Deck 5: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by

A) growing anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities in universities.
B) the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C) sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D) a return of monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E) an intense pessimism about the possibility of human progress.

Answer 1

the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

Question 2

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

A) Voltaire.
B) Denis Diderot.
C) David Hume.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) Bernard de Fontenelle.

Answer 2

Bernard de Fontenelle.

Question 3

The works of Fontenelle

A) popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
B) portray churches as allies of scientific progress.
C) discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters.
D) question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.
E) advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was more liberal.

Answer 3

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

Question 4

In her A  Vindication of the Rights of Woman , Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment was based on the ideal that reason is innate in all human beings, including women.

Question 5

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

A) the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
B) the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
C) a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
D) rigorous state control of all forms of education.
E) the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

Question 6

The French philosophes

A) flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B) sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
C) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D) supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E) were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 7

The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was

A) Immanuel Kant.
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
C) Voltaire.
D) Baron d'Holbach.
E) Denis Diderot.

Question 8

Denis Diderot was an ardent Christian.

Question 9

John Locke influenced the eighteenth-century Enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa.

Question 10

Mozart's most famous piece was his Saint Matthew's Passion .

Question 11

The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.

Question 12

Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace.

Question 13

Published travel accounts of different cultures

A) presented an image of "natural man" who was happier than many Europeans.
B) saw the origin of the idea of the "noble savage."
C) led to the development of cultural relativism.
D) resulted in religious skepticism, as Europeans realized the existence of a variety of perceptions of the divine.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 14

The eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on the pagan religion practices and sexual excesses of the Roman Empire.

Question 15

Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations was a forceful rejection of the doctrine of laissez-faire .

Question 16

Rousseau, whose novel Émile emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.

Question 17

John Locke's tabula rasa refers to

A) the temple of reason.
B) a heart of love.
C) the image of God.
D) a blank mind.
E) the table of tradition.

Question 18

Isaac Newton and John Locke

A) created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B) provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C) claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D) said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the Scientific Revolution was justified.
E) had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 19

"Pietism" refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.

Question 20

The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in an explicit attempt to question and undermine religion.

Question 21

According to The Social Contract , the "general will" was

A) a meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason.
B) derived from the law of supply and demand.
C) a license to do as one pleased.
D) a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
E) identical to Locke's social contract.

Question 22

Montesquieu's Persian Letters

A) expressed his admiration of Islam and the East.
B) was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia.
C) was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
D) was first written in Latin but later translated into French.
E) was published first in Italy.

Question 23

According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was

A) divine-right monarchy.
B) marriage.
C) religion.
D) scientific experimentation.
E) private property.

Question 24

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

A) Condorcet.
B) Holbach.
C) Quesnay.
D) Arouet.
E) Danton.

Question 25

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Marie Antoinette.
C) Mary Astell.
D) Catherine the Great.
E) the Marquise du Chatelet.

Question 26

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

A) Denis Diderot.
B) Adam Smith.
C) François Quesnay.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) David Hume.

Question 27

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

A) scientific theism.
B) an abandonment of the scientific method.
C) intellectual stagnation.
D) the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
E) the emergence of the "science of man."

Question 28

Deism is the belief that

A) religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B) if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C) God created the universe but does not actively run it
D) a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E) praying matters.

Question 29

Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?

A) Baron Paul d'Holbach
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Denis Diderot
D) Francois Quesnay
E) Voltaire

Question 30

In The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

A) the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
B) the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
C) power is divided between the three branches of government.
D) the nobility is uninvolved.
E) all government resources are focused on military power.

Question 31

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Beatrice Williams.
C) Mary Astell.
D) Princess Amelia of Austria.
E) Maria Cavendish.

Question 32

Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true?

A) Salons were literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
B) As hostesses of salons, women were able to influence artistic and literary taste.
C) Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials.
D) The reputation of a salon depended upon the men a hostess was able to attract.
E) The perception that women exerted undue influence on politics led to the decline of salons.

Question 33

Voltaire was the author of

A) Treatise on Toleration .
B) Persian Letters
C) Spirit of the Laws.
D) Principia
E) None of these are correct.

Question 34

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

A) Geneva.
B) Berlin.
C) London.
D) Vienna.
E) Paris.

Question 35

Rousseau's influential novel, Émile , deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

A) proper child rearing and human education.
B) the best roles for women in making modern society.
C) the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament.
D) the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons.
E) the evils of child abuse.

Question 36

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

A) the German monarchical system.
B) the separation of church and state.
C) religious intolerance.
D) Plato and the Greeks.
E) Chinese civilization.

Question 37

The French philosophes mostly included people from

A) the nobility and the middle class.
B) the lower class and the lower middle class.
C) aristocracy and nobility.
D) urban artisans and craftsmen.
E) the universities.

Question 38

Adam Smith believed that government

A) should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
B) set prices across the board to maintain stability.
C) should encourage people to share and help each other.
D) has a responsibility to the people to manage the economy.
E) is not necessary and should be eliminated entirely.

Question 39

The Encyclopedia

A) was a major tool in the attack of conservatives on Enlightenment ideals.
B) was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes.
C) sought to expose the dangers of religious toleration.
D) was subsidized in twelve separate editions by the French government.
E) failed to popularize its contents because its high price restricted its audience.

Question 40

The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia , according to him, was to

A) get the uneducated masses to respect authority.
B) usher in God's kingdom on earth.
C) dispute the claims of science.
D) exacerbate the hedonism of his peers.
E) change the general way of thinking.

Question 41

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

A) carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court.
B) less severe than the crime would merit.
C) the responsibility of the army.
D) public and very gruesome.
E) carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace.

Question 42

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

A) enormous impact of the publishing industry.
B) decline of French as an international language.
C) decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel.
D) increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons.
E) complete freedom of the press.

Question 43

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

A) epic poetry.
B) autobiography.
C) novels.
D) short stories.
E) histories of the Middle Ages.

Question 44

European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with

A) Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.
B) Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers.
C) the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn.
D) the innovative, secular compositions of Bach.
E) the neoclassical works of Beethoven.

Question 45

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was

A) beer.
B) whiskey.
C) wine.
D) mead.
E) gin.

Question 46

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

A) declined in numbers and influence.
B) still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
C) were responsible for the dramatic rise in literacy.
D) had not changed much in two centuries.
E) were legally separated from any state or government connections.

Question 47

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was

A) Anne Stuart.
B) Mary Astell.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) Jane Austin.
E) Maria Cavendish.

Question 48

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

A) were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration.
B) were most persecuted in France and Poland.
C) were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.
D) won the right to publicly practice their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.
E) were restricted to ghettos in all European states.

Question 49

The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized

A) the pleasure and joy of aristocratic life.
B) the simplicity of rural life.
C) the desperate poverty of cities.
D) the piety of the French clergy.
E) the majesty of French kings.

Question 50

The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was

A) Antoine Watteau.
B) Balthasar Neumann.
C) Jacques-Louis David.
D) Rembrandt.
E) Caspar David Friedrich.

Question 51

The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

A) confined to France.
B) expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach.
C) evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
D) characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power.
E) more severe and mathematical than the Baroque.

Question 52

The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of

A) private tutors.
B) magazines for the general public.
C) compulsory education for the general public.
D) state investments in free books.
E) libraries.

Question 53

The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism

A) was founded by Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf.
B) was particularly popular in the Holy Roman Empire.
C) was critical of emotional mysticism and religious enthusiasm.
D) became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 54

The eighteenth-century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

A) Bach's St. Matthew's Passion .
B) Haydn's The Seasons .
C) Handel's Messiah .
D) Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro .
E) Wagner's The Ring cycle.

Question 55

Pogroms were

A) parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians.
B) instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
C) special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim.
D) special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim.
E) treaties offering Jews economic liberties.

Question 56

By the end of the eighteenth century

A) a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began.
B) corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
C) criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased.
D) the death penalty was abolished in western Europe.
E) None of these are correct.

Question 57

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with

A) Voltaire.
B) Diderot.
C) Montesquieu.
D) Hume.
E) Beccaria.

Question 58

The eighteenth-century composer considered to be the most innovative who composed the opera  The Marriage of Figaro was

A) Bach.
B) Handel.
C) Haydn.
D) Beethoven.
E) Mozart.

Question 59

Johann Sebastian Bach

A) was best known for his cantatas and motets.
B) became a close German confidant of Voltaire.
C) produced religious music as a way to worship God.
D) was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century.
E) composed Messiah.

Question 60

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

A) Christmas.
B) Easter.
C) Lent.
D) Pentecost.
E) All Saints.

Question 61

Talk about:
Pierre Bayle

Question 62

Talk about:
philosophes

Question 63

Talk about:
François Quesnay

Question 64

Talk about:
cosmopolitan

Question 65

Talk about:
David Hume and the "science of man"

Question 66

Talk about:
Bernard de Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds

Question 67

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?

A) Scotland and Ireland
B) France and Austria
C) Italy and Spain
D) Sweden and Poland
E) England and Germany

Question 68

Talk about:
Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 69

Talk about:
deism

Question 70

Talk about:
skepticism

Question 71

Talk about:
cultural relativism

Question 72

Talk about:
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 73

Talk about:
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Question 74

Talk about:
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and tabula rasa

Question 75

Talk about:
Physiocrats

Question 76

Talk about:
Enlightenment

Question 77

Talk about:
Immanuel Kant

Question 78

Talk about:
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and the separation of powers

Question 79

Talk about:
James Cook's Travels

Question 80

Talk about:
laissez-faire