Deck 17: The Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Frank W. Woolworth's Woolworth outlets were originally called "five and tens," meaning that almost all of the goods were priced at either a nickel or a dime.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Jay Gould and J. Pierpont Morgan specialized in:

A)forming groups of rich men called syndicates.
B)designing and constructing skyscrapers.
C)using the Bessemer process to produce steel on a large scale.
D)implementing bureaucratic models within organizations.
E)creating jobs for women in the patriarchal business world.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The "Big Four" businessmen who left New York, went to California, and led the construction of the western railroads included all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Leland Stanford.
B)Jay Gould.
C)Collis Huntington.
D)Charles Crocker.
E)Mark Hopkins.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

John D. Rockefeller consolidated refining operations in Cleveland and ruthlessly drove down the costs of producing usable commodities. His success can thus be attributed to _____.

A)joint ventures
B)tapered integration
C)vertical integration
D)horizontal integration
E)acquisitions

Question 5

The Homestead Steel Factory was set up by the directors of the Union Pacific in 1867 to build part of the transcontinental railroad.

Question 6

By 1900, Andrew Carnegie had built the largest steel company in the world and produced more than 25 percent of the steel used in the United States.

Question 7

Railroad workers in West Virginia went on strike and froze most of the country's train traffic to demonstrate their resentment against long working hours.

Question 8

As the Industrial Revolution progressed in America, all of the following occurred EXCEPT:

A)the rapid growth of cities.
B)the formation of small, localized island communities.
C)domination of the American economy by large-scale corporate firms.
D)a decrease in the importance of family businesses.
E)a shift from farming to factory labor.

Question 9

Before the Industrial Revolution, businessmen notified people about the availability of goods by:

A)word-of-mouth marketing.
B)holding weekly meetings at public gatherings.
C)sending messengers to customers' houses.
D)making announcements over loudspeakers.
E)printing announcements in local newspapers.

Question 10

Illegal land grants made the massive expansion of railroads possible during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 11

By threatening to take his business to competitors, Rockefeller forced several railroad officials to offer him rebates on every barrel he shipped.

Question 12

Which of the following inventions did Thomas Edison create the first commercially successful version of in the year 1879?

A)The steam engine
B)The incandescent lightbulb
C)The telephone
D)The mechanized elevator
E)The typewriter

Question 13

The _____ can be defined as a transformation in the way goods were made and sold, as American businessmen between 1865 and 1915 used continuing technological breakthroughs and creative financing to bring greater efficiency to their businesses.

A)Renaissance
B)American Revolution
C)Industrial Revolution
D)Great Depression
E)Great Recession

Question 14

Robber barons were leaders who took control of their industry's development.

Question 15

National railroad network construction began in 1918, after World War I ended.

Question 16

Andrew Carnegie made his fortune with the help of the Bessemer converter, which:

A)refined crude oil into gasoline, diesel, and lubricants.
B)employed the assembly line technique for rapid manufacturing processes.
C)identified large coal deposits as far as 2,000 feet below the ground.
D)transformed large quantities of iron ore into steel by using extremely hot air.
E)could roll up to 200 cigarettes in less than a minute.

Question 17

Elisha Otis invented the mechanized elevator in 1853.

Question 18

The central industries of the Industrial Revolution were railroads, steel, and _____.

A)coal
B)electric cables
C)cloth manufacturing
D)cotton
E)petroleum

Question 19

The Haymarket Riot was the major contributor to the demise of the Knights of Labor.

Question 20

Carl is the owner of a steel plant. His company works on the principle of vertical integration. This implies that:

A)he shares his profit with other companies.
B)he buys raw materials from other companies.
C)he controls everything from raw materials to finished products.
D)his organization is weighed down by a high level of bureaucracy.
E)his organization has taken over its competitors to lower costs and competition.

Question 21

Which of the following was an innovative marketing technique used by the National Biscuit Company (Nabisco)to sell its product?

A)Discounted pricing
B)Celebrity branding
C)Sealed packaging
D)Free shipping
E)Point cards

Question 22

All of the following are examples of environmental damage that occurred during the early Industrial Revolution EXCEPT:

A)drilling for petroleum that damaged the soil.
B)burning coal that gave off dangerous gases.
C)destruction of Yellowstone National Park, which led to soil erosion.
D)railroad tracks cutting through undeveloped landscapes.
E)hydraulic mining that severely damaged the land.

Question 23

The three most harmful business practices during the Industrial Revolution were monopolization, price gouging, and _____.

A)environmental damage
B)mass-production
C)restrictive trade
D)credit financing
E)insurance fraud

Question 24

By the turn of the nineteenth century, 20 percent of the industrial workforce in America was _____.

A)black
B)unemployed
C)educated
D)skilled
E)female

Question 25

Harold was a laborer who worked in a textile company in America after the Civil War. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Harold?

A)Harold worked under too many safety regulations.
B)Harold did not have any job security.
C)Harold paid most of his wages in taxes.
D)Harold could obtain medical benefits in case he fell sick.
E)Harold earned more than 40 cents a day.

Question 26

_____ was a nickname given by the machine politicians to Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the 1884 election.

A)Whistleblowers
B)Goo-goos
C)Mugwumps
D)Turncoats
E)Bigwigs

Question 27

Social Darwinism states that:

A)companies, unlike organisms, do not evolve.
B)each company goes through four organizational life cycles.
C)"survival of the fittest" extends to the business realm.
D)a company is not successful until its customers are completely satisfied.
E)"a thirst for innovation" alone ensures the longevity of an organization.

Question 28

During the Industrial Revolution in America, the _____ industry in particular relied almost completely upon women and children.

A)petroleum
B)textile
C)chemical
D)steel
E)food

Question 29

The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved:

A)railroads.
B)bribes.
C)congressmen.
D)company stocks.
E)all of the above.

Question 30

Protestant individualism, which provided intellectual justification for the actions of the leaders of the Industrial Revolution, argued that economic problems:

A)were insignificant when compared to reformation of society.
B)could be tackled if the rich worked hand in hand with the poor.
C)were rooted in political corruption.
D)were an inevitable part of a revolution.
E)stemmed from a person's actions or inactions.

Question 31

Rockefeller monopolized the petroleum industry by:

A)controlling all oil drilling rigs in the country.
B)investing in technologically advanced equipment that produced refined petroleum.
C)bribing officials to spread his business across borders.
D)establishing regional outlets that undersold well-established companies.
E)employing cheap labor who worked long hours at minimum wage.

Question 32

The emergence of advertising and _____ helped create a consumer culture in America's cities.

A)wholesale marketing
B)national chain stores
C)target marketing
D)suburban supermarkets
E)convenience stores

Question 33

The _____ of 1883 created for the first time a class of federal jobs that was not entirely controlled by political patronage.

A)Customs Act
B)Pendleton Act
C)Ten Hour Act
D)Indemnity Act
E)The Factory Act

Question 34

Which of the following was a key consequence of the political devotion to the needs of business instead of the needs of the working classes during the Industrial Revolution in America?

A)An increase in the standard of living of the middle class citizens
B)The eradication of unemployment as job opportunities increased
C)Glorification of the image of corrupt politicians
D)A dramatic decline in attention to the treatment of African Americans
E)Major civil unrest in the states over the state of affairs

Question 35

The owners of _____ were tried for manslaughter because the foremen had bolted the exits when a massive fire broke out in the factory, leading to the death of 146 workers.

A)Philadelphia's Wanamaker's
B)New York's Macy's
C)the Standard Oil Company
D)the Triangle Shirtwaist Company
E)the National Biscuit Company

Question 36

Which of the following is a true statement about the Tweed Ring?

A)It regarded politics as an opportunity to get rich while providing favors to the urban underclass.
B)It was a political organization that helped immigrants in exchange for votes.
C)It was a non-profit organization that fought for equal rights of African American women.
D)It predicted that the Industrial Revolution would spell doom for the poor.
E)It supported many small businesses by providing them loans without interest.

Question 37

Which of the following is a true statement about the plight of workers in America between 1880 and 1900?

A)An average of 35,000 workers died each year on the assembly line.
B)They were hired for cheap labor but were later forced into slavery.
C)They worked long hours in cotton fields to increase production.
D)They faced unemployment and poverty as machines replaced them.
E)A large number of women were replaced by men who could work long hours.

Question 38

In 1890, Nathaniel, the owner of a textile mill, refused to employ Jacob because Jacob's name was on the blacklist circulating among businessmen at that time. This implies that Jacob was a(n)_____.

A)union activist
B)ex-convict
C)mugwump
D)impostor
E)African slave

Question 39

Francis, a rich businessman during the Industrial Revolution, employed 700 workers in his factory that produced wrought iron. However, he suffered frequent losses because of labor unions holding strikes and obstructing production. Which of the following would have helped Francis gain better control over his workforce?

A)The Wagner Act
B)The Norris-La Guardia Act
C)The Contract Labor Law
D)A Laissez-faire
E)A yellow dog contract

Question 40

Which of the following states was most likely controlled by Republicans during the Industrial Revolution in America?

A)Alabama
B)South Carolina
C)Texas
D)North Dakota
E)California

Question 41

A craft union was a union of _____, the type of union assembled under the American Federation of Labor.

A)skilled laborers
B)farm hands
C)immigrant workers
D)different ethnic groups
E)bankers and lawyers

Question 42

Anarcho-syndicalism, a political theory that emerged in the 1900s, sought to use labor activism to overthrow _____.

A)the capitalist system
B)the government
C)machine politicians
D)the syndicate
E)the socialist system

Question 43

Describe how Andrew Carnegie expanded the steel industry.

Question 44

Describe the transformation caused by the Industrial Revolution.

Question 45

The "Big Four" captains developed the _________ in California.
a. steel industry
B. political system
C. railroad system
D. textile industry

Question 46

In the context of the Industrial Revolution, which of the following was a characteristic of strikebreakers?

A)They had no stake in the union struggle.
B)They were influential men who controlled the working classes.
C)They had strong political ties with the federal government.
D)They were experienced activists who could negotiate terms with the labor unions.
E)They were policemen who were skilled at handling riots.

Question 47

In the spring of 1886, workers demanding _____ went on strike against the McCormick Harvester Company of Chicago.

A)an increase in wages
B)an eight-hour workday
C)a share in the profits
D)medical benefits
E)job security

Question 48

A _________ is a crowded factory in an urban setting, often one where workers are exploited.
a. Lomboko
B. sweatshop
C. meat shop
D. craft union

Question 49

Describe how various inventions powered the Industrial Revolution.

Question 50

During the Industrial Revolution, entrepreneurs used _________ to reach rural customers.
a. catalogues
B. door-to-door sales
C. megastores
D. retail stores

Question 51

_________ was a colorful Tammany Hall boss who came to power a generation after the fall of Tweed.
a. James A. Garfield
B. Charles Francis Adams Jr.
C. Schuyler Colfax
D. George Washington Plunkitt

Question 52

_____ was the leader of the American Federation of Labor.

A)George Pullman
B)Samuel Gompers
C)James Blaine
D)Grover Cleveland
E)William Riordon

Question 53

How did the face of advertising change during the Industrial Revolution?

Question 54

Explain John D. Rockefeller's role in facilitating the use of petroleum.

Question 55

Angelina, an immigrant in the United States, was working in a chemical factory. Her employer would not permit her to return to her country until she paid off her travel costs to America. Angelina's minimal pay implied that she would not be returning home for a few years. Which of the following would release Angelina from her obligations?

A)Fair Labor Standards Act
B)Yellow dog contract
C)Contract Labor Law
D)Davis-Bacon Act
E)Customs and Border Protection Act

Question 56

The _____ conducted its meetings in five different languages simultaneously to overcome the inherent barriers between ethnic groups.

A)International Workers of the World
B)American Federation of Labor
C)Knights of Labor
D)International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
E)American Socialist Party

Question 57

Who among the following was unlikely to be accepted as a member of the Knights of Labor?

A)Clara, a farm hand
B)Alex, an African American mill worker
C)Bobby, a steel plant worker
D)Susan, a European immigrant laborer
E)Isaac, a liquor dealer

Question 58

The most important early achievement of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)in 1890 was:

A)the union's public recognition as America's first effective union.
B)the union's entering the political arena and becoming recognized nationally.
C)Gompers's own cigar makers' union establishing the eight-hour workday.
D)the union's reaching a total membership of approximately 10,000.
E)Gompers' leading of the members in protest to overthrow the capitalist system.

Question 59

_________ opened the Knights of Labor's doors to almost all workers, and it became, for a brief time, the largest union in America.
a. Uriah Stephens
B. Terence Powderly
C. Samuel Gompers
D. Eugene V. Debs

Question 60

The Knights of Labor was:

A)an African American political party.
B)a group of pioneers in the engineering field.
C)the first group of European workers to land in America.
D)America's first effective union.
E)a team of American scientists.

Question 61

Describe the condition of workers during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 62

Describe the railroad strike of 1877 and the impact it had on neighboring states.

Question 63

What kind of innovative financing was used during the Industrial Revolution?

Question 64

Describe the Haymarket riot.

Question 65

Describe the practice of price gouging during the growth of corporate life in America.

Question 66

Despite its major shortcomings, why was Tammany Hall appealing to immigrants?

Question 67

Explain the concept of Social Darwinism.

Question 68

What were the reasons for division among workers during the Industrial Revolution?

Question 69

Why did business owners oppose labor unions?

Question 70

Elaborate on the Crédit Mobilier Scandal.