussia lacked a strong military.
B)Austria had few ethnic Germans living within its borders.
C)Prussia was more ethnically and culturally homogenous than the Austrian Empire.
D)Prussia was a large multinational empire.
E)Prussia had lagged behind the rest of Europe in industrialization.

Question 59

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,

A)instituted the Zollverein , the German customs union that drove industrial development.
B)followed a rigid plan for national unification at all costs.
C)was a liberal from lower class origins who used politics to achieve his reform goals.
D)practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
E)relied upon the diplomatic and military support of the Habsburgs in the Austro-Prussian War.

Question 60

Which country did Piedmont align with during the Italian War of 1859?

A)Russia
B)England
C)Austria
D)Prussia
E)France

Question 61

What convinced Tsar Alexander II that reform was necessary?

A)Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War
B)A mutiny in the Russian navy
C)Socialist victories in the Russian Duma
D)Defeat in the Crimean War
E)Serious social upheaval in Russia

Question 62

What was a result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War?

A)The incorporation of Austria into the North German Confederation
B)A harsh treaty against Austria that reduced it to a second-rate power
C)The Prussian liberals' disgust over Bismarck's unscrupulous policies
D)The exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation
E)The immediate establishment of the German Empire

Question 63

During the Franco-Prussian War

A)Napoleon III successfully defended the French homeland.
B)the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
C)Bismarck allowed the Prussian army to fall into a subordinate position.
D)a military standoff resulted between the two great armies.
E)a truce was finally agreed to, giving Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, while France gained Schleswig and Holstein.

Question 64

What was one of the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867?

A)The outbreak of mass strikes by industrial workers in Britain
B)A large increase in the number of voters
C)The emergence of female suffrage movements in other European countries
D)The freeing of the last British serfs on northern landed estates
E)The incorporation of India into the British Empire

Question 65

What did the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867 achieve?

A)It created a loose federation of ethnic states within the Austrian Empire.
B)It freed the serfs and eliminated compulsory labor services with the Austrian Empire.
C)It made Austria part of the North German Confederation.
D)It granted the Czechs and Slovenes home-rule.
E)It created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Question 66

In which city was William I proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in 1871?

A)Berlin
B)Frankfort
C)Paris
D)Versailles
E)Rome

Question 67

Which two states did German nationalists believe were powerful enough to achieve the unification of Germany?

A)Austria and Prussia
B)Austria and Poland
C)Austria and France
D)Prussia and Italy
E)Italy and France

Question 68

What were the Russian zemstvos ?

A)Radical, populist societies that supported all revolutionary causes
B)Local assemblies with limited self-governing powers
C)Agreements between peasants and landlords concerning work rules
D)The emancipation proclamations that set groups of serfs free
E)Russia's two national parliaments, one in Moscow and the other in St. Petersburg

Question 69

As a consequence of its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to

A)abandon Algeria.
B)give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
C)demilitarize.
D)agree to an defensive alliance with Prussia.
E)give up its Asian colonies.

Question 70

Bismarck is best seen as a

A)realist.
B)romantic.
C)war monger.
D)classical liberal.
E)republican idealist.

Question 71

From 1862 to 1866, Bismarck governed Prussia by

A)courting labor unions and the working class.
B)working closely with opposition politicians.
C)popular referendum.
D)ignoring parliament.
E)ignoring King William I.

Question 72

A dispute over ____ sparked the Franco-Prussian War.

A)alleged debts
B)colonial prerogatives
C)trade and commerce
D)territorial waters
E)the Spanish throne

Question 73

Around what issue did the reforms of Tsar Alexander II center?

A)Government sponsorship of popular societies like the Bolsheviks
B)Improvements in the military
C)The abolition of serfdom
D)The formation of local, self-governing assemblies called "dumas"
E)Nationalizing all the lands of Russia, putting them under state control

Question 74

Vera Zasulich's successful use of violence against the tsarist regime in Russia led

A)Karl Marx to write positively about the role of women in revolution.
B)to her public denunciation by the reform group Land and Freedom.
C)to her execution as a traitor.
D)to the assassination of Tsar Alexander II by radicals known as the People's Will.
E)to her exile to Great Britain.

Question 75

On January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia was proclaimed

A)supreme leader.
B)kaiser.
C)king.
D)tsar.
E)pontiff.

Question 76

After emancipation, who was responsible for paying for the land given to freed serfs?

A)The tsar's government
B)The Russian people as a whole
C)The former landowner
D)The village commune
E)Individual landowners

Question 77

What was the historical significance of Prussian leadership during German unification?

A)It marked a new era of peaceful European interstate relations.
B)It marked the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.
C)Austrian bureaucrats would have new opportunities to shape the political culture of the new German Empire.
D)True parliamentary democracy would triumph in the new German state.
E)It marked a new era of peace in Europe.

Question 78

The Zollverein describes

A)the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.
B)a conservative German nationalist group bent on unification of the country.
C)the lower house of the Prussian parliament.
D)Bismarck's liberal reform program.
E)Prussian Black Shirts, who led the German unification movement.

Question 79

The Danish War was fought over

A)control of the Baltic Sea.
B)Alsace-Lorraine.
C)the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
D)Saxony and Mecklenburg.
E)Bavaria.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT true of the Dual Monarchy?

A)Austria and Hungary had a single monarch.
B)Ethnic minorities in both Austria and Hungary experienced reduced repression at the hands of dominant ethnic groups.
C)Austria and Hungary each had a constitution and a capital.
D)Austria and Hungary had independent bicameral legislatures.
E)Austria and Hungary were bound together through a common army and foreign policy.