Deck 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity

Question 1

Which of the following involves internal representations that allow you to look at numerous options before acting so you can avoid many mistakes?

A)insight
B)planning
C)intrinsic encoding
D)sensory memory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Many of history's geniuses, such as Einstein, Darwin, Mozart, Newton, Michelangelo, Galileo, Madame Curie, Edison, and Martha Graham, can be defined by their higher-level __________ abilities.

A)algorithmic
B)denotative
C)creative
D)synesthesia

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Donna is "looking over" her psychology notes while watching TV and texting her friends. Regarding her psychology notes, Donna is engaged in

A)proxemics.
B)selective attention.
C)experiential processing.
D)reflective processing.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Oddly enough, nonfluent readers do not have as much trouble on the Stroop interference task since they cannot as yet effectively use which of the following in reading the words?

A)algorithmic processing
B)automatic processing
C)conjunctive processing
D)reflective processing

Question 5

In the Stroop interference task, fluent readers of English have difficulty quickly naming the color of the ink that is used to print the words because they

A)are trying to use reflective processing to read the words and experiential processing to identify the color of the ink.
B)are trying to use experiential processing to identify both the words and the ink colors.
C)normally use reflective processing to read words and this controlled use of processing interferes with ink color naming.
D)normally use experiential processing to read the words and this automatic processing interferes with ink color naming.

Question 6

Passive, effortless daydreaming would be a type of

A)proxemics.
B)inductive thinking.
C)experiential processing.
D)reflective processing.

Question 7

A recent college graduate mentally tries out several "answers" to possible questions he might be asked by prospective employers before actually going to his first interview. This college graduate is exhibiting

A)planning.
B)the semantic differential.
C)intrinsic encoding.
D)procedural memory.

Question 8

When thought is passive, effortless, and automatic, the person is engaged in

A)proxemics.
B)inductive thinking.
C)reflective processing.
D)experiential processing.

Question 9

When you are deciding what to study for an exam, what to say at a job interview, or how to get to your spring break hotel, you are using the reflective process called

A)planning.
B)intuition.
C)semantic encoding.
D)transformation.

Question 10

Jed is able to understand and remember what he read while studying psychology because he engaged in

A)proxemics.
B)reflective processing.
C)experiential processing.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 11

When fluent readers of English attempt to name the colors in which the words are printed rather than reading the words on the Stroop interference task, they usually have to deliberately check their responses to make sure they are not reading the color words aloud. This deliberate checking of their responses illustrates the use of __________ processing.

A)experiential
B)reflective
C)automatic
D)intuitive

Question 12

Images, concepts, and symbols are

A)types of morphemes.
B)examples of heuristics.
C)types of semantics.
D)basic units of thought.

Question 13

If thought is active, effortful, and controlled, you are engaged in

A)reflective processing.
B)experiential processing.
C)intuitive thinking.
D)proxemics.

Question 14

Dr. Hart is investigating how humans mentally process information, such as images, concepts, words, rules, and symbols. He would best be described as studying

A)operant conditioning.
B)learning.
C)cognition.
D)proxemics.

Question 15

A television interviewer who mentally tries out several lines of questioning before actually beginning a live interview is exhibiting the reflective process called

A)intrinsic encoding.
B)planning.
C)procedural memory.
D)the semantic differential.

Question 16

Regarding aspects of cognition, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Animals other than humans can engage in simple forms of cognitive learning.
B)Planning allows us to try out various options and avoid making many mistakes.
C)Planning requires reflective processing.
D)Daydreaming would be an example of reflective processing.

Question 17

Glancing at the television to see if your favorite program has started yet would be an example of

A)proxemics.
B)inductive thinking.
C)reflective processing.
D)experiential processing.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to processing a mental representation of a problem or situation?

A)intuition
B)intelligence
C)cognition
D)selective attention

Question 19

Intense problem solving and planning require

A)reflective processing.
B)experiential processing.
C)intuitive thinking.
D)proxemics.

Question 20

Dr. Mascona shows his psychology class a slide in which the names of colors are printed in different colors of ink, such as the word green printed in a purple ink. He then asks a volunteer to name the color of the ink in which each word is printed. Because his volunteer is a fluent English reader, she has difficulty naming the color of the ink because reading words has become so automatic to her. Dr. Mascona demonstrated how fluent readers use experiential processing in reading words by using which of the following?

A)Anagrams test
B)Snellen chart
C)Stroop interference task
D)"reverse vision" task

Question 21

Jeffrey often says that spiced chicken tastes "pointy," that pain is the color orange, and that hearing human voices unleashes a flood of colors and tastes. Jeffrey is experiencing a rare form of imagery known as

A)sensory overload.
B)sane hallucinations.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)synesthesia.

Question 22

Words and symbols and the rules for combining them are referred to as

A)concepts.
B)language.
C)morphemes.
D)semantics.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a basic unit of thought?

A)concepts
B)images
C)languages
D)engrams

Question 24

A person who has unusual olfactory experiences when bombarded with the sounds of rock music would be described as having

A)sensory overload.
B)muscular imagery.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)synesthesia.

Question 25

Which of the following often includes visual and auditory representations, but can also include representations of movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain?

A)pseudoperception
B)mental imagery
C)illusionary processing
D)automatic processing

Question 26

Picture-like mental representations are called

A)morphemes.
B)images.
C)engrams.
D)concepts.

Question 27

The paintings of your favorite artist depict his subjective impressions rather than the exact external objects. This may be due to this artist's brain allowing him to experience sounds as colors and shapes so that he literally paints what he "sees," which illustrates the rare form of imagery known as

A)lateral perspective.
B)sane hallucinations.
C)synesthesia.
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 28

When you use mental images to choose what clothes to wear or figure out how to arrange furniture in a room, you are using them to

A)change your feelings.
B)make a decision or solve a problem.
C)improve a skill or prepare for some action.
D)aid memory.

Question 29

Thinking involves the manipulation of three basic forms of thought, which are

A)images, concepts, and language.
B)language, memory, and vestibular sensations.
C)scripts, schemes, and synesthesia.
D)pictures, sounds, and illusions.

Question 30

Nan is upset because she has not lost enough weight to buy the new swimsuit that she had wanted, so she imagines herself on the beach having fun with her friends in her current swimsuit. Nan is using mental images to

A)change her feelings.
B)make a decision.
C)prepare for some action.
D)aid memory.

Question 31

Tony is mentally rehearsing how he will ask his boss for a raise. Tony is using mental images to

A)change his feelings.
B)make a decision.
C)prepare for some action.
D)aid memory.

Question 32

Thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)pattern recognition.
B)intuition.
C)attention and memory
D)engramatic notation.

Question 33

Regarding mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Almost everyone has visual and auditory images.
B)Many people experience imagery for movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain.
C)Experimental work has shown that mental images appear flat like photographs.
D)People commonly use mental images to change feelings and make decisions.

Question 34

Mental imagery can involve all of the following EXCEPT

A)picture-like visual images.
B)images for smell, taste, and pain.
C)the mental rotation of the imaged object.
D)words and categories of objects.

Question 35

In order for two blindfolded chess players to play a game, they must rely on all of the following EXCEPT

A)respondent conditioning.
B)images.
C)concepts.
D)the notational system of chess.

Question 36

Your visual representation of a bakery may also include its wonderful odor and the delicious taste of its baked goods. This shows that which of the following involves more than pictures?

A)mental images
B)concepts
C)symbolic rules
D)automatic processing

Question 37

A form of imagery in which images cross normal sense barriers, such as sounds being experienced as colors, is called

A)synesthesia.
B)hallucinations.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)pseudoperceptions.

Question 38

Mandy is an artist and often uses picture-like internal representations in her thinking. These internal representations are called

A)pseudoperceptions.
B)mental images.
C)illusions.
D)sane hallucinations.

Question 39

Generalized ideas that represent categories of objects or events are called

A)morphemes.
B)images.
C)engrams.
D)concepts.

Question 40

Darby is a psychologist who studies concept formation, pattern recognition, memory, decision making, and different types of thought. Darby is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)existential
B)comparative
C)cognitive
D)forensic

Question 41

Forming oversized images of objects in one's mind

A)is impossible.
B)makes it harder to see the details of the object.
C)makes it easier to see the details of the object.
D)requires that a person utilize synesthesia in forming the image.

Question 42

Jeff is presented with a picture of a connected block formation and then presented with four pictures of block formations that have the same number of connected blocks but shown from different perspectives. In order for Jeff to select which one of the four perspectives matches the original block formation, he must

A)use eidetic imagery.
B)use visual assimilation.
C)form a three-dimensional image and rotate it.
D)retrieve a stored image and utilize it as a disjunctive concept.

Question 43

Research on mental imagery indicates that

A)we typically create mental images through eidetic imagery.
B)we can mentally "pick up" an object and turn it around or even fold it.
C)our mental images are flat, like photographs.
D)our mental images are restricted to visual or auditory qualities.

Question 44

If you are asked, "How many ways can you use an empty egg carton?" you might begin by picturing uses you have already seen, such as sorting buttons into a carton. To give more original answers, you must

A)use eidetic imagery.
B)verbally talk about the egg carton.
C)assemble or invent new images.
D)do all of these.

Question 45

To help understand synaptic transmission, researcher Stephen Kosslyn would recommend that you

A)picture the synapse as a canal with neurotransmitter molecules the size of small rowboats moving across the canal.
B)use rote recitation in stating the steps that occur during a synaptic transmission.
C)make an exact replica of two neurons using clay so you can study how synaptic transmission occurs across the synaptic gap between the neurons.
D)study the picture that depicts a synaptic transmission in your textbook from different perspectives.

Question 46

Kinesthetic imagery is created from remembered or imagined

A)muscular sensations.
B)auditory sensations.
C)visual illusions.
D)intuitive impressions.

Question 47

When you form a mental image of "a flower," the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to which brain area in order to create that image?

A)somatosensory area
B)primary visual area
C)temporal lobe
D)reticular formation

Question 48

Lonnie is an architect, who must add a new building on an already crowded college campus. To generate the most original solution to this problem, he will most likely

A)use eidetic imagery.
B)use mental images of buildings he has seen in the past.
C)combine language and concepts.
D)assemble or invent new mental images.

Question 49

When you form a mental image of "a car," the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to the primary visual area to create that image through a process known as

A)synesthesia.
B)visual assimilation.
C)"reverse vision."
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 50

When you form a mental image of "a kite flying in the sky," the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to the visual cortex to create that image. This process is known as

A)visual assimilation.
B)synesthesia.
C)"reverse vision."
D)none of these.

Question 51

According to Stephen Kosslyn, the BEST way to improve your ability to form more detailed mental images of an object is to

A)form unusual or bizarre images.
B)use synesthesia in forming an image of the object.
C)visualize the object as close to its correct size and shape as possible.
D)form an oversized image of the object.

Question 52

Which of the following is partly based on imagined movements?

A)mental rotation
B)synesthesia
C)"reverse vision"
D)eidetic imagery

Question 53

Regarding "reverse vision," which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)"Reverse vision" is the process involved when a person experiences eidetic imagery.
B)"Reverse vision" is the common name for synesthesia.
C)"Reverse vision" occurs when one forms any mental image.
D)"Reverse vision" occurs when a person uses a hallucinogenic drug that prevents normal mental imagery.

Question 54

When Richard visualizes his girlfriend's face, the area in his brain that initially becomes most active is the

A)somatosensory area.
B)area that specializes in face perception.
C)hypothalamus.
D)motor cortex.

Question 55

To help understand electricity, Researcher Stephen Kosslyn would recommend that you

A)use a mnemonic system to devise an acrostic to describe the process.
B)picture the wires as large pipes with electrons the size of golf balls moving through the pipes.
C)study electrical diagrams from different perspectives.
D)follow an actual electrical wiring system form its source to its utility usage.

Question 56

A baseball player, a skateboarder, or anyone involved in a movement-oriented activity would find which type of imagery especially important?

A)kinesthetic
B)semantic
C)prototypical
D)conjunctive

Question 57

To help understand how the ear "hears" sounds, Researcher Stephen Kosslyn would recommend that you

A)use rote recitation in naming the parts of the ear.
B)make an exact replica of the ear and its parts using clay.
C)study pictures of the ear taken from different perspectives.
D)explore the ear in your mind as if it were a large cave.

Question 58

Rock climbers would most likely use which type of imagery to learn climbing routes and to plan their next few moves?

A)eidetic
B)kinesthetic
C)convergent
D)experiential

Question 59

To answer the question, "Does a frog have lips and a stubby tail?" most people

A)use mental rotation.
B)utilize eidetic imagery.
C)utilize conjunctive images.
D)are unable to correctly answer the question.

Question 60

Concerning mental imagery, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)People with good imaging abilities tend to score higher on tests of creativity, even if they are blind.
B)To give more original answers, most people assemble or invent new images.
C)Fewer than 10 percent of people can mentally rotate objects in their minds.
D)Most artists, architects, designers, sculptors, and filmmakers have excellent visual imagery.

Question 61

An expert bird watcher would be better than a beginner at all of the following skills EXCEPT for

A)seeing the identifying details of the various birds.
B)classifying birds.
C)seeing and understanding birds in a significantly different way.
D)generating eidetic images of birds in his or her mind.

Question 62

Which of the following represents a category of related objects or events and helps us identify important features of the world?

A)algorithm
B)heuristic
C)kinesthetic image
D)concept

Question 63

"A triangle must be a closed shape with three sides made of straight lines." This statement is an example of a

A)prototype.
B)positive instance.
C)conceptual rule.
D)disjunctive concept.

Question 64

An effective way for athletes to improve their skills off the field is to practice by rehearsing

A)negative self-talk to motivate themselves.
B)relaxation images to use when they make a "bad" play.
C)the use of synesthesia regarding their upcoming athletic performance.
D)kinesthetic images of themselves performing flawlessly.

Question 65

Your young son is having difficulty tying his shoe. While you give verbal suggestions, you are actually tying the shoe in your mind with your hands making slight movements as if tying a shoe. Your thoughts and micromovements of your hands illustrate your use of __________ imagery.

A)intuitive
B)conjunctive
C)inductive
D)kinesthetic

Question 66

Regarding concepts and concept formation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)At its most basic level, concept formation is based on experience with positive and negative instances.
B)Adults often acquire concepts by learning or forming conceptual rules.
C)An expert literally sees objects in their field of knowledge differently than less well-informed people do.
D)Children and adults use algorithms to make minute distinctions between closely related concepts.

Question 67

Concept formation refers to

A)the organization of phonemes and morphemes into meaningful thoughts.
B)the application of transformation rules to basic sentences.
C)inductive thinking as opposed to deductive thinking.
D)the process of classifying information into meaningful categories.

Question 68

Which of the following is a formal guideline for deciding whether objects or events belong to a concept class?

A)prototype
B)conceptual rule
C)connotative meaning
D)lexigram

Question 69

An idea representing a category of related objects or events is called a(n)

A)abstraction.
B)relational attribute.
C)unified thought.
D)concept.

Question 70

A concept is defined as

A)a mental representation that has picture-like qualities.
B)an ideal model used as a prime example of some category.
C)a generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events.
D)the smallest meaningful unit in a language.

Question 71

The process of classifying information into meaningful categories is called

A)prototyping.
B)the random search strategy.
C)synesthesia.
D)concept formation.

Question 72

The best way to teach a young child the concept of freedom would be to

A)tell the child the denotative meaning of freedom.
B)stress the history of the United States.
C)give the child examples of what freedom is and what freedom is not.
D)teach the child conceptual rules for the concept of freedom.

Question 73

The word "fruit" is used to represent such foods as apples, pears, and oranges and, as such, would be considered a(n)

A)algorithm.
B)heuristic.
C)prototype.
D)concept.

Question 74

Which of the following guides the flow of ideas as one explains how to perform a motor activity, such as playing a guitar?

A)kinesthetic imagery
B)visual assimilation
C)eidetic imagery
D)inductive conceptualization

Question 75

If you have good kinesthetic imagery, you most likely will be able to

A)use the left side of your brain.
B)learn the newest dance steps quickly.
C)think of an exciting plot for a novel.
D)argue successfully in a court of law.

Question 76

Jabar will be participating in a piano competition. On the flight to this competition, one could see Jabar slightly moving his fingers on the food tray as if he were playing the musical composition he will be presenting at the competition. To practice for this competition, Jabar is using

A)illusionary figures.
B)synesthesia.
C)kinesthetic imagery.
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 77

A father is helping his daughter to learn about animals. He points to a robin and eagle and explains that they are birds that fly, while the ostrich and penguin are examples of birds that do not fly. He then shows her pictures of a bat and a flying squirrel and tells her that these are not birds, but that the bat can actually fly and the flying squirrel can glide through the air. To help his daughter learn the concept of "bird," the father is using

A)conceptual rules.
B)algorithms.
C)prototyping.
D)positive and negative instances.

Question 78

If Jake is like most children, he will learn concepts most readily by

A)learning rules.
B)overregularization.
C)positive and negative instances.
D)receiving punishment for his incorrect labeling.

Question 79

At its most elementary level, which of the following is based on experiences with positive and negative instances?

A)prototyping
B)the random search strategy
C)synesthesia
D)concept formation

Question 80

When we group together all cars, regardless of the make of an individual car, because they share common characteristics or attributes, we are using

A)algorithms.
B)heuristics.
C)concept formation.
D)divergent thinking.