Deck 13: The Islamic World, 1600-1917

Question 1

What is credited with altering the balance of power in Europe's favor over the Muslim world?

A)the Holy League
B)the advent of gunpowder as a weapon
C)superior European armies
D)the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
E)Western imperialism

Answer 1

the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

Question 2

What was the result of the 1807 uprising in the Ottoman Empire?

A)deposed Selim and temporarily set back reforms
B)brought Mahmud I to power
C)brought on the Tanzimat reforms
D)ended in the Rose Chamber Rescript
E)allowed the Young Ottomans to push for political liberalism

Answer 2

deposed Selim and temporarily set back reforms

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

A)reduced quality of the sultans
B)shift in economic trade routes
C)eroded military loyalties to the central government
D)fell behind the West in technology
E)territorial expansion occurred too rapidly

Answer 3

territorial expansion occurred too rapidly

Question 4

What does the term the Mahdi mean in English?

A)the Prophet
B)the New Order
C)the Expected One
D)the Unbelievers
E)the Community of God

Question 5

Which geographical area was referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe"?

A)France
B)Ottoman Empire
C)Safavid Empire
D)Russia
E)Mughal Empire

Question 6

How did the Ottomans react to attempts by the grand vizier to reform the weakening empire's military in the 1730s?

A)The Ottomans revolted and executed the grand vizier.
B)The Ottomans adopted the reforms rather rapidly.
C)The Ottomans were indifferent to the reforms.
D)The Ottomans were embarrassed by their backwardness.
E)The Ottomans developed a liberal society that soon industrialized.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best describes Sultan Abdul Aziz?

A)a liberal reformer
B)a conservative who wanted to move slowly toward modernization
C)a reactionary who tried to stop the reform movement
D)independent and out of touch with the majority will
E)a nationalist who said Westernization would encourage nationalism

Question 8

Which of the Ottoman viceroys of Egypt is known for his modernization of the armed forces and his longevity as a ruler?

A)Abdul Aziz
B)Ibn Saud
C)Muhammad Ali Pasha
D)Ismail
E)Muhammad Ahmad

Question 9

Who was the first Ottoman ruler to implement far-reaching and successful reforms?

A)Selim III
B)Mahmud II
C)Abdul Mejid
D)Abdul Aziz
E)Abdul Hamid II

Question 10

Following 1603, what action did the Ottoman sultan take that affected his sons?

A)He had his sons sent to foreign countries for education.
B)He had his sons killed or banished so they wouldn't threaten his reign.
C)He gave his sons small plots of land so they could practice farming and herding animals.
D)He had his sons raised in the harem instead of participating in military service.
E)He put his sons under the care of the ulama for religious training.

Question 11

Which of the following was the first Islamic state to attempt modernizing?

A)Safavids
B)Ottomans
C)Mughals
D)Qajars
E)Majlis

Question 12

Which of the following was NOT a Muslim response to outside pressures in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

A)Arab nationalism
B)open warfare
C)ignoring or rejecting
D)accommodation
E)Islamic fundamentalism

Question 13

Who rebelled against the Mughal Empire?

A)Qajars
B)Marathas
C)Madhi
D)ulama
E)Tanzimat

Question 14

What is the term for the militant and violent reform movement begun in the 1700s during a crisis in the Islamic religion?

A)Sufism
B)Wahhabism
C)pan-Arabism
D)Salafis movement
E)jihadism

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT considered a strength of the Ottoman Empire?

A)a commitment to justice for all
B)tolerance for nonbelievers
C)an efficient tax system
D)government depended solely on the sultan and grand vizier
E)government had a good control of provincial authorities

Question 16

Abdul Hamid II is noted for having initiated an alignment between his empire and which European nation?

A)Germany
B)France
C)Austria-Hungary
D)Russia
E)Britain

Question 17

What is the English translation of the Arabic phrase Dar al-Harb ?

A)the community of believers
B)the unbelievers
C)Islamic warriors
D)prosperous merchants
E)governing council

Question 18

What was the military junta setup to replace the Ottoman sultan in 1909 called?

A)Rose Chamber Rescript
B)the Tanzimat
C)the Young Ottomans
D)Committee of Public Safety
E)Committee for Union and Progress

Question 19

On what society did Muhammad Ali Pasha model his reforms?

A)French
B)British
C)American
D)German
E)Austrian

Question 20

Why did the Safavid rulers disappear as a dynasty by the 1700s?

A)The Safavids' centralized bureaucratic empire was authoritarian.
B)The military was too weak to compete with other Muslim and Western empires.
C)The Safavids were invaded by the Iraqis.
D)The Safavids could not overcome their tribal alliances.
E)The Safavids were suffocated by their bureaucracy.

Question 21

A British monopoly on what Iranian cash crops led to a serious political crisis?

A)tobacco
B)opium
C)coffee
D)tea
E)cotton

Question 22

What was the main method Egypt used to modernize?

A)modern Western-style schools and public health system
B)the adoption of fundamentalist Islam
C)foreign investment particularly from European countries
D)training the military using the English model
E)territorial expansion

Question 23

As rector of the most renowned mosque university in Egypt, ____________________ encouraged moderate reforms and some new subjects for their education.

Question 24

In which areas did the concept of pan-Arabism begin to gain strength in the 19th century among Christians?

A)Egypt and Syria
B)Sudan and Ethiopia
C)Lebanon and Jordan
D)Egypt and Lebanon
E)Palestine and Egypt

Question 25

In the early 1900s, which ruler used his secret police to suppress the leaders of the pan-Arab movement?

A)Abdul Hamid II
B)Muhammad Abdul
C)Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
D)Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
E)Shah Muzaffar ad-Din

Question 26

The supreme legal authority in Egypt carried the title of the ____________________.

Question 27

Who was the Islamic theologian who inspired Wahhabism?

A)Ibn Taymiyya
B)Ibn Saud
C)Ibn Ábd al-Wahhab
D)Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
E)Muzaffer ad-Din

Question 28

The leaders of Iran after the Safavids were known as the ____________________.

Question 29

____________________    did away with the Janissary corps, banned Sufi brotherhoods, and seized funds from the ulama.

Question 30

The Arabic term for a community of God is  ____________________.

Question 31

What was the purpose of the Rose Chamber Rescript?

A)Reinforced that Islam could only continue to exist if its followers adhered strictly to the  Qur'an  and the oral traditions concerning Muhammad.
B)Reinforced the only acceptable model for Islam was the primitive Islamic community as it existed in Mecca during Muhammad's time.
C)Declared the legal equality of all subjects regardless of religion or ethnicity.
D)Ordered every person outside Arabia must be either converted to Wahhabism or killed.
E)Replaced the sultanate with a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system.

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the Majlis?

A)The military organization of the Mughals.
B)The moral law of most Islamic societies.
C)The prime minister in the Ottoman empire.
D)The Safavid representative in Europe.
E)The Iranian National Assembly.

Question 33

Military problems worsened for the Ottoman Empire after the ____________________ were allowed to settle down in one place and marry.

Question 34

Islamic zealots instituted ____________________ to maintain moral order.

Question 35

The ____________________ was a group of young intellectuals and journalists who were pressing the sultan to liberalize Ottoman society.

Question 36

For what did the Salafi movement advocate?

A)It called for any obstacles to Islam be moved by persuasion and force, if necessary.
B)It called for a primitive Islamic community like the one founded in the early days of Muhammad.
C)It called for a rejection of blind obedience to religious tradition.
D)It called for the creation of an independent Arab-speaking nation covering much of the Middle East.
E)It called for a return to the 10th century when the Muslims had free intellectual inquiry and study of sciences.

Question 37

By the 1500s, ____________________ and ____________________ were the only ports in India where Europeans were allowed.

Question 38

Under Muhammad Ali Pasha, ____________________ played a major role in Egypt's modernization.

Question 39

Which of the following statements best describes the Mahdiyya ?

A)A rebellion that combined national resistance to foreign rule and fundamentalist reaction against innovations.
B)A jihad to purge Islam of Sufis, Shi'ites, and others who believed innovations were causing the decline of Islam.
C)The enforcers of obedience who maintained moral order.
D)A movement that destroyed objectionable innovations including the Prophet Muhammad's grave marker.
E)A movement to return Islam to the time of intellectual inquiry and study of sciences.

Question 40

Who is considered the founder of the Ottoman Empire?

A)Osman
B)Suleiman
C)Selim the Sot
D)Mahmud II
E)Abdul Majid

Question 41

Compare and contrast reform attempts prior to World War I that were instituted by the ruling elites of the Islamic societies.

Question 42

Term for identification: Osman

Question 43

Term for identification: Wahhabism

Question 44

Term for identification: Young Ottomans

Question 45

Term for identification: Shaykh Muhammad Abduh

Question 46

Describe the differences and similarities of the Safavid and Mughal empires including the role geography, politics, war, and religion played in the different empires.

Question 47

Term for identification: Muhammad Ali Pasha

Question 48

Term for identification: pan-Arabism

Question 49

Using examples, describe the social and intellectual responses by the Islamic world to Western ideas and imperialism.

Question 50

Term for identification: Salafi movement

Question 51

Term for identification: Tanzimat Reforms

Question 52

Explain what led to the decline of the Muslim world including the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires.

Question 53

Compare and contrast the major social, religious, and intellectual responses to developments in the Islamic world prior to World War I.

Question 54

Term for identification: Rose Chamber Rescript

Question 55

Which Islamic leader best handled the challenge from the West? Why? Defend your answer with examples.

Question 56

Term for identification: the Mahdi